|
Products and Services
A
Aboriginal Land: Lands within Aboriginal
reserves or Aboriginal settlements. Terres
autochtones
Index
Aboriginal rights: Rights that
some Aboriginal peoples of Canada hold as a result of their ancestors'
long-standing use and occupancy of the land. The rights of certain
Aboriginal peoples to hunt, trap and fish on ancestral lands are
examples of Aboriginal rights. Aboriginal rights will vary from
group to group depending on the customs, practices and traditions
that have formed part of their distinctive cultures. Droit
des Autochtones
Index
Aboriginal title: A legal term
that recognizes the interest of Aboriginals in the land. It is based
on their long-standing use and occupancy of the land as descendants
of the original inhabitants of Canada. Titre
ancestral
Index
Adaptive Management Area (AMA):
Stands or forest types that require similar management practices
and are grouped as one unit for the purposes of silviculture management.
Aire de gestion adaptée
Index
Afforestation: The establishment
of a tree crop on an area from which it has always or very long
been absent. Where such establishment fails and is repeated, the
latter may properly be termed "reafforestation." See also Reforestation.
Reboisement ; Boisement
Index
Age class: A distinct group
of trees or portion of growing stock recognized on the basis of
age. Classe d'âge
Index
Agroforestry: A collective name
for land-use systems and practices in which trees and shrubs are
deliberately integrated with non-woody crops and/or animals on the
same land area for ecological and economic purposes. Agroforesterie
Index
Allowable Annual Cut or Annual
Allowable Cut (AAC): The amount of timber that is permitted
to be cut annually from a particular area. AAC is used as the basis
for regulating harvest levels to ensure a sustainable supply of
timber. (Note: Both terms have been used) Possibilité
annuelle de coupe (PAC)
Index
Anthropogenic emission: Emission
caused by human activities (e.g., burning fossil fuels or setting
fires to clear forest land for agricultural purposes). Émission
anthropique
Index
Anthropogenic removal: Removal
resulting from human activities (e.g., planting trees). Réduction
anthropique
Index
Arboreal: Relating to the cultivation
of trees. Arboricole
Index
Arboretum: A botanical tree
garden where trees are maintained for display purposes. Arboretum
Index
Area regenerating:
Includes areas that have been harvested recently (less than 10 years
ago), and areas depleted by such natural disturbances as fire, insects
and disease. Superficie en régénération
Index
|
B
Bacillus thuringiensis var. kustaki:
A biological insecticide developed in Canada. This natural bacterium,
which occurs in soils, is sprayed on forests to combat damaging insects.
Bacillus thuringiensis
Index
Biodiversity (biological diversity):
Refers to the variety of life on 3 different levels: the variety
of ecosystems (ecosystem diversity), the variety of species (species
diversity) and the variety within species (genetic diversity). Biodiversité
(diversité biologique)
Index
Bioassay: A technique for determining
the effectiveness of a substance by measuring its effects on animals,
tissues or organisms and comparing them to the effects of a standard
preparation. Bioessai
Index
Biomass: The dry weight of all
organic material, living or dead, above or below the soil surface.
Biomasse
Index
Biosphere: That part of the
earth and atmosphere capable of supporting living organisms. Biosphère
Index
Biotechnology: Development
of products by a biological process. Production may be carried out
by using intact organisms (e.g., yeasts and bacteria) or by using
natural substances (e.g., enzymes) from organisms. Biotechnologie
Index
Boreal forest:
One of 3 main forest zones in the world (see also tropical forest,
temperate forest); it is located in northern regions and is characterized
by the predominance of conifers. Forêt
boréale
Index
Buffer: A
strip of land where disturbances are not allowed, or are closely
monitored, to preserve aesthetic and other qualities adjacent to
roads, trails, waterways, and recreation sites. Zone
tampon
Index
|
C
Canopy:
The more or less continuous cover of branches and foliage formed collectively
by the crowns of adjacent