![Atlantic Seal Hunt - 2002 Management Plan](/web/20061101081726im_/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/seal-phoque/images/2002_e_small.jpg)
Table of Contents
- The 2002
Atlantic Seal Hunt at a Glance
- Background
- Overview of the
Atlantic Seal Hunt
- Market Outlook
- Stock Status
- Management Objectives
- Current Management Issues
- Management Measures for
2002
-
Conservation and Protection Issues and Strategies for 2002
- Management Plan
Evaluation Criteria
-
Conservation and Protection Plan Evaluation Criteria
- Seal
Landings by Area and Species - 1992 to 2001
- Harp Seal
Allocations for 2002
- News Release
- Maps of Sealing Areas
On December 12, 2002, the Minister of Fisheries and Oceans announced
the 2002 management measures governing the 2002 seal hunt as follows:
- The Total Allowable Catch (TAC) for harp seals would remain at
275,000 animals.
- The hooded seal TAC would remain at 10,000 animals, and
- A small harvest of grey seals would again be allowed in areas
other than Sable Island.
- The licence conditions put in place in 2000 to prohibit the
harvest of whitecoats and bluebacks would also remain in place.
On the same date, the Minister also announced the release of the
final report of the Eminent Panel on Seal Management. (See section 7.2).
On February 22, 2002 the Supreme Court announced its decision on the
Ward case. The Supreme Court's decision confirmed DFO's position that
the prohibition of the sale of blueback and whitecoat seals under
Section 27 of the Marine Mammal Regulations was a valid exercise of the
federal fisheries power. Section 27 of the Marine Mammals Regulations
prohibits the sale, trade or barter of whitecoat and blueback seals. The
Supreme Court's decision means that DFO can continue to enforce section
27 to prohibit the harvest of whitecoat and blueback seals. For 2002,
seal licences will again contain licence conditions prohibiting the
taking of blueback and whitecoat seals. (A whitecoat is a harp seal up
to two and a half weeks old. A blueback seal is a hooded seal up to
about 16 months of age). (See section 7.3).
back to top
The Northwest Atlantic harp seal (Pagophilus groenlandica) is the
most abundant of all seal species in Atlantic Canada and accounts for
most of the harvest.
Although harp seals have been hunted commercially since the 16th
Century, the present day Atlantic coast commercial seal hunt took shape
in the late 1980s after the collapse of the large-vessel hunt for
whitecoat harp seals.
The seal hunt is managed on a long-term, sustainable basis, with a
view to facilitating the renewal of an industry badly damaged by trade
barriers and animal rights activities. The taking of whitecoat seal
"pups" was the basis for much of the damage inflicted by animal rights
groups on the markets for seal products in the late 1970s and early
1980s.
In 1987, following the report of the Royal Commission on Seals and
Sealing in Canada (the Malouf report), the Minister of Fisheries and
Oceans announced prohibitions on:
* The use of vessels over 65 feet (19.8 metres) in length;
* The commercial hunt of whitecoats (harp seals that have not begun
to moult, which occurs at about 10 to 14 days of age); and
* The commercial hunt of bluebacks (hooded seals that have not begun
to moult, which occurs at about 15 to 16 months of age).
In February 1993, the Marine Mammal Regulations were established to
replace several sets of regulations. These regulations included the
current prohibition on the sale, trade or barter of whitecoats and
bluebacks.
The commercial hunt is now carried out using longliners or small
boats. Where there is solid ice and seals are close to shore, sealers
may hunt on foot or using snowmobiles. The hunt provides important
seasonal income and food to residents of small coastal communities where
there have been fisheries closures and employment opportunities are
limited.
Since 1995, a policy change allows residents adjacent to sealing
areas throughout Newfoundland and Quebec to hunt up to six seals for
their own use. Aboriginal peoples and non-Aboriginal coastal residents
who reside north of 53°N latitude can continue to hunt seals for
subsistence purposes without a licence.
back to top
SPECIES HUNTED
Six species of seals - the harp, hooded, grey, ringed, bearded and
harbour - are found off the Atlantic coast of Canada, although ringed
and bearded seals are typically Arctic species. Of the six species, harp
and hooded seals account for almost all the seals hunted commercially. A
number of grey seals are also taken for commercial uses under licences
issued for that purpose.
Harp Seals
There are three populations of this abundant species, of which the
northwest Atlantic stock off Canada is the largest. The others are the
White Sea population and the Jan Mayen or Greenland Sea population.
Hooded Seals
There are two stocks of hooded seals; one breeds in Canadian waters
and the other one off Jan Mayen Island, although there may be some
degree of exchange between the two populations.
Apart from the commercial hunt, some seals of all species are taken
in subsistence hunts in Labrador, northern Quebec and Nunavut. Some harp
and hooded seals are taken for personal use by residents adjacent to
sealing areas. Further details on recent landings are set out in Section
12.
PARTICIPANTS
In recent years, commercial licences issued to sealers averaged
10,000 per year. In 2001, the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO)
issued 11,185 commercial sealing licences. Table 1 shows a breakdown by
licence type and region. With few exceptions, licensed commercial
sealers engage in fishing for other species or have economic ties to the
fishing industry. Groundfish fishery closures have increased the
relative importance of sealing as a source of livelihood.
TABLE 1
NUMBER OF SEAL LICENCES ISSUED IN 2001 |
PROVINCE |
Professional |
Assistant |
Personal Use |
TOTAL |
# of vessels
> 35' |
Newfoundland and Labrador |
7,025 |
2,697 |
1,387 |
11,109 |
126 |
Quebec |
1,284 |
161 |
566 |
2,011 |
44 |
Nova Scotia |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Prince Edward Island |
6 |
12 |
0 |
18 |
6 |
T O T A L |
8,315 |
2,870 |
1,953 |
13,138 |
170 |
As noted above, residents of Labrador north of 53°N latitude do not
need a licence to hunt seals for subsistence purposes.
Since 1995, personal use sealing licences have been issued to
residents adjacent to sealing areas in Newfoundland and Labrador (south
of 53°N latitude), the Quebec North Shore, the Gaspé Peninsula and the
Magdalen Islands. These are areas hard-hit by the groundfish fishery
closures. This type of licence allows the holder to take up to six seals
for personal consumption.
LOCATION OF THE HUNT
The
Northwest Atlantic breeding stock of harp seals summer in the Canadian
Arctic and Greenland. They begin their southward migration in early fall
and by late November reach the southern Labrador coast. From here, about
a third of the mature seals enter the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the rest
migrate southwards along the east coast of Newfoundland.
Although the movement of ice floes and ice conditions often determine
the degree of effort in any given area, the majority of the seal hunt
occurs on the Front, off the north and east coasts of Newfoundland and
off southern Labrador (see Figure 1 for seal migration patterns).
In 2001, as a result of favourable ice conditions and the seals being
carried into the Northern Gulf by the ice flows from the Front, harvest
levels of harp seals in the Gulf were high. In 2000, because of poor ice
conditions in the Gulf, about 90 per cent of the commercial hunt took
place in the Front area, up from 1999 when the Front hunt accounted for
60 per cent of the harvest. See Section 12 for a detailed list of seal
landings by area and species for the past 10 years.
TIMEFRAME OF THE HUNT
The season for the commercial hunt of harp and hooded seals is from
November 15 to May 15 as established in the Marine Mammal Regulations,
although this can be altered by a Variation Order to deal with
circumstances that may arise. The majority of sealing occurs between
early March and May. Beginning around the second week in March off the
Magdalen Islands, and about the second week in April off Newfoundland.
The timing of hunt activities in the Gulf of St. Lawrence depends
largely on the movement of ice floes on which seals are located. The
peak commercial hunt in this area is in March, although sealing does
occur along the Quebec North Shore in January and February.
