Late Winter Sea Ice Conditions shows the typical sea ice types near
the end of the winter season (February 26) and as well as frequency
of sea ice on that date. The frequency of sea ice indicates how
often sea ice has been present on February 26 over the last 30 years.
The ice type gives an indication of the thickness of sea ice. When
sea ice first forms it is referred to as new
ice. As winter progresses it grows in extent and thickness.
As sea ice thickens it is referred to successively as
grey ice,
grey–white ice and first
year ice. During the summer sea ice melts and any first year
ice remaining at the end of the summer melt is then renamed
"old ice" on October 1.
Various ice types can be present in a given area, but one of them
will be predominant. The predominant ice type is the one in greatest
concentration
in a particular area. However, because of the danger that old ice
represents for navigation, and if 40% or more of the area contains
old ice then the predominant ice type will be old ice even if thinner
ice in greater concentration is present.
Map Description
This map shows the frequency of sea ice and what is the most likely predominant ice type encountered near the end of the winter season (February
26). In the winter, sea ice is usually present in all coastal waters of Canada except for those of British Columbia where warm ocean currents from
the south prevent the formation of sea ice. There is old ice in the Arctic and first year ice in most of the remaining waters except for thinner grey and
grey-white ice in portions of the Gulf of St. Lawrence and East Newfoundland waters. This situation is normal in the winter as shown by the very high
frequencies of sea ice present during the winter. In some years, with colder temperatures and strong north-westerly winds sea ice will extend further
eastward and southward along the east coast as shown by lower frequencies of sea ice in those areas. The extent of sea ice in those areas is
limited by the heat exchange from warmer and deeper waters offshore that melts the sea ice moving in those areas.
[D] Click for larger version, 68 KB Navigating in ice and smoke in the Gulf of St.Lawrence during winter time.
[D] Click for larger version, 176 KB Landsat 7 image, taken on February 14th, 2002, in the St.Lawrence River at Baie Comeau (Quebec)
Also shown are areas of permanent ice and the estimated maximum
extent of ice observed outside Canadian waters. Areas designated
permanent ice indicate where ice has been observed all year round
throughout the period 1969 to 1998. The estimated maximum extent
of ice outside Canadian waters displays where ice has been observed
on February 26 at least once over the 30 year period.
Sea Ice Animations
Two animations are created for sea ice. Each animation was presented
in two different formats: flash and html. The Atlas of Canada relies
on Macromedia’s technology for the delivery of multimedia
content. The Atlas of Canada media player will attempt to detect
whether you have the necessary software installed, and will give
you notice if you do not. In order to play the animations in flash,
you must install the Macromedia Flash Player. Installation instructions
on Macromedia Flash Player are available at Macromedia Web
site.
- Animation of the Minimum Extent of Sea Ice 1969 to 1998
presents the variation of the minimum extent of ice between each
year for the period 1969 to 1998, with a concentration of 9/10
or greater. A concentration of 9/10 corresponds to at least 90%
of the water which is covered by ice. flash
or html
- Animation of the Seasonal Change of Sea Ice presents
a normal ice season in Canadian waters by showing the normal evolution
of sea ice throughout the course of a year. The animation does
not reflect any real observed sea ice season, but rather a 30-year
statistical compilation. flash
or html
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