Competition Bureau
ToolsRelated topicsResourcesApplication of the Competition Act to Representations on the InternetFebruary 18, 2003
Preface This information bulletin has been drawn from jurisprudence, written opinions, input from the consultative process and other public statements by the Competition Bureau (the "Bureau"). In striving for clarity and brevity, it has been necessary to sacrifice legal precision and comprehensiveness to some extent. Readers are advised to consult the Competition Act (the "Act")1 in circumstances requiring precise statements of the law. Any examples contained in this bulletin are for the purpose of illustration only and are not intended to provide an exhaustive list of prohibited practices. Further details or elaboration may be obtained from the Bureau listed in the "How to Contact the Competition Bureau" section. Businesses with specific questions concerning proposed promotional plans are reminded to take advantage of the Competition Bureau's Program of Written Opinions2. The views expressed in this bulletin are for assistance only and do not bind the Commissioner of Competition (the "Commissioner"). Readers should note that the misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices provisions of the Act comprise only a portion of the relevant law in Canada. The Bureau also enforces and administers the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act3, the Textile Labelling Act4 and the Precious Metals Marking Act5. The potential application of these statutes to Internet advertising will be briefly discussed in this bulletin. Most provinces and other federal departments and agencies also administer legislation dealing with advertising and marketing practices. This bulletin does not attempt to provide information on these statutes administered by other agencies. 1. Introduction Internet advertising offers consumers and businesses many advantages. It gives consumers access to a rich source of information that can help them to compare products and prices and can lead to more informed purchasing decisions. It also grants businesses the benefits of access to a global market and can provide smaller firms the opportunity to compete on an equal footing with larger firms. While the number of companies advertising on-line and consumers shopping on-line has risen considerably over the past several years, underlying concerns about the potential for falling victim to misleading representations or deceptive marketing practices can undermine consumer confidence. The Act applies equally to false or misleading representations regardless of the medium used. The same basic rules that govern truthfulness in traditional advertising and marketing practices apply to on-line representations and on-line marketing practices. The relevant provisions of the Act address the substance of a representation rather than the means by which it is made. This bulletin aims to provide details of the Bureau's approach to Internet practices as they relate to the misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices provisions of the Act. The Bureau's position is that the enforcement of the Act will not bias business activity either toward or away from the Internet. 2. The Competition Act Generally To understand how to comply with the Act when making representations on-line, it is appropriate to first review its basics. It is a federal law governing business conduct in Canada. Most businesses, both small and large, are governed by the Act. It ensures that all Canadians enjoy the benefits of competitive prices, product choice and quality services. In this regard, accurate and honest information on which consumers can make informed choices is essential to assure that markets are competitive and dynamic. The Act contains criminal and civil provisions prohibiting misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices in promoting the supply or use of a product or any business interest. Any representation, in any form, which is false or misleading in a material respect, is prohibited.6 A representation is material if it could lead a person to a course of conduct that, on the basis of the representation, he or she believes to be advantageous. The Act specifically prohibits deceptive telemarketing and schemes of pyramid selling, and sets out the responsibilities for operators and participants in multi-level marketing plans.7 Other prohibited deceptive marketing practices include advertising at a bargain price a product that is not available in reasonable quantities; selling a product at a price above the advertised price; and conducting a contest, lottery, or game of chance or skill, without making fair and adequate disclosure of, among other things, facts that materially affect the chances of winning.8 Breaches of the Act pertaining to materially false or misleading representations made knowingly or recklessly, as well as multi-level marketing, pyramid selling, double ticketing, deceptive telemarketing and use of deceptive notices of winning a prize are addressed only through the criminal courts.9 On summary conviction under the general criminal provision, a person is liable to a fine of up to $200,000, imprisonment for up to one year or both. If convicted on indictment, the person is liable to a fine at the discretion of the court, imprisonment for up to five years or both.10 Alternatively, for matters arising under the civil provisions of the Act11, the Commissioner may apply to the Competition Tribunal, the Federal Court - Trial Division, or the superior court of a province (the "courts") for an order requiring the person to cease the activity, publish a corrective notice and/or pay an administrative monetary penalty. If a court finds that a civil provision has been breached, individuals are liable to penalties of up to $50,000 and corporations are liable to penalties of up to $100,000. These amounts could double for subsequent occurrences.12 Matters falling under the civil provisions may alternatively be dealt with under the criminal provisions, if the person