The season for harp and hooded seals opened on November 15, 2000 and
was scheduled to close on May 15, 2001. Because of unfavourable weather
conditions the industry requested that the season be extended to June 2
given that the TAC had not been reached. On June 2, and for the same
reasons, the season was further extended to July 14, 2001.
As in the previous two years, the Canadian Sealers Association and
industry, requested that the opening date for the harp seal harvest in
Sealing Areas 5, 6, 7 and 8 be postponed from March 25, to April 6,
2001. This request was made to improve the quality of the pelts in
allowing the ragged-jacket harp seals to become more mature beaters
before being harvested. This request was granted and variation orders
closing these areas were issued. The seal hunt was allowed to continue
in the Gulf during the closed time for the Front.
The season for the subsistence hunt of ringed seals in Labrador is
from April 25 to November 30 as established in the Marine Mammal
Regulations. The grey seal hunt is set by Variation Order to reflect the
presence of seals and the hunt is further controlled by conditions set
out in the licences given for this activity.
Ice Conditions in 2001
By the beginning of March 2001, ice conditions did not look
favourable for a long harvesting season. The largest ice floes along the
Labrador coast and the Northern Gulf consisted mainly of thin ice. By
mid March the ice floes had deteriorated to small floes. However, the
southerly flow of ice along the Labrador coast persisted, bringing ice
70-120 cm thick. Wind from the East and Northeast caused the bays to
became filled and the new flow of ice was forced into the Strait of
Belle Isle, which accumulated in the Northern Gulf and Straits areas.
Ice conditions along the Labrador coast and the Northern Gulf stayed
the same from the middle of March until the middle of April. The only
area that had any significant change in ice condition was along the
Northeast coast of Newfoundland where it had nearly disappeared by mid
April.
From mid April to mid May, ice flows moving south along the Labrador
coast had a large area of coverage, however, most of the floes consisted
of mainly thin ice. The ice slowly deteriorated as it moved further
south but strong winds forced the tightly packed ice into the bays
making it difficult for sealing vessels to leave port.
By mid May 2001, the ice coverage along the northeast coast of
Newfoundland had deteriorated to small floes. In the northern Gulf, ice
gradually disappeared except for some small floes of thick ice that
entered the Strait of Belle Isle after a brief period of no ice. This
ice stayed in the Strait of Belle Isle until early June.
LANDINGS
Harp Seals
The nature of the present Atlantic coast commercial hunt for harp seals
took shape in the late 1980s after the collapse of the historic European
markets for whitecoat and blueback pelts. From 1983 to 1995, the average
annual harp seal harvest was 51,000 despite a TAC of 186,000 animals. As
shown in Figure 2, the hunt levels for harp seals were much higher
before the market collapsed. High catch levels reduced the population to
a level of less than two million in the early 1970s. The harp seal
population is now around 5.2 million.
After 1995, the market for sealskins improved and in 1996, based upon
new scientific information, the TAC for harp seals was raised to
250,000. The TAC was further increased to 275,000 in 1997, which was
within the estimates of replacement yield. Replacement yield is the
number of animals that can be taken in a given year without reducing the
total population in the next year. The TAC for harp seals has remained
at 275,000 animals since then.
Market demand drives the price of seal pelts. DFO does not take into
account the market situation when establishing the maximum number of
seals that can be harvested. The TAC is a scientifically determined
ceiling that represents the number of seals that may be taken without
affecting the total population. The actual size of the harvest is
determined by economics; which is the reason for the widely fluctuating
harvests experienced in the last few years. (See Figure 3).
Greenland
Harvest
Canada and Greenland both hunt harp seals from the same population
(the northwest Atlantic stock). The Canadian and Greenland governments
have been exchanging information on their respective hunts and have
agreed to continue such exchanges with the intent of verifying harvest
activities and strengthening conservation. Discussions are also underway
with Greenland scientists on a possible joint Satellite tagging program
to better define seal movements and stock boundaries.
The annual catch of harp seals in Greenland has been increasing in
recent years to about 80,000 animals.
In 2000, the National Marine Mammal Peer Review Committee determined
that the replacement yield for harp seals was estimated to be in the
order of 500,000, which is close to the current level of combined
catches by Canada and Greenland. The replacement yield is the number of
seals that can be harvested without changing the total population.
Hooded Seals
The hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) is a large species (200 kg to
400 kg) found in the northern Atlantic. In Atlantic Canada, most pups
are born in March in Davis Strait and on the Front. Other hooded seals
whelp in the Gulf of St. Lawrence but very little is known about the
relationship between Gulf seals and those in the Front. Surveys
conducted in 1990 and 1991 estimated that 80,000 pups were born in the
Front as opposed to 2,000 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Hooded seals can be harvested in the Front but not in the Gulf of St.
Lawrence. The TAC for hooded seals has remained at 10,000 since 1998.
The hunt for these seals is only a minor part of the commercial and
personal use hunts. In recent years the harvest of hooded seals has been
less than 200 animals per year. See Figure 4 for recent hooded seal
landings.
In 1996, 22,800 young hooded (blueback) seals were hunted and more than
100 charges were laid. Less than one per cent of licensed sealers were
involved in this activity, which took place within a period of a few
days. The matter went before the Courts and on December 14, 1999 the
Newfoundland Court of Appeal struck down section 27 of the Marine Mammal
Regulations, which makes it an offence to buy, sell, or trade blueback
seal pelts. In 2000, to conform to the policy enacted as a result of the
recommendations of the Malouf Report, licence conditions were imposed to
prohibit the taking of blueback and whitecoat seals. On February 22,
2002 the Supreme Court ruled that section 27 is a valid exercise of the
federal fisheries power. It means that DFO can continue to enforce
section 27 to prohibit the harvest of whitecoat and blueback seals. (See
section 7.3). The licence conditions imposed in 2000 prohibiting the
killing of whitecoat and blueback seals will also remain in place for
2002.
The most recent data provided by the Greenland government on hooded
seal catches shows that 6,328 hooded seals were taken in 1998 and 7,086
for the first nine months of 1999. The combined hooded seal hunt for
both Canada and Greenland is below the replacement yield.
Grey Seals
Grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) are found in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
year-round. In the summer, they can be found in the estuary as far
upriver as the Saguenay. Grey seals breed on Sable Island and on the ice
floes in the southern Gulf from late December to early February. After
breeding, they disperse, mainly to the Scotian Shelf, the Gulf of St.
Lawrence and off the southern coast of Newfoundland.
In 1997, the grey seal population in the northwest Atlantic was
estimated to be 190,000. The herd on Sable Island was increasing at a
rate of 13 per cent, or doubling every six years, while in the Gulf of
St. Lawrence, the herd appeared to have declined substantially.
The last two population surveys in the Gulf of St. Lawrence show that
pup production in that area is declining and has likely declined from
10,000 a few years ago to 7,000 now. Pup production apparently continues
to increase on Sable Island. In 1999, an aerial survey was planned for
that area but was not completed due to bad weather. The survey has now
been rescheduled for January 2003.
Only small numbers of grey seals are hunted each year and a TAC has
not been established. Sealing is limited to a small traditional
commercial hunt in an area off the Magdalen Islands and to commercial
hunts of small numbers of grey seals in other areas, except Sable Island
where no commercial hunting is permitted.
Grey seals have more recoverable meat but markets remain poor. Grey
seal pelts are much less valuable than harp seal pelts. With lower pelt
demand and prices, marketing grey seals remains difficult.
In 2001, there were 77 grey seals taken for commercial purposes,
compared to 243 in 2000. 98 grey seals were taken in 1999, and 275 were
taken in 1998.
The last time any significant numbers of grey seals were taken was
before 1984, under a bounty program (1976-83) and a culling program
(1967-83). The first program resulted in an average take of about 720
seals per year and the latter removed about 1,000 animals per year from
the grey seal population.
