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Minas Basin, Nova Scotia
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Minas Basin, Nova Scotia
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Twice a day, enormous amounts of water rush into and out of the Minas Basin past Cape Split, under strong tidal influences. With several rivers, like the Avon, feeding sediment into the Bay, as well as heavy erosion from the basin's shoreline, the suspended sediment dynamics become intricate and complex. The geometry of the whole Bay of Fundy and the shape of the Minas Basin teams with the tidal force to produce the world's highest average tides of 15 metres! Satellite imagery provides opportunities for both quantitative analysis of aquatic sediment concentration as well as for studies of water circulation patterns which are in demand for environmental assessments and such engineering studies as a prospective tidal barrage.


Question: On a satellite image of water bodies, how can you tell the difference between suspended sediment and shallow water?

[ Answer ]

 

About this Image
Location: Minas Basin, Nova Scotia
NTS map(s): 21 H
Location Map Location Map: See a detailed map (1:1M) of the region
Image Date: August 23, 1975
Satellites/Sensors: Landsat MSS, Bands 6, 5, 4 = R, G, B
Resolution: 60 m x 80 m pixels
Image Area: 72.7 km by 57.4 km
Image Features: suspended sediment, turbid water, clouds, shallow water, bottom effect, bathymetry, water circulation, tracer, colourimetry, water penetration
Related Tour Images: Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia
Related Glossary Terms: These terms from the CCRS Glossary may help you to understand this image and its interpretation:

multispectral scanner, multispectral'imagery, multispectral data, false colour, false colour composite

Related Tutorial Sections: These sections of the "Fundamentals of Remote Sensing" tutorial by CCRS will help you to better understand this image and its interpretation:

1.5   2.5   2.12   4.5

Image Credits: Received, processed and analyzed by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing

 
Additional
Information:
Landsat MSS Spectral Bands:
Band * Wavelength Sensitivity
(micrometres)
Colour
Equivalent
Water **
Penetration
4 0.5 - 0.6 Green ~ 10 m
5 0.6 - 0.7 Red ~ few m
6 0.7 - 0.8 Infrared ~ tens of cm
7 0.8 - 1.1 Infrared ~ few cm

* Band Number 1,2,3 designations were for an entirely different instrument: the RBV (Return Beam Vidicon).
** Water penetration depends on many factors such as water clarity, atmospheric conditions, sun angle, nature of the water bottom. This table shows rough guidelines for excellent penetration conditions in typical Canadian waters.


With increased sediment load in marine waters, the brightness of the satellite pixels increases and the colouring changes too - the peak brightness shifts slightly to longer wavelengths. This and other changes among water features are subtle, making analysts stretch the limits of remote sensing analysis methods. One of the main issues in dealing with quantitative water quality analysis is atmospheric conditions. Even without cloud cover, the changes in general atmospheric haze is strong enough to influence the very low reflectivity measurements over water. Thus, direct water sampling, in order to 'calibrate' the measurements made on an image must be done in synchrony with the satellite image acquisition, and are only valid for that one image, since the atmospheric conditions will likely be different for another image. In fact, extrapolating from one part of an image to another part is also highly prone to error due to haze variability within any one image.

Question: On a satellite image of water bodies, how can you tell the difference between suspended sediment and shallow water?
Answer: Just by looking at the tone and colour of a pixel, you cannot. After all, it is basically the same material with the same reflection properties. Therefore, very shallow water will have the same colour and brightness as very turbid (high concentration of suspended sediment) water. To try to separate the two features, we must examine the shape as well as the change in the spatial distribution of the feature, over time. If it has the wispy shape of water in motion (see the water patterns just outside of the mouth of the Avon River) and the pattern changes with time, then there is a strong likelihood that the feature is suspended sediment. If the feature has sharp boundaries (see the brown-green features along many of the shorelines shown here) and does not change over time, then it is most likely a bathymetric feature.
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2006-09-03Important notices