responsible for breaching the relevant provision of the Act did so knowingly or recklessly. In those situations where the Commissioner has a choice of proceeding on either the civil or criminal track, most often the civil track will be pursued unless there is clear or compelling evidence that the party making the representation in question had knowingly or recklessly made a false or misleading representation to the public, and it would be in the public interest to pursue the matter criminally. Further information on the Bureau's policy on choice of track can be found at ct01181e.html. The Act prohibits false or misleading representations to the public; accordingly this bulletin focuses primarily on the application of the Act to commercial Web sites and marketing strategies using e-mail. However, depending on the circumstances, communications within chat rooms, news groups or message boards on the Internet could run afoul of the Act. 2.1 Understanding "materiality" To contravene certain provisions of the Act, a representation must be "false or misleading in a material respect". This phrase has been interpreted to mean that the representation could lead a person to a course of conduct that, on the basis of the representation, he or she believes to be advantageous. It is important to note that omitting relevant information could also be viewed as material. Often the test for materiality is whether the representation could influence a consumer to buy a product or service. As one court has stated:
This test is not limited to representations which could influence strictly on-line purchases, but includes on-line representations which could influence off-line purchasing decisions as well. Businesses should take care to disclose differences between purchasing environments. For example, businesses may have different prices for various sales channels (whether on-line, in-store or by catalogue). If price differences exist between an on-line purchase and in-store or other purchase methods it is important that consumers are not misled. Not disclosing these differences could be viewed as being materially misleading. 2.2 Understanding the "general impression test" In determining whether a representation is false or misleading in a material respect, a court will take into account the general impression conveyed by the representation, in addition to its literal meaning.14 The general impression should be evaluated in the context of the medium used. For illustration, consider a situation where consumers are thinking of buying a product on-line, and are basing their purchasing decision on availability, 24-hour on-line shopping and 24-hour on-line technical support. In this case, consumers are influenced by the business' on-line representations that prominently display that it is offering "24-hour on-line shopping" and "technical support available on-line", without disclosing any limitation for technical support. Consumers may have the general impression that they have the ability to shop at their convenience on-line as well as having 24-hour access to on-line technical assistance to help them install the product or to deal with other technical questions. By placing side-by-side "24-hour on-line shopping", and "technical support available on-line" without any qualifying information, the representation is giving the impression that access to technical support staff is available 24 hours a day, when, in fact, it is only available during regular store hours. By not disclosing that technical support is only available during regular business hours, it may have created the general impression of 24-hour availability for technical service, in the mind of these consumers. In reviewing both on-line and off-line advertisements to determine the general impression conveyed by the representation, businesses should adopt the perspective of the average consumer who is interested in the product or service being promoted. Businesses should not assume that consumers read an entire Web site, just as they do not read every word on a printed page. Accordingly, information required to be communicated to consumers to ensure that a representation does not create a false or misleading impression should be presented in such a fashion as to make it noticeable and likely to be read. 3. Liability for Internet Representations The misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices provisions of the Act attribute liability to the person who has caused the representation to be made, i.e., the person who makes or permits it to be made.15 With respect to traditional forms of advertising, the Bureau has been called upon to consider the respective roles of the advertising agencies who help create the advertisements, the media outlets such as print, television and radio which disseminate them, and the businesses on whose behalf the representations are made and disseminated. In the on-line environment, the Bureau will be called upon to consider the respective roles of the Web page designers who help create the representations, the Web hosts who own or operate the servers from which the representations are disseminated, the service providers who provide access to the Internet and the businesses on whose behalf the representations are made and disseminated. In both the on-line and off-line world, there are additional parties who may play a role, and a determination of whether or not they should bear responsibility will be made on a case-by-case basis. In its enforcement efforts, the Bureau focuses on the party who "causes" the representation to be made. Determining causation requires an analysis of the facts to ascertain which player possesses decision-making authority or control over content and to assess the nature and degree of their authority or control. When assessing whether it is appropriate for a person to be held liable for misleading representations, the Bureau will consider as a guiding principle the nature and degree of control that the person who makes a representation exercises over the content. To illustrate, the following situations may be helpful:
Under both the criminal and civil provisions, responsibility for advertising content should also be examined in the context of the deeming provisions found in subsections 52(2) and 74.03 (1) of the Act. In the view of the Bureau, these provisions are intended to clarify the responsibility of different persons in the chain of supply of a product or service for representations in breach of the law. While these provisions do not specifically address the electronic commerce context, those involved in electronic commerce are governed by these provisions to the same extent as traditional media. For reviewable conduct under sections 74.01 to 74.06 of the Act, a defence is found in subsection 74.07(1) for a person who merely "prints or publishes or otherwise disseminates a representation, including an advertisement, on behalf of another person in Canada", so long as certain conditions are met. This exception is sometimes referred to as the "publisher's defence" but, provided its conditions are met, it applies to any person who merely disseminates or distributes a misleading representation. In other words, it is available to any person who does not have decision-making authority or control over the content. The required conditions which must be met under this exception are:
The Bureau will focus its enforcement efforts primarily on businesses which are responsible for content or have a degree of control over that content, rather than on businesses operating as a conduit, that is, a disseminator or distributor of the content. Any enforcement action will be taken in a manner consistent with the Bureau's enforcement approach for choice of a criminal or civil track.16 In most instances, where a choice exists under the Act, the civil track will be pursued unless there is clear and compelling evidence that the accused knowingly or recklessly made a false or misleading representation to the public, and a criminal prosecution would be in the public interest. 4. Applying the Competition Act On-line: Some Practical Advice on How to Avoid Common Pitfalls While the Act applies regardless of the medium used to convey representations, the Internet nevertheless poses challenges and opportunities for assuring that consumers receive the clear and accurate information required to make an informed choice. Accordingly, this bulletin focuses on providing guidance to businesses to enable them to structure their on-line representations in a manner that is likely to avoid conflict with the misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices provisions of the Act. 4.1 Disclosure of relevant information: Disclaimers If qualifying information is necessary to prevent a representation from being misleading when read on its own, businesses should present that information clearly and conspicuously. Businesses frequently use disclaimers, often signalled by an asterisk, to qualify the general impression of their principal representation when promoting their products or services. As mentioned earlier, the general impression conveyed by the representation, as well as its literal meaning, are taken into account in determining whether a representation is false or misleading. The Bureau takes the position that disclaimers which expand upon and add information to the principal representation do not raise an issue under the Act. A disclaimer can only qualify a representation; it cannot cure or retract a false or misleading representation. When determining whether an on-line disclaimer is sufficient to alter the general impression created by the principal representation, the Bureau will consider the following general principles for guidance. It is recognized that this list is not exhaustive. Businesses should be aware that each case will be assessed independently. (a) The location of the disclaimer on the Web site Generally, the disclaimer should appear on the same screen and close to the representation to which it relates. This may not always be possible:
Businesses should design their pages so as to alert consumers to the existence of the disclaimer and, by use of visual cues or otherwise, encourage consumers to read the disclaimer. A text prompt indicating a disclaimer should be explicit rather than vague and should convey the nature and importance of the information. For example, a text prompt such as "see below for restrictions on eligibility" may be appropriate, whereas "see below for details" may not. The text prompt should be tied to the representation to which it relates. Businesses should take into account new technologies and ensure that the disclaimer is viewable by consumers no matter what hardware or software they use. For example, with respect to scrolling marquees (information that scrolls through a box on a Web site), some systems do not support or display frames properly. There are Internet tools which address this concern by determining whether a consumer's browser can view frames and, if not, serving a page that is formatted differently. The bottom line is that in promoting a product, service or business interest, the business should choose methods which ensure the effective communication of any information necessary to ensure that a representation is not misleading. (b) Hyperlinks to disclaimers Disclaimers sometimes are on a Web page separate from the relevant representation but linked to the representation. The link may be designed such that the disclaimer appears in a frame or pop-up "within" the initial page and viewable simultaneously with the initial page. In some cases, the disclaimer that pops up may obscure the initial page; in other cases, the link takes the consumer to a separate page which contains the disclaimer. The Bureau takes the position that hyperlinks can be an effective means of providing disclaimers. Each situation must be assessed to determine the general impression and whether the consumer is likely to be misled. The Bureau recognizes that linking and easy navigation are central to the Internet experience. Hyperlinks are useful, for example, if a