Ringed Seals
In 2001, there were 2,009 ringed seals (Phoca hispida) taken in the
subsistence hunt in Labrador. In 2000, there were 1,695 ringed seals
taken compared to 772 in 1999. In 1998, the number was 1,046 and 1,639
in 1997.
Ringed seals are also taken for subsistence purposes in Arctic
Canada. The Nunavut Wildlife Management Board is conducting a harvest
study on all species of seals hunted in Nunavut. Results of the study
will be available in 2003.
Other Seals
Small numbers of harbour (Phoca vitulina) and bearded seals (Erignathus
barbatus) are taken each year in the subsistence hunt in northern
Atlantic areas. In 2001, 168 bearded seals were taken. In 2000, sealers
landed 63 bearded seals. In 1998 and 1999, sealers landed 58 and 61
respectively. No harbour seals have been harvested since 1997.
Total Landings
Section 12 shows the Atlantic seal landings for the last 10 years by
area and species.
back to top
Market levels and weather conditions determine the level of each
year's hunt (within the allowable quota of 275,000). In 2001, sealers
harvested 226,493 harp seals. In 2001, there were four seal buyers/
processors in Newfoundland and Labrador, one in Prince Edward Island and
one in the Magdalen Islands. These companies purchased a total of
approximately 224,000 seal pelts (including the fat). The estimated
landed value of harp seals for the 2001 seal season was is in the order
of $5.5 million. The estimated value is based on the average price
processors paid the sealers.
Canada exports seal products under three forms: seal meat, seal oil
and sealskins. Exports of seal oil and skins were down in 2001, though
prices for both products rose. Exports of seal meat rose in 2001, but
they remain significantly below export levels in the 1990s. Due to a
sharp decline in exports to Asia, that region was replaced by Europe as
the main destination for seal oil and skins, but it remains the
principal market for seal meat exports. Asia could regain its position
as the main market for all types of seal exports in 2002, should the
Asian economies sufficiently recover to make seal imports more
attractive.
MARKET DEVELOPMENT
As a result of the government-wide review of priorities and
activities in 1994, DFO is no longer involved in product support or
promotion activities.
SEAL PELTS (FUR AND LEATHER)
In the last few years, the seal harvest in Atlantic Canada has been
directed at beater seals (harp seals between 25 days and 13 months of
age). Beater seals provide the most valuable pelts and market conditions
are stronger for this type of pelts. Due to high inventory of hooded
seal pelts, the market has been very poor in recent years. As a result,
there has not been a directed harvest for hooded seals in the last few
years.
SEAL MEAT
Finding a market for seal meat continues to present a major challenge
for the sealing industry. The amount of seal meat landings for 2001 was
extremely low, in part based on a more directed effort at the younger
animals (beater). This resulted in a small local market for seal meat.
SEAL OIL
The market for seal oil remains positive. Presently, a good
percentage of seal oil is finding its way into areas other than the
traditional marine and industrial oils. The industry is positive about
this new development but is aware that more R&D is required to expand
the range of products derived from seal oil.
SEAL FLIPPERS
There has always been a local market for a number of seal flippers In
Newfoundland. In 2000, the value of this market was estimated at less
than $100,000. Markets would have to be found elsewhere, if flipper
prices are to go up substantially.
SEAL ORGANS
There has been was virtually no market for seal organs since 1998.
VALUE OF THE HUNT
The estimated landed value of harp seals for the 2001 season was is
in the order of $5.5 million. The estimated value is based on the
average price buyers paid to sealers.
Besides the economic benefits of the hunt, seals are an important
source of nutrition, as well as a focus of social and cultural life for
Aboriginal peoples and other residents of Atlantic Canada, Quebec and
the Far North.
CONSULTATION
Each year, it is customary for the Department to hold consultation
sessions with the sealing industry in both Newfoundland and the Gulf of
St. Lawrence. In particular, it is important to maintain an open
dialogue between resource users and government to ensure the best
management of the seal hunt.
MANAGEMENT APPROACH
The Canadian government's policy on seals and sealing is consistent
with its policies on the management of other fishery resources. Seals
are considered a natural resource available to be humanely harvested
like many other species. The harvesting of this resource is permitted
only within the limits of sound conservation principles, taking into
account their role in the ecosystem. The government's objective is to
gain the maximum socio-economic benefits for Canadians in general and
those who depend directly on the resource in particular.
Since 1987, the seal hunt has been managed on a long-term,
sustainable basis, with a view to facilitating the renewal of an
industry badly damaged by trade barriers and animal rights activities.
The replacement yield has been used as a benchmark for sustainability.
As stated above, replacement yield is the number of animals that can be
taken in a given year without reducing the total population in the next
year.
The Malouf Report provided much of the guidance for our existing
management approach, for example, the ban on the commercial hunt of
whitecoats (harp seals) and bluebacks (hooded seals) and on the use of
large vessels more than 65 feet long. The commercial hunt is now carried
out largely from inshore boats owned and operated by coastal residents.
With a plentiful and sustainable seal resource hunted well below its
TAC for many years, DFO has concentrated on improving and enforcing
hunting practices and regulatory and licensing requirements. This
approach has increased the proficiency of sealers in the quick and
humane dispatch of seals as well as in the proper handling of the hunt.
The Malouf Report also recommended that assistance be provided to the
industry following the collapse of seal markets in 1983. DFO and other
federal and provincial government agencies have provided funding to
support sealing associations, as well as market and product development
projects. Since 1986, DFO has provided more than $3 million for these
purposes through the Atlantic Fisheries Adjustment Program and Grants
and Contributions. The DFO assistance program ended in 1999, with
$250,000 in funding for the sealing industry. No financial assistance
program has been offered since 2000 and none is planned.
back to top
PROSPECTS FOR 2002
Harp Seals
In April 2000, the National Marine Mammal Review Committee met in
Ottawa to review the most recent information on the status of the
northwest Atlantic harp seal population. Attending the meeting were
scientists from four international research institutes, a
non-governmental environmental group, two individuals from the seal
harvesting sector, as well as a number of DFO scientists from across the
country.
In recent years, Canada's strategy has been to set its total
allowable catch (TAC) based on an estimate of replacement yield.
The Committee agreed that the harp seal population has been stable at
5.2 million since 1996, which is the highest level since estimates have
been available (1960).
Hooded Seals
Hooded seals are considerably less abundant than harp seals. The 1990
hooded seal population was estimated between 400,000 and 450,000. The
TAC for hooded seals (10,000 seals) is considerably below the
replacement yield, which is estimated to be between 24,000 and 34,000
animals, depending on the age composition of the hunt.
Genetic work aimed at separating the distinct populations of hooded
seals in the Canadian Atlantic region is underway, and satellite tagging
of these animals has been undertaken. Discussions are also in progress
with Greenland scientists to develop a more comprehensive tagging
program to better define movements and stock boundaries.
Grey Seals
The 1993 grey seal population estimate was 144,000 (82,000 from the
Sable Island rookery and 62,000 from the Gulf of St. Lawrence). Since
the 1960s, the Sable Island grey seal population has been increasing at
a rate of 13 per cent per year. A decline in pup production was observed
in the Gulf in 1997. Another survey in 1999 confirmed that Gulf grey
seal pup production was no longer increasing and may have declined since
1990. A new pup production survey is planned for 2003. New population
and replacement yield estimates will be produced after results of the
survey are available.
Ringed Seals
A study of Arctic ringed seals has confirmed the existence of several
distinct groups of ringed seals. Based on growth data, along with the
existence of geographic barriers, distinct population boundaries can be
defined (e.g., Hudson Bay, Baffin Island/Davis Strait, Arctic
Archipelago). The structure of the ringed seal population in Labrador is
less well known.
