INDEPTH: FORCES OF NATURE
Forest Fires
CBC News Online | July 6, 2006
Canada's forest fire season usually starts as early as April, with grass fires that scorch the landscape. Then the season moves into high gear with the first round of forest fires in May and June, with more to come in the dry summer months.
By the time it's all over in September, an average of 25,000 square kilometres – an area the size of Lake Erie – will have burned in roughly 10,000 fires across the country.
Fighting fires
During those six months, an entire industry comes alive. Provincial governments and Parks Canada hire and train hundreds of firefighters who spend the summer doing the annual battle with fire.
Many are college and university students who need a job. Others are highly trained firefighters who have gone to school to learn the intricacies of fire behaviour and suppression.
They may spend weeks living in fire camps and spend long, hard hours fighting stubborn blazes that will only get worse because of high winds. They will be transported to other provinces to reinforce firefighters worn down by a blaze that won't be controlled.
Many will be on the ground, using hand tools, chainsaws and water pumps to control fires. But Canadians have also become experts in battling blazes from the air with helicopters, rappelling and parachuting crews, water tankers and even satellite monitoring systems.
Applicants for the more dangerous jobs – Rapattack crews, which rappel from helicopters to reach remote fires, and Parattack crews, which parachute into fire zones from airplanes – must go through rigorous fitness and endurance tests even after completing basic firefighting courses and training in rappelling or parachuting.
Firefighting innovations in:
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1760-1880:
Canada's first forest fire laws
1900s:
First park wardens
1920s:
Forestry stations
Growing seedlings to replace forests
Portable pumps
Fire towers
Aerial patrols
1930s:
Fire prevention programs
1940s:
Beaver bush plane
Water bombing using latex bladders
1950s:
Scooping lake water for bombing
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From towers to satellites
Although fire lookout towers, first introduced in the '20s, are still used in high-risk zones, more sophisticated methods have been introduced. Computerized monitoring systems log all lightning strikes, and the federal government's Canada Centre for Remote Sensing can detect locations of fires across the country using satellites.
Using the Canadian Forest Fire Danger Rating System, fire managers can determine the moisture levels within the forest, how fast the trees will burn, how much of the forest will be consumed, and in which direction the blaze will spread. Once a fire has been brought under control, infrared scanners are used to detect remaining heat sources.
Most fires are caused by humans: 58 per cent of the wildfires that consume our forests and grasslands every year are caused by carelessness and could have been prevented. The rest, 42 per cent, are caused by lightning.
This breakdown in the numbers was first discovered in Canada during aerial patrols of lumber yards and parks in the 1930s, and soon the first fire prevention campaigns were launched, posting warnings in schools and along highways.
Fire's ecological benefits
Since those early days, millions of dollars have been spent on campaigns to prevent forest fires. But researchers now know that fire is not necessarily bad. It can be a natural part of a healthy grassland or forest ecosystem. Fire reduces the build-up of dead and decaying leaves, logs and needles that accumulate on the forest floor. It reduces or eliminates the overhead forest canopy, increasing the sunlight that stimulates new growth from seeds and roots.
Many plants and animals have adapted to fire. Both lodgepole pine and jack pine have resin-sealed cones that stay on trees for many years. The heat of fire melts the resin and the cones pop open. Thousands of seeds then scatter to the ground and grow into new stands of pine. Woodpeckers feast on bark beetles and other insects that colonize in newly burned trees.
And so, 20 years ago, Parks Canada decided that it wouldn't interfere in natural processes such as fire, insects and disease unless it had to – that is, unless people or neighbouring lands were threatened.
Quick Fact:
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In 2002, prescribed fires burned more than 3,500 hectares of forest, but that's still less than 0.2 per cent of the total forest area that burned in that year.
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Playing with fire?
More recently, forest managers across North America have introduced programs of deliberately lit "prescribed fires" to clear out forest debris and restore ecosystems that are dependent on fire to thrive.
Trained specialists decide when and where, and for how long, to permit such fires to burn. They consider weather, vegetation type, fire behaviour and terrain in order for the fires to burn safely.
Although prescribed fires have become common in the United States and Canada, they are also controversial. In Canada, prescribed burns have been strongly opposed by landowners and outdoors-related businesses. Timber is a valuable resource and it's hard to convince anyone that burning down trees, even on a small scale, makes sense.
In 1988, the U.S. Forest Service was heavily criticized when parts of Yellowstone National Park were allowed to burn after being struck by lightning. The fires spread quickly and, in the end, men and resources were moved in to douse the flames. It was the costliest firefighting effort in U.S. history, at $120 million US.
And in 2000, a prescribed fire in New Mexico got out of control and destroyed 200 homes in Los Alamos.
Fires, weather and climate
When a fire gets as big as the Okanagan Valley fire in B.C. in the summer of 2003, they can create their own weather systems. And fires that big usually create weather conditions that can lead to more fires.
It happens because of an effect called "thermal buoyancy" – air around a very intense fire heats and rises, the fire pulls in more surrounding air, and a wind pattern emerges from the cycle.
Smoke from the fire contributes to natural cloud cover and enhances lightning conditions. The wind pattern creates hot and dry conditions that can be felt several kilometres from the fire.
Although these effects on the local weather are clear, scientists are not sure how large swaths of burnt land affect the global climate.
A healthy forest is considered a carbon "sink" or "reservoir." Carbon emissions are absorbed by healthy trees and reduced in the atmosphere. But, when a forest burns, carbon is released back into the atmosphere – often in the form of carbon dioxide, a known greenhouse gas.
When high volumes of greenhouse gases are released into the atmosphere, they may aggravate patterns of global warming.
What may result is called a "positive feedback loop." Global warming enhances conditions that feed forest fires, while a large increase in fires releases more greenhouse gases into the environment. Greenhouse gas emission contributes to global warming – a cycle that constantly feeds itself.
Some scientists point to a recent increase in the amount of forest burned every year as evidence that the loop has already started.
Others say the increase could be part of natural variation. Scientists have only been collecting forest fire data for the past 40 years, a short time from which to draw long-term predictions.
In July 2006
Six communities in northern Saskatchewan were placed under evacuation orders because of the over 100 wildfires that blazed across the province covering more than 580,000 hectares — an area bigger than Prince Edward Island. One fire near the Alberta border consumed 110,000 hectares.
There were almost 150 fires in Alberta, 48 of them out of control. One fire, named Rocky 99, covered 126 hectares. Over 800 firefighters were deployed across the province to tackle the wildfires.
There were more than 200 forest fires in B.C. Most of them were small, but two massive wildfires in B.C.'s Cariboo-Chilcotin region forced approximately 2,000 people from their homes.
In northern Manitoba over 90 forest fires erupted.
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Deadliest forest fire in Canada
Matheson fire, Ontario, 1916. Burned the villages of Kelso, Val Gagne, Porquis Junction and Iroquois Falls, killing 244. Many of the victims were asphyxiated by the walls of flames that swept from town to town. High winds fanned existing fires along the Ontario Northland Railway.
Forest Fire Deaths
From 1991 to 2001, 14 people were killed in Canada as a result of forest fires.
Property losses in Canada due to forest fire
2001 - $292,550
2000 - $42,000
1999 - $6,097,800
1998 - $1,684,400
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