Abstract

Public administration includes employment at the three levels of government: federal, provincial and municipal. The map shows the difference between the actual employment in public administration and the expected level, based on the city's population. Cities with more public administration jobs than expected are specialized; those with negative values are deficient. In general, smaller cities are more likely to have high or low levels of specialization, whereas large cities tend to provide the full range of service activities and therefore have less overall specialization in services.