In response to a suspected population decline, a sampling program for
ringed seals has begun in Hudson Bay in cooperation with the Nunavut
Wildlife Management Board. Ringed seals are a critical prey item for
polar bears in the North. Consequently, any proposal for a commercial
harvest of this species would have to take into account the potential
impact on polar bears. There are few detailed estimates of ringed seal
abundance for Canadian populations. Hunting of ringed seals is currently
done for subsistence only.
Other Seals
There are no reliable population estimates for harbour and bearded
seals.
ENVIRONMENT AND HABITAT
DFO is responsible for managing the sustainable use of fisheries
resources with conservation as the paramount consideration. The scope
and nature of environmental effects are considered when developing
management plans. Various management options are weighed against one
another based on careful considerations of all information, including
traditional knowledge, local knowledge and industry experience along
with the best scientific information available from both DFO and
external organizations. This management plan was formulated in
consideration of any environmental or habitat concerns.
SPECIES INTERACTIONS
Studies of predation by seals on fish in Atlantic Canada have
focussed on harp seals and grey seals. Predation by harbour and hooded
seals has also been estimated. Harp seals accounted for the largest
amount of consumption, followed by hooded and grey seals. However,
recent data on diets of hooded seals suggest that they may also be
important predators.
Comprehensive estimates indicated that in 1996, harp seals consumed
some 3 million tonnes of food in the Canadian Atlantic, whereas grey
seals consumed some 314,000 tonnes. A high portion of the diet of both
species was fish, with some invertebrate prey as well. The vast majority
of fish prey were small forage fish. Commercial species made up only a
small portion of their diet.
The three major species consumed by harp seals are capelin (893,000
tonnes); Sand lance (350,000 tonnes); and Arctic cod (186,000 tonnes).
For grey seals, the main prey species was sandlance (133,000 tonnes).
Grey seals also consumed an estimated 55,000 tonnes of Atlantic cod.
The Panel on Seal Management also reviewed the available estimates of
the consumption by seals of different fish species and concluded that
more information is needed to understand the relationship between seals
and their prey. They stated that seals consume large amounts of fish
throughout Atlantic Canada, but that there is much less evidence that
this predation is having a major impact on the recovery of most
commercial fish stocks. However, the report also mentioned that, in
certain areas, the consumption of cod by seals is considerable and that
a reduction in seal predation could reasonably be expected to have a
substantial effect on the size of these stocks.
RESEARCH
The Department of Fisheries and Oceans has maintained an active seal
research program for many years. This program is aimed at better
understanding seal populations fluctuations and the factors that
influence them, as well as the role of seals in marine ecosystems.
Recently, most of the research has focussed on the population
dynamics and the predation on fish by seals. Studies on these aspects
will continue to gain a better understanding of seal populations and of
their interactions with other components of their ecosystem.
Other aspects of the seal science program include the monitoring of
the health, growth and condition of seals and determining stock
structure, diet and parasite loads.
Additional projects studied the transfer of contaminants from females
to pups, the impact of contaminants on immune system function, seasonal
movements, diving activity and the measurement of heart rate as an
indication of energy expenditure.
Scientists have also observed the seal hunt in order to collect data
on the age composition of the harvest as well as on "struck and loss".
In any harvest, animals may be killed but not recovered and therefore
not included in the reported landings, a factor referred to as "struck
and loss".
These projects are carried out in collaboration with the University
of Waterloo, Laval University, Memorial University of Newfoundland, the
Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, the Greenland
Institute of Natural Resources and Aquaplann (Tromso, Norway).
back to top
CONSERVATION, SUSTAINABILITY, AND HUNTING PRACTICES
DFO is committed to conservation and sustainability of the seal
resource. Seals are a valuable natural resource that can be harvested
wisely to provide economic benefits to coastal economies. Canada manages
seals to provide for their long-term sustainable use. The harvest is
based on conservation - it is not a cull.
LONG-TERM SUSTAINABLE USE
The 2002 Management Plan provides a management framework to support
the long-term, sustainable commercial and subsistence hunt of seals on
the Atlantic coast. This hunt provides sealers, Aboriginal peoples and
northern residents of Atlantic Canada with an opportunity to use adult
and self-reliant juvenile seals to provide economic benefits and food
for their families and communities.
A MARKET-DRIVEN COMMERCIAL HUNT WITHIN CONSERVATION PARAMETERS
The commercial seal hunt takes place in response to market demands,
subject to conservation parameters that ensure the sustainability of
seal stocks.
FULL USE OF EACH ANIMAL HUNTED
The federal government continues to encourage the fullest possible
use of each seal hunted. The objective of full use is also being
explored under regulatory review (see Section 7.1).
HUMANE HUNTING PRACTICES
Section 8 of the Marine Mammal Regulations stipulates that persons
can only dispatch marine mammals in a manner designed to do so quickly.
Under these regulations, seals may be killed only by the use of
high-powered rifles, shotguns firing slugs, clubs and hakapiks. Further
requirements pertaining to the size, weight, muzzle velocity and gauge
of weapon are specified in subsection 28(1) of the regulations.
Licensing policy, which requires a commercial sealer to work under an
experienced sealer for two years to obtain a professional licence,
augments the regulatory requirements. Sealers are also encouraged to
take a training course on proper hunting techniques, product preparation
and handling. Personal use sealers must have a hunter's capability
certificate or big game licence and attend mandatory training sessions
before a licence can be issued.
As a result of recommendations received from the Canadian Veterinary
Medical Association (CVMA), regulatory amendments to improve hunting
practices have been proposed. These regulatory requirements are being
examined under regulatory review (see Section 7.1). DFO is aiming to
have these regulatory amendments in place for the 2003 season.
CVMA veterinary experts produced these recommendations following
observation of hunting activity in the last few years.
INTERNATIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Greenland Hunt
Canada and Greenland hunt harp and hooded seals from the same
populations. The Canadian and Greenland governments have been exchanging
information on their respective hunts and have agreed to continue such
exchanges with the intent of verifying harvest activities and
strengthening conservation.
Trade and Trade Barriers
Markets in Asia have been key to expanding international markets, but
Asian currency problems have caused marketing difficulties in the past
two years. These problems may continue in 2002.
Canadian seal products are unable to access the United States market
due to the prohibition on the import of seal products under the U.S.
Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA). This prohibition has been in place
since 1972, and the federal Government is working in cooperation with
provincial governments, Aboriginal representatives and the sealing
industry to affect changes that would lead to the elimination of this
trade barrier. The Department of Foreign Affairs has the lead on this
issue, and is presently developing a plan in an effort to open the U.S.
market to Canadian sealing products.
Campaigns and Public Information
Some animal rights groups raise funds through media and mail-out
campaigns based on graphic depictions of the seal hunt. They also make
effective use of websites to present their views on the hunt.
The sealing industry is responsible for communicating its position
and representing its interests. Industry groups, such as the Canadian
Sealers Association, have played an important role in offering an
alternative perspective on the seal hunt to the media and others. The
CSA operates a website (www.sealers.nf.ca)
to provide an industry perspective on the seal hunt.
The federal government continues to provide factual and up-to-date
information on the seal hunt to diplomatic posts and to foreign and
domestic media, businesses, government representatives and citizens.
Information is provided in news releases, fact sheets and backgrounders
and through DFO's website (www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca).
In 2000, the Department launched a new section on its website
specifically dedicated to seals, to ensure that information on the seal
hunt is current and easily accessible. This website can be accessed at:
index.htm
In addition, the Department of Foreign Affairs will continue to
promote public education on the seal hunt on the international front.
Canadian Attitudes Toward the Seal Hunt
In 2000, Fisheries and Oceans Canada undertook a national survey of
public attitudes toward the seal hunt. The survey was conducted by the
Environics Research Group.
The objective of the survey was to provide the department and the
Eminent Panel on Seal Management with an up-to-date view of public
opinion across a range of sealing issues.