disclaimer needs to be repeated because of multiple triggers. However, if the nature of the information is critical to ensuring that the principal representation is not misleading, it may not be appropriate to use linking to navigate to a disclaimer appearing on a separate page. In this case, the representation and the qualifying information should be read at the same time. In circumstances where use of a hyperlink is appropriate, it should be obvious and clearly labelled. A label should give consumers a reason to click on it. While the label itself does not need to contain a complete disclaimer, it may be advisable to incorporate part of the disclaimer to indicate the nature and relevance of the information to which the link leads. A Web site should be consistent in its use of hyperlink styles, i.e., the text, graphic or colour assigned to it. If hyperlinks are usually underlined in blue on a site, consumers will not likely recognize italicized text as being a link. Asterisks or other symbols by themselves may not be effective. While there may be an indication on the Web site that a particular symbol denotes a hyperlink, consumers may miss this notice. Similarly, hyperlinking a single word or phrase in an advertisement may not be adequate. (c) Use of attention-grabbing tools such as graphics, sounds or flash images Businesses may effectively draw attention to a disclaimer so that it is more likely to be read by using attention-grabbing tools to display the disclaimer. In doing so, businesses must be careful not to design attention-grabbing tools in other parts of the advertisement in such a way that they distract the consumer's attention away from the disclaimer, making it unlikely that the consumer will notice the disclaimer or recognize its importance. (d) Prominence of the disclaimer To ensure that a disclaimer is noticeable and likely to be read, consideration should be given to the size of the font and the colour used. Disclaimers should not be hidden or buried. Information in a colour that contrasts with the background stands out, whereas information in a colour that blends in with the background is likely to be missed. Audio disclaimers should be set at a volume level and cadence to allow a consumer to hear and understand them effectively. (e) Accessibility of the disclaimer by all potential users Visual disclaimers should be displayed for sufficient duration to ensure that they can be read and understood. Businesses should consider whether the length or importance of the information contained in the disclaimer is such that it should be presented in durable form, i.e., in such a way that consumers may save or print the information if they wish to do so. A business should be aware that not all consumers have audio technology, and that audio disclaimers alone may not be acceptable. (f) Repetition of the disclaimer Businesses should consider whether in particular circumstances, there is a need to repeat a disclaimer. Consider, for example, where a consumer may be accessing the Web site not through its home page, but on some other page such as, another Web site or a search engine. Consumers may miss the disclaimer, depending on where they enter the site and how they navigate through it. In appropriate circumstances, businesses should make clicking through a disclaimer compulsory. In some circumstances, it is not sufficient that the disclaimer appear only on the order page. Consumers may not necessarily associate a disclosure on the order page with information they viewed several pages earlier. It is also possible that consumers may make an offline purchase after viewing the business' marketing Web pages. It is unlikely that these consumers accessed the ordering page, and therefore they would not be aware of disclaimers placed only on that page. 4.2 Required Disclosures Unlike some other laws, the Act does not generally set out what specific information needs to be disclosed in order to ensure that a representation is not false or misleading in a material respect. However, there are several exceptions to this general rule. For multi-level marketing plans under section 55 of the Act, representations made to prospective participants regarding earnings are required to include disclosure of the compensation likely to be received by a typical participant. Further information on the Bureau's policy on multi-level marketing plans can be found at ct01141e.html. Pursuant to section 74.06 of the Act, in contests designed to promote a product or business interest, adequate and fair disclosure must be made of certain information, including facts which materially affect the chance of winning. Further information on the Bureau's policy on promotional contests can be found at ct01306e.html. The Bureau takes the position that all required disclosures must be displayed in such a way that they are likely to be read. In the context of representations made on-line, what is considered adequately displayed will depend on the format and design of the Web site. For example, a notice of a contest should not require readers to take an active step, such as sending an e-mail or placing a phone call, in order to obtain the required information. The Bureau does not consider clicking on a clearly labelled hyperlink as being "an active step". The considerations relevant to disclaimers will also be relevant in determining whether there has been compliance with the specific disclosure requirements. Businesses should be aware that in instances where the information is so critical that it is an integral part of the representation, it may not be appropriate to use a hyperlink to a separate page. In these cases, it should be possible to read the representation and the required disclosure at the same time. Subsection 53(1) of the Act makes it an offence to send deceptive notices of prizes.17 A notice is deceptive where, among other things, there has not been adequate and fair disclosure of certain information, including facts which materially affect the chances of winning.18 The offence applies to sending the prize notification or causing it to be sent, whether "by electronic or regular mail or by any other means". 