Results of the survey indicate that, after being presented with
arguments for and against the hunt, 53% of Canadians support the seal
hunt. This support would increase if they had confidence that the hunt
was being carried out in a humane, well-regulated and sustainable
manner. That is an increase of eight percentage points since the last
survey in 1992. The complete report is available at:
reports/study_e/sealstudy.htm
DOMESTIC CONSIDERATIONS
Equitable Allocation
DFO ensures that all sealers are allocated a minimum share of the TAC
of harp seals, based on their traditional reliance on seals and
recognizing the importance of this industry to residents of coastal
communities adjacent to the major sealing areas. The land-based,
small-vessel hunt undertaken by these sealers has been the cornerstone
of the industry for the last decade.
DFO will maintain the present sealing opportunities for Aboriginal
peoples, residents of the Far North and residents adjacent to
traditional sealing areas. DFO will also be supportive of Aboriginal
efforts to hunt seals commercially. As in 2001, a relatively large
allocation for Labrador will allow for greater Aboriginal involvement in
commercial sealing. There is a small allocation of 2,000 harp seals for
the Canadian Arctic, as sealing for this species has been limited in
recent years. DFO is mindful that there may be opportunities for a
commercial harp seal hunt in the Canadian Arctic and will discuss
allocations and re-allocations as opportunities arise. The Canadian
Arctic hunt may have accounted for up to 5,000 harp seals before the
market collapse in the early 1980s.
Again in 2002, an industry committee will be established to
sub-allocate seals to various areas and fleet sectors once the overall
TAC had been established.
Good Sealing Practices
To ensure that seals are handled and processed so as to provide
high-quality products, as well as dispatched quickly and humanely,
licensing policy requires a form of apprenticeship before a commercial
sealer can obtain a professional licence. As well, personal use sealing
licences will not be issued to any person who did not have a licence, a
valid hunter's capability certificate or big game licence the previous
year, and who has not attended a mandatory training session.
DFO works closely with the sealing industry to help develop and
provide information sessions on methods of hunting, handling and
processing to ensure high standards for Canadian seal products. To this
end, DFO has been supportive of the establishment of industry councils
in Newfoundland and Labrador and Quebec.
back to top
REGULATORY REVIEW - (MARINE MAMMAL REGULATIONS)
The current regulations were enacted in 1993 to reflect the sealing
policy announced by the Honourable Tom Siddon on December 30, 1987,
which was based on the Malouf Commission Report.
Since 1998, DFO has consulted with over 80 groups on prospective
changes to the regulations respecting seals and sealing. Those consulted
included representatives of Aboriginal groups, conservation and animal
rights groups, special interest and academic groups, fishing and sealing
industry groups, and provincial and territorial governments. The
proposals were derived from prior consultations and submissions from
interested parties. Consultations were conducted by means of mail-out in
October 1998 and a public forum held in Newfoundland in May 1999. About
50 groups participated in the consultations.
DFO is aiming to have these regulatory amendments in place for the
2003 sealing season, therefore, the proposed amendments do not affect
the conduct of the 2002 seal hunt.
Although Aboriginal groups have always been part of the
consultations, it should be noted that the regulations do not apply to
harvests managed under land claims agreements.
The proposed amendments to the Marine Mammals Regulations, 1993 are
intended to:
- Establish separate
licences for commercial and non-aboriginal personal use sealing. This
would allow DFO to establish different management regimes, for
different user groups;
- Establish licences
for vessels greater than 65' to collect seals from sealing vessels.
This would allow DFO to ensure that large vessels collecting seals are
not being used for actual hunting; and as a possible safe haven for
smaller sealing vessels during bad weather.
- Establish licences
and licence prerequisites to allow the killing of nuisance seals where
there is a danger to property and other efforts have failed or where
they are inflicting great damage on migrating fish stocks;
- Introduce testing
methods that will establish a clearer determination of death before
bleeding and skinning. This is meant to ensure that all animals are
checked for death after they are shot or clubbed, using a method
recommended by veterinarians;
- Establish a
requirement to land either the pelt or carcass of seals taken by
commercial or personal use sealers. This will make it illegal to
harvest a seal for only smaller parts such as its organs; and
- Extend the existing
gear restrictions to commercial sealing throughout Atlantic Canada.
This would prevent the use of nets for all commercial sealing and
would ensure a consistent standard for sealing.
The proposed amendments apply only to commercial and non-aboriginal
personal use sealing. The regulations do not apply to aboriginal sealing
for food, social or ceremonial purposes.
FORMATION OF AN EMINENT PANEL ON SEAL MANAGEMENT TO ADVISE THE
MINISTER
In response to the 13th Report of the Standing Committee on Fisheries
and Oceans (SCOFO) Minister Dhaliwal appointed a panel to evaluate the
current state of scientific knowledge, and to provide advice on a
long-term strategy for the management of seal populations in Atlantic
Canada
The objectives of the Eminent Panel's work were to:
- Evaluate the current state of scientific
knowledge;
- Develop a strategic harvesting plan for seal
populations over a 5-year period; and
- Provide advice on long-term strategies for
seal populations management in Atlantic Canada.
Dr. McLaren of Dalhousie University, a highly respected scientist who
has worked on seal biology, chaired the Panel. Other Panel members were
Mr. David Vardy, Chair of the Newfoundland Public Utilities Commission,
who has broad experience in the Newfoundland public service; Professor
John Harwood of the Sea Mammal Research Unit in St. Andrews, United
Kingdom; and Dr. Solange Brault of the University of Massachusetts in
Boston. Dr. Harwood and Dr. Brault are both respected scientists with
extensive expertise in marine mammals and population dynamics.
The Final Report of the Eminent Panel was publicly released on
December 12, 2001. (See Section 14).
The report of the Panel provided a good review of the existing
science on seal in the Atlantic. It includes a list of management
strategies for seal with the costs and benefits associated with each.
The Panel made some important observations on the probable impact of
seals on groundfish. However, they were unable to reach firm conclusions
on their impact due to the uncertainties involved in the estimate of
seal consumption and the complexity of the ecosystem interactions
involved.
The Panel has recommended many additional research projects to be
done on seal-fish interactions, seal diets and on the factors involved
in cod mortality.
In 2002, DFO will review the conclusions and recommendations of the
Panel and hold consultations with stakeholders on management strategies
for seal populations. A first meeting with industry representatives took
place in January 2002.
The department will consider the Panel's recommendations for
additional research on seal as it prioritizes budget allocation for
science for 2002-2003. In developing the management plan for the 2003
season, the department will be taking into account the recommendations
of the Eminent Panel and the results of the consultations with
stakeholders.
THE SUPREME COURT DECISION ON THE WARD CASE
On February 22, 2002 the Supreme Court rendered its judgement on the
Ward case. This case arises as a result of charges laid in 1996 against
Mr. Ward, a Newfoundland sealer, who, along with about 70 other sealers,
was charged with selling blueback seal pelts contrary to section 27 of
the Marine Mammal Regulations. Section 27 prohibits the sale, trade or
barter of a whitecoat or blueback seal. (A whitecoat is a harp seal up
to two and a half weeks old. A blueback seal is a hooded seal up to
about 16 months of age).
Mr. Ward challenged the charges in the Supreme Court of Newfoundland
on the basis that section 27 of the Marine Mammal Regulations was
unconstitutional in that the power to regulate marketing of seals falls
within the exclusive jurisdiction of the province. In 1997, the
Newfoundland Supreme Court ruled that section 27 of the regulations was
constitutional. Mr. Ward appealed to the Newfoundland Court of Appeal.
In 1999, Newfoundland Court of Appeal ruled that section 27 of the
Regulations was beyond the legal power (ultra vires) of the federal
Government and therefore invalid.
The Government of Canada did not agree with this verdict, and in June
2000, the Supreme Court of Canada granted the Crown's application for
leave to appeal this decision. The Supreme Court heard the case on
October 31, 2001 and decision was made public on February 22, 2002.
In a unanimous judgment, the Supreme Court held that section 27 of
the Marine Mammal Regulations, while on its face a simple ban on sale,
trade or barter, is concerned with curtailing commercial hunting of
young seals to preserve the fisheries as an economic resource, vitally
connected to protecting the economic viability of the Canadian fishery
as a whole.
The Court held that the federal fisheries power embraces commercial
and economic interests, aboriginal rights and interests and the public
interests in sport and recreation and extends this power to maintenance
and preservation of the fishery as a whole, including its economic
value.
The Supreme Court's decision means that DFO can continue to enforce
section 27 of the Marine Mammal Regulations. The Attorney General will
decide how the Government will proceed with the charges against the 70
or so sealers, who were charged under section 27.
USE OF LARGE VESSELS (OVER 65 FEET IN LENGTH)
There has been some interest in the possible use of large vessels as
platforms to assist the existing small vessel hunt. Although current
government policy does not permit sealing directly from large vessels,
there is no policy against the use of a large vessel to collect,
transport and process seals hunted by small vessels and as a possible
safe haven during bad weather. These vessels are commonly referred to as
"collector vessels."
It should be stressed that under no conditions can collector vessels
be used to hunt seals. Seal hunting refers to any activity that takes
place on the hunting ground, including:
- The act of hunting, killing and skinning
seals;
- Handling and transporting raw seal skins and
carcasses from the place where the animals are killed to land or to
the point of sale (collector vessel); and
- Transporting hunters from land to the hunting
ground and from the hunting ground to land.
The crew of the collector vessel must limit its activities to
transferring seals from the harvest location onto the boat. However,
some activities may take place on the collector vessel, including
primary processing of products, such as the cleaning and preparation of
meat.
In 1999, a collector vessel was used to collect about 25,000 harp
seals from sealers in the southern Gulf of St. Lawrence. No collector
vessels were used in 2000 or 2001.
back to top
TOTAL ALLOWABLE CATCHES (TACS)
Harp Seals
The TAC for harp seals remains at 275,000 in 2002.
Hooded Seals
The TAC for hooded seals remains at 10,000 in 2002.
Grey Seals
A hunt for a few hundred grey seals may be permitted off the Magdalen
Islands and in small-scale hunts in areas other than Sable Island.
Ringed Seals
The season from April 25 to November 30 will continue for the
subsistence hunt of ringed seals in Labrador.
Other Seals
The numbers of bearded and harbour seals taken for subsistence
purposes are small and no season is necessary.
Subsistence Catches
The subsistence hunt of small numbers of harp, hooded, grey, ringed,
bearded and harbour seals will continue. Any subsistence hunt of seals
in areas other than Atlantic Canada is not dealt with in this plan,
although an allocation of harp seals is made for the hunt in the
Canadian Arctic.
HUNT LOCATION AND TIMING
Residents of Labrador north of 53°N latitude and the Arctic (Sealing
Areas 1 to 4 - see map in Section 15) can hunt seals of any species at
any time of the year for subsistence purposes, except as specified for
ringed seals below. Aboriginal persons can also hunt seals throughout
the year for food, social and ceremonial purposes.
Harp Seals
The commercial hunt will continue in traditional sealing areas on the
Front (Sealing Areas 5 to 8) and in the Gulf (sealing areas 9 to 16, 20,
22, 26 and 27 - see map in Section 15). The season is from November 15
to May 15. Regional Directors General may alter the seasons (close
times) by publicly issuing Variation Orders. As in the last two years, a
condition of licence will again prohibit the taking of whitecoats.
The personal use hunt will be off Newfoundland, Labrador south of
53°N latitude and off Quebec's North Shore, the Gaspé Peninsula and the
Magdalen Islands. The seasons will be the same as the commercial seasons
and will be established by the period of validity on licences until
seasons can be included in the regulations. It is illegal for personal
use licence holders to take whitecoats.
Hooded Seals
The commercial season will remain from November 15 to May 15 in
Sealing Areas 4 to 7 and 12. Regional Directors General may alter the
seasons (close times) by publicly issuing Variation Orders. Sealing
Areas 8 to 11 and 13 to 33 (see map in Section 15) are areas where
hooded seals have not been hunted and they will remain closed. As in
2000 and 2001, a condition of licence will again prohibit the taking of
young hooded seals (bluebacks).
Personal use licences may allow hooded seals to be taken in areas
where the commercial season is open. As noted above, the personal use
season will be established by period of validity until seasons are
included in the regulations. It is illegal for personal use licence
holders to harvest bluebacks.
Grey Seals
The timing of the grey seal hunt will be controlled by condition of
licence. The small commercial hunt near the Magdalen Islands will likely
occur in January and February, and other grey seal hunts will be
approved on a case-by-case basis. There is no personal use hunt for grey
seals.
Ringed and Other Seals
The season from April 25 to November 30 will continue for the
subsistence hunt of ringed seals in Labrador. The numbers of bearded and
harbour seals taken for subsistence purposes are small and no season is
necessary.
ALLOCATIONS
Harp Seals
The overall TAC of harp seals is subdivided into commercial sealing
allocations applicable to different areas (see Section 13), a personal
use allocation for all areas and a subsistence allocation for northern
communities. For the 2002 sealing season, the industry may decide to
reallocate some of the quota
Seals hunted by sealers licensed in an area or sub-area will be
counted against the allocation for that area or sub-area regardless of
the area in which they are taken.
There are commercial allocations of 271,000 harp seals. In some
areas, they are further allocated based on the length overall (LOA) of
the vessels used. There is an allocation of 2,000 seals for personal use
and a nominal allocation of 2,000 seals for the northern subsistence
hunt. There may be some commercial by-products of the northern
subsistence hunt such as pelts and handicrafts.
Affected stakeholder groups will be consulted on any in-season
re-allocations or sub-allocations among sectors or areas. Committees
have been established for these purposes.
Hooded Seals
The TAC of 10,000 hooded seals is for sealing in the Front, is not
allocated among the various hunters, and applies to commercial and
subsistence sealers in the aggregate. There is no hooded seal hunt in
the Gulf.
Ringed and Other Seals
There are no TACs or allocations of other species of seals.
Conditions of licence are used to limit the commercial hunt of grey
seals to a small number. Licences will also be used to control any
commercial hunt of ringed seals. There are no allocations for ringed,
harbour or bearded seals taken in the subsistence hunt.
OTHER PLAN ELEMENTS
As well as the TACs, seasons and allocations noted above, the 2002
Management Plan includes the elements noted below. The Marine Mammal
Regulations and the Seal Licensing Policy for Eastern Canada are used to
manage many of these elements.
MAJOR ELEMENTS
Whitecoats (harp seal pups) and bluebacks (young hooded seals) may
not be hunted.
Persons may not hunt adult seals in breeding or whelping patches.
Land-based sealers with or without small vessels (65 feet and less in
length) will do the hunting, although vessels beyond that length may be
considered for use to collect, transport and prepare hunted seals from
small vessels and as safe havens for sealers in bad weather.
DFO will continue to enforce regulatory requirements for the
firearms, ammunition, clubs and hakapiks used in sealing to ensure the
right tools are used properly for the quick and humane dispatch of
animals.
SPECIFIC LICENSING ELEMENTS
Licences are not required by Labrador residents north of 53°N
latitude hunting seals in Sealing Areas 1 to 4 for food purposes. They
are also not required by Aboriginal people hunting for food, social or
ceremonial purposes and who are not the beneficiaries of a claims
agreement.
Professional commercial sealing licences may be issued only to
full-time or bona fide fishers registered with DFO who:
a) Held a professional sealing licence the previous year; or
b) Have participated in the seal hunt during the previous two years
as the holder of an assistant sealing licence.