4.3 Representations About the Product or Service In the on-line environment, as in other forms of distance selling such as catalogue or mail order, consumers cannot physically inspect products available for sale, and therefore rely significantly upon representations. Accordingly, to ensure compliance with the Act, all representations about a product, including accompanying text, pictures, illustrations and audio, should be crafted to ensure that they do not mislead consumers about any aspect of the product or service being marketed. Where an illustration forms part of a representation, it should be in accord with the accompanying text. Photography, artwork or audio-visual representations should accurately and fairly illustrate the product or service offered. Businesses are also reminded that the Act prohibits making a representation in the form of a statement, warranty or guarantee about the performance, efficacy or length of life of a product if that representation is not based on an adequate and proper test.19 4.4 Representations About the Business Representations about the nature or attributes of a business or its affiliates can result in non-compliance with the Act if the representations are false or misleading. Representations about a business can be particularly influential in situations where the consumer's only contact with the business is through the Internet. The Bureau recommends that the businesses ensure that: (a) The Web site in question does not create a false or misleading impression as to the physical location or identity of the business. (b) The use of text, graphics, logos, marks, seals or trustmarks, accreditations or other representations do not create false impressions of affiliation, sponsorship, endorsement or popularity. (c) The representations do not mislead consumers as to the type of organization making the representations or as to the purpose of the representations. (d) The representations do not mislead consumers as to the relationship between the party making the representation and the supplier of the product or service. 5. Section 52.1: Telemarketing and Internet Advertising Section 52.1 addresses the use of telecommunications in the marketing of products, services, or business interests and deals with situations involving "interactive telephone communications". The Bureau interprets the terms "interactive telephone communications" to mean live voice communications between two or more persons, but not automated prerecorded messages and fax communications. As technology evolves with regard to telecommunications and Internet services, new modes of communications will be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Further information on the Bureau's guidelines with respect to section 52.1 and telemarketing can be found at ct01180e.html. 6. Jurisdictional Issues The global nature of the Internet means that representations made on-line by a person situated in Canada can be viewed by consumers all over the world, thereby raising the possibility of incurring liability not only under the Act, but also under the legislation of foreign jurisdictions. Similarly, the Canadian public has access to representations originating from outside of Canada, which may raise concerns under the misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices provisions of the Act. In this globalized environment, the issue of potential liability in different jurisdictions is a legitimate concern for those making commercial on-line representations. Persons making representations on-line from Canada that are accessible on-line in Canada are required to comply with the Act. Liability under the Act for misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices will be determined on a case-by-case basis, having regard to all relevant factors, as well as any emerging law and changes in technology. Those making representations on-line from Canada to consumers in foreign countries and those making representations on-line from outside Canada should seek legal advice on whether their representations could give rise to legal liability in Canada. Canadian law governing jurisdiction on-line is evolving with the growth in electronic commerce. It is therefore difficult to predict how the courts or the Competition Tribunal will interpret jurisdictional questions in respect of liability for misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices carried out in whole or in part over the Internet. The Bureau will assert Canadian jurisdiction over foreign entities to the fullest extent authorized by law whenever necessary to protect the Canadian market from misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices. The Bureau will also actively seek the assistance and co-operation of foreign agencies to address misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices having an effect on the Canadian market. Such co-operation is facilitated through agreements and arrangements at both the government and agency level.20 7. On-line Representations and the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act, the Textile Labelling Act and the Precious Metals Marking Act and their respective regulations False or misleading representations pertaining to prepackaged non-food products, consumer textile fibre products and precious metals articles are also captured under the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act (CPLA), the Textile Labelling Act (TLA), and the Precious Metals Marking Act (PMNA) respectively. These statutes also prescribe and prohibit certain disclosures in advertising. Application of these statutes would also extend to representations that are made via the Internet. Further information on the CPLA can be found at cp01007e.html. Further information on the TLA can be found at cp01144e.html. Further information on the PMMA can be found at cp01001e.html. 8. Consumer Protection On-line This bulletin is limited to the application of the Act as it relates