Assistant sealing licences may be issued only to registered fishers
who are in possession of written confirmation, from a professional
sealer, to the effect that the assistant sealer will be hunting seals
under the supervision of the professional sealer during the sealing
season.
Personal use sealing licences, allowing the hunt of up to six seals a
year for personal consumption, may be issued only to residents who:
a) Live adjacent to established sealing areas throughout
Newfoundland, in Labrador south of 53°N latitude, on Quebec's North
Shore, the Gaspé Peninsula and the Magdalen Islands; and
b) Held a personal use sealing licence in the previous year; or
c) Hold a valid provincial hunting licence for big game or a hunter's
capability certificate to demonstrate their proficiency with firearms*
and have attended a mandatory information session on regulations, safety
and the proper handling of hunted seals.
Special sealing licences may be issued for small-scale projects to
hunt seals in 2002.
The use of firearms to hunt seals near communities or areas of
fishing activity may be controlled by condition of licence to ensure
public safety and an orderly hunt. In Newfoundland, the licence
condition on firearm states: "While fishing and attempting to fish for
seals, you are not permitted to possess a rifle that produces a muzzle
velocity of less than 1,800 feet per second and/or a muzzle energy of
less than 1,100 foot pounds."
* Applicants from the Magdalen Islands need not meet the
requirements for firearms proficiency if they are using a club in
accordance with the traditional hunting practices in that area.
back to top
The major emphasis of DFO's Conservation and Protection strategies
will be on monitoring catches, ensuring humane hunting practices and
enforcing the prohibition on the harvest of whitecoat and blueback
seals.
ORGANIZATION
The following DFO staff will be responsible for the operational
coordination of the hunt:
Gulf Coordinator: |
Front Coordinator: |
Roger Simon
Magdalen Islands
Tel: (418) 986-2095 |
Anthony Dunne
Newfoundland
Tel: (709) 772-2784 |
Maritimes Region |
Gary Weber
Halifax, Nova Scotia
Tel: (902) 426-9609 |
Stewart Manderson
Moncton, New Brunswick
Tel: (506) 851-7800 |
MANDATE
Their mandate is to coordinate enforcement operations in the various
areas of Atlantic Canada.
ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES FOR 2002
TABLE 2: ENFORCEMENT PRIORITIES FOR 2002 |
Priority |
Regulation |
Strategy |
Monitor hunt and enforce regulations |
Sections 8, 28(2) and 29 (1) of the Marine Mammal Regulations |
- aerial surveillance
- on-site inspections
- observer coverage
|
Maintain accurate reporting of landings and quota compliance |
Section 22 of the Fishery (General) Regulations |
- in-port inspections
- observer coverage
- on-site inspections
|
Monitor by-catches of seals |
Section 5 of the Marine Mammal Regulations and Section 33 of the
Fishery (General) Regulations |
- in-port inspections
- observer coverage
- on-site inspections
|
Ensure that no whitecoats or bluebacks are harvested |
Licence condition |
- aerial surveillance
- on-site inspections
- in-port inspections
- observer coverage
|
QUOTAS/QUOTA MONITORING
Sealers will be required to maintain logbooks and hail (report
orally) seal harvests daily for vessels greater than 35 feet in overall
length. These reports, and hunt estimates made by fishery officers, will
be compiled, by species, zone and vessel class, in weekly quota reports.
For vessels less than 35 feet in overall length and land-based sealers,
fishery officers will provide hunt estimates based on community reports,
plant statistics, weekly reports and/or checks of landings. In
Newfoundland, weekly reports will be compiled based on species, area and
vessel class.
ENFORCEMENT/REGULATIONS
The enforcement objectives for 2002 will be to seek overall
compliance with regulations and to ensure the maintenance of effective
quota monitoring. Priority will be given to enforcing regulations
pertaining to proper hunting techniques, the accurate reporting of
landings and quota compliance, monitoring by-catches of seals in other
fisheries and ensuring that whitecoats and bluebacks are not hunted for
commercial purposes. The department will also promote the fullest
possible use of each animal harvested.
ENFORCEMENT STRATEGY
The enforcement program will be based on the utilization of
air/surface platforms, as well as on the deployment of fishery officers
and observers.
AIR SURVEILLANCE
Commencing in mid-February, fixed-wing aerial patrols will be
conducted to determine the location of seals and sealing vessels. If
necessary, the frequency of patrols will be increased during the season.
Helicopter patrols will be conducted in both the Gulf and Front areas as
required. An additional helicopter may be added in the Gulf area.
AT-SEA SURVEILLANCE
During peak harvest activity, patrol vessels, with fishery officers,
will conduct at-sea surveillance in the Newfoundland Region. Fishery
officers will conduct at-sea boardings to ensure compliance with the
Marine Mammal Regulations, with particular emphasis on hunting methods.
Fishery officers may also be deployed directly on sealing vessels and
randomly moved to various vessels throughout the fleet.
In both the Newfoundland Region and the Magdalen Islands area,
Canadian Coast Guard vessels will be called upon for assistance if
required to transport fishery officers to the hunt.
OBSERVERS
Commencing in late February, independent observers will be deployed
to the seal hunt in the Newfoundland Region as required.
OTHER PATROL/SURVEILLANCE ACTIVITY
Fishery officers will conduct coastal patrols, dockside checks and
quota monitoring.
ROYAL CANADIAN MOUNTED POLICE/OTHER ASSISTANCE
The RCMP will be available, upon request, should situations arise
where assistance is required in both the Front and Gulf areas. As
required, DFO will participate in joint patrols with the RCMP and the
Surêté du Québec to ensure an orderly hunt. This assistance could be
important in avoiding potential confrontations between sealers and
members of anti-sealing groups.
MONITORING OF ENFORCEMENT OPERATIONAL PLAN
Weekly conference calls will be conducted to monitor the
implementation and effectiveness of the operational plan. If required,
in-season adjustments will be made to the plan.
back to top
- Sustainable hunt
within the TAC
- Adherence to
regulations
- Fullest possible
use - product sales
- Number of
participants throughout season
- Economic benefits
- Consultations
with stakeholders
back to top
- Compliance with
overall TAC
- Compliance with
quota and allocations
- Compliance with
blueback/whitecoat prohibition
- Number of
incidents
- Number of
warnings issued
- Number of charges
laid
- Penalties
- Feedback from
sealing industry
- Feedback from
fishery officers
- Feedback from
public
back to top
Species |
Year |
Nfld. Front/ Labrador |
Newfound-land Gulf |
Cape Breton, N.S., P.E.I. |
Magdalen Islands |
Quebec North Shore |
Personal Use |
Yearly Total |
Hooded Seals |
1992 |
111 |
8 |
|
|
|
|
119 |
1993 |
19 |
|
|
|
|
|
19 |
1994 |
129 |
20 |
|
|
|
|
149 |
1995 |
856 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
857 |
1996 |
25,712 |
42 |
|
|
|
|
25,754 |
1997 |
7,024 |
34 |
|
|
|
|
7,058 |
1998 |
10,144 |
4 |
|
|
|
|
10,148 |
1999 |
182 |
6 |
|
|
|
13 |
201 |
2000 |
10 |
|
|
|
|
|
10 |
2001 |
123 |
17 |
|
|
|
|
140 |
|
Harp Seals |
1992 |
58,244 |
3,907 |
137 |
2,704 |
2,436 |
|
67,428 |
1993 |
20,260 |
2,541 |
25 |
1,572 |
777 |
|
25,175 |
1994 |
52,914 |
6,811 |
56 |
330 |
1,065 |
|
61,176 |
1995 |
52,378 |
8,238 |
470 |
1,196 |
3,109 |
|
65,391 |
1996 |
165,335 |
60,856 |
1,145 |
13,709 |
1,672 |
|
242,717 |
1997 |
198,841 |
33,754 |
255 |
28,900 |
2,454 |
|
264,204 |
1998 |
215,693 |
44,154 |
3,127 |
18,075 |
1,021 |
|
282,070 |
1999 |
148,005 |
56,202 |
3,528 |
34,756 |
711 |
1,350 |
244,552 |
2000 |
82,104 |
3,610 |
|
5,167 |
|
721 |
91,602 |
2001 |
80,990 |
124,359 |
1,020 |
17,621 |
|
2,503 |
226,493 |
|
Harbour, Bearded, Ringed |
1992 |
1,127 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,127 |
1993 |
1,125 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,125 |
|
Harbour Seals |
1994 |
90 |
|
|
|
|
|
90 |
1995 |
27 |
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
1996 |
58 |
|
|
|
|
|
58 |
1997 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1998 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1999 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
2000 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
2001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
|
Ringed Seals |
1994 |
1,581 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,581 |
1995 |
1,384 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,384 |
1996 |
670 |
|
|
|
|
|
670 |
1997 |
1,639 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,639 |
1998 |
1,046 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,046 |
1999 |
772 |
|
|
|
|
|
772 |
2000 |
1,695 |
|
|
|
|
|
1,695 |
2001 |
2,008 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
2,009 |
|
Bearded Seals |
1994 |
84 |
|
|
|
|
|
84 |
1995 |
24 |
|
|
|
|
|
24 |
1996 |
45 |
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
1997 |
118 |
9 |
|
|
|
|
127 |
1998 |
56 |
|
|
|
|
|
56 |
1999 |
60 |
1 |
|
|
|
|
61 |
2000 |
63 |
|
|
|
|
|
63 |
2001 |
168 |
|
|
|
|
|
168 |
|
Grey Seals |
1993 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0 |
1994 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
40 |
1995 |
|
|
7 |
357 |
|
|
364 |
1996 |
|
40 |
33 |
59 |
|
|
132 |
1997 |
|
|
|
72 |
|
|
72 |
1998 |
|
|
69 |
206 |
|
|
275 |
1999 |
|
|
98 |
|
|
|
98 |
2000 |
|
|
342 |
|
|
|
342 |
2001 |
|
1 |
75 |
|
|
|
76 |
|
Total All Species |
1992 |
59,482 |
3,915 |
137 |
2,704 |
2,436 |
0 |
68,674 |
1993 |
21,404 |
2,541 |
25 |
1,572 |
777 |
0 |
26,319 |
1994 |
54,798 |
6,831 |
56 |
370 |
1,065 |
0 |
63,120 |
1995 |
54,669 |
8,239 |
477 |
1,553 |
3,109 |
0 |
68,047 |
1996 |
191,820 |
60,938 |
1,178 |
13,768 |
1,672 |
0 |
269,376 |
1997 |
207,622 |
33,797 |
255 |
28,972 |
2,454 |
0 |
273,100 |
1998 |
226,939 |
44,158 |
3,196 |
18,281 |
1,021 |
0 |
293,595 |
1999 |
149,019 |
56,209 |
3,626 |
34,756 |
711 |
1,363 |
245,684 |
2000 |
83,872 |
3,610 |
342 |
5,167 |
0 |
721 |
93,712 |
2001 |
83,289 |
124,378 |
1,095 |
17,621 |
0 |
2,503 |
228,886 |
back to top
13. 2002 HARP SEAL ALLOCATIONS
General Area |
Category of Sealing |
Allocation |
Sealing Area(s) |
|
Northern Areas |
Subsistence Sealing |
2,000 |
1 to 4 |
Labrador |
Commercial Sealing |
10,000 |
4 |
All Areas |
Personal Use Sealing |
2,000 |
5 to 20 |
|
Front Area |
Commercial |
|
|
Vessels less than 35 feet |
64,000 |
5 to 8 |
Vessels 35 to 65 feet |
120,000 |
5 to 8 |
TOTAL |
184,000 |
4 to 8 |
|
Gulf |
Vessels less than 35 feet (May 1 to May 15) |
7,000 |
|
Gulf - vessels less than 35 feet |
20,000 |
9 to 27 |
Gulf - vessels 35 feet to 65 feet |
50,000 |
9 to 27 |
TOTAL |
77,000 |
9 to 27 |
|
CANADIAN TOTAL ALLOWABLE CATCH |
275,000 |
ALL |
The allocation between areas and sectors is subject to change.
For the purpose of the allocations set out in this table, sealers
that obtain access to the seals without the use of a vessel shall be
considered as sealers on vessels less than 35 feet.
The 2,000 allocation for subsistence sealing in northern areas
(Sealing Areas 1 to 4) is a nominal amount only - it is not a quota.
back to top
December 12, 2001
DHALIWAL ANNOUNCES CONSULTATIONS ON REPORT OF EMINENT PANEL AND
MAINTAINS TAC FOR 2002 SEALING SEASON
OTTAWA -- The Honourable Herb Dhaliwal, Minister of Fisheries and
Oceans, today accepted the final report of the eminent Panel on seal
management.
"I would like to thank the members of the Panel for their dedicated
work. I know that this is an important issue for many Canadians and this
is why I established the Panel," said Mr. Dhaliwal. "The findings in
this report will help us develop seal population management strategies
that are based on the best available science and that offer a balanced
perspective on seal harvesting."
"Given that this process will take some time and needs to be done
with careful attention, I have decided to maintain the existing
management measures for the 2002 sealing season," said Mr. Dhaliwal.
"Since the seal population is healthy and abundant, these management
measures should not affect the status of the stock."
For 2002, the Total Allowable Catch (TAC) will remain at 275,000
animals. The hooded seal TAC will remain at the 1998-2001 level of
10,000 animals. As in the 2001 management plan, a small harvest of grey
seals will be allowed in areas other than Sable Island. Also, the
licence conditions put in place in 2000 to prohibit the harvest of
whitecoats and bluebacks will remain in place.
While the Panel did not provide an optimum population size for the
various seal species, it did examine several different management
strategies that will be considered carefully by the department. Over the
next year, DFO officials will take the necessary time to consult with
interested stakeholders to develop a long-term management plan for the
following season, based on the findings and recommendations contained in
the Seal Panel report.
The mandate of the Panel, established in April 2000 in response to
the Parliamentary Standing Committee on Fisheries and Oceans' report on
seals, included a review of:
- scientific methodologies for estimating seal populations;
- scientific methodologies for estimating the total magnitude of the
hunt;
- the current state of knowledge about the diet of seals and the
impact of seal consumption on cod and other commercial fish stocks;
and,
- the optimum size of the harp seal population in terms of its
interaction with the ecosystem and commercial fish stocks.
Members of the Panel included:
- Dr. Ian Mclaren as Chair, currently President of the Sable Island
Preservation Trust;
- Professor John Harwood, Scientist at the Sea Mammal Research Unit
of the University of St. Andrews, United Kingdom;
- Mr. David Vardy, currently Chair of the Public Utilities
Commission of Newfoundland; and
- Dr. Solange Brault, Assistant Professor at the University of
Massachusetts, Boston.
The Panel's report is available on the departmental website at
reports/index.htm
Heather Bala
Director of Communications
Office of the Minister
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Ottawa
(613) 996-0076 |
Myriam Brochu
Manager, Media Relations
Fisheries and Oceans Canada
Ottawa
(613) 998-1530 |
Posted on the Internet on 2001-12-12
Internet :
http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca
back to top
![MAPS OF SEALING AREAS - Click to enlarge](/web/20061101081726im_/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/seal-phoque/images/mgtpla1.gif)
![MAPS OF SEALING AREAS - Click to enlarge](/web/20061101081726im_/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/seal-phoque/images/mgtpla2.gif)
![MAPS OF SEALING AREAS - Click to enlarge](/web/20061101081726im_/http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/seal-phoque/images/mgtpla3.gif)
back to top |