to misleading representations and deceptive marketing practices found on-line. However, the Bureau is involved in other initiatives designed to further consumer protection on-line. Businesses and consumers are encouraged to review the Principles for Consumer Protection for Electronic Commerce - A Canadian Framework.21 Those interested are also invited to examine the Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce22 developed by the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development. In order to avoid making misleading representations, these documents support the view that businesses engaged in electronic commerce should provide accurate information about the terms, conditions and costs associated with a transaction in order to enable consumers to make informed decisions on whether to enter into the transaction. Currently, a working group of representatives from Canadian businesses, consumers associations and governments are working to produce a Canadian Code of Practice for Consumer Protection in Electronic Commerce. Further information about on-line shopping can be found at: http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/ca01192e.html. Conclusion The objective of this bulletin is to encourage those who are making representations on-line to consider their responsibilities under the Act and, more specifically, to give serious consideration to some of the variables affecting the general impression created by their representations. While practical advice and examples of key concepts have been provided wherever possible, readers are reminded that these are for illustration purposes only and are not exhaustive. It is important to note that other laws or regulations may apply and thus it remains the responsibility of those who are making representations on-line to ensure that they comply with them. The Bureau places an increased emphasis on prevention, education and voluntary compliance to limit the need for contested proceedings. The Bureau recognizes that neither the single-minded pursuit of legal proceedings nor an approach based solely on educational and non-adversarial responses is the most effective manner in which to fulfil the Bureau's responsibilities. To support a balanced approach, the Bureau has developed a variety of educational, compliance and enforcement instruments. Collectively, these instruments are known as the "Conformity Continuum".21 Under its Program of Written Opinions, the Bureau has historically provided its views on proposed actions by businesses. Anyone can seek advice on whether a proposed course of action would raise an issue under the Act. Effective April 1, 2003, persons will be able to apply to the Bureau for a binding written opinion on the application of any provision of the Act or regulations.22 When seeking a binding written opinion, an applicant will be required to submit all supporting information relating to the request. The Bureau may then provide the applicant with a written opinion. Such an opinion will be binding on the Commissioner if the material facts on which the opinion is based are accurate. The opinion will remain binding for so long as the material facts remain substantially unchanged and the conduct or practice is carried out substantially as proposed. How to Contact the Competition Bureau Anyone wishing to obtain additional information about the Competition Act, the Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act, the Textile Labelling Act, or the Precious Metals Marking Act or file a complaint under the provisions of any of these Acts, should contact the Competition Bureau's Information Centre at: Telephone Facsimile Address Web site E-mail 1 R.S.C. 1985, c. C-34, available on-line at: http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-34/index.html. 2 Certain fees apply. Please refer to the Competition Bureau's Fee and Service Standards at: ct01249e.html. 3 Consumer Packaging and Labelling Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. C-38 available at: cp01007e.html. 4Textile Labelling Act, R.S.C. 1985, c. T-10 available at cp01144e.html. 5Precious Metals Marking Act, R.S.C. 1985, c.P-19 available at cp01001e.html. 6 Refer to subsections 52(1), 74.01(1) and sections 74.02 and 74.03 of the Competition Act. 7 Refer to sections 52.1, 55.1 and 55 of the Competition Act. 8 Refer to subsections 74.01(2), 74.01(3) and sections 74.04, 74.05, 74.06 of the Competition Act. 9 Refer to sections 52, 52.1, 53 54, 55, 55.1 of the Competition Act. 10 Refer to subsection 52(5) of the Competition Act. 11 Refer to sections 74.01 to 74.06 of the Competition Act. 12 Refer to subsection 74.1(1) of the Competition Act. 13 R v. Kenitex Can. Ltd. et al. (1980), 51 C.P.R. (2d) 103. 14 Refer to subsections 52(4), 52.1(4) and 74.01(6) of the Competition Act. 15 Refer to subsection 52(1.2) of the Competition Act. 16 Refer to ct01181e.html for more information on choice of track. 17 Competition Act, R.C.S. 1985, c. C-34, as amended by S.C. 2002, c. 16, s. 6 (in force 21 June 2002). 16 Refer also to subsections 53(2) and 53(3) of the Act. 17 Refer to subsection 74.01(1)(b) of the Competition Act. 19 Information on the international agreements relating to Canada's competition law and its application can be found at: ct02124e.html. 20 Refer to http://strategis.ic.gc.ca/SSG/ca01182e.html for more information on the Principles of Consumer Protection for Electronic Commerce - A Canadian Framework. 22 Refer to http://www.oecd.org/bookshop/communications for more information on the Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce and www.oecd.org for Best Practice Examples under the OECD Guidelines for Consumer Protection in the Context of Electronic Commerce. 23 Refer to the Competition Bureau's Conformity Continuum Information Bulletin at ct01768e.html. 24 Certain fees apply. Please refer to the Competition Bureau's Fee and Service Standards at: ct01249e.html. 
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Created: 2003-02-18 Updated: 2005-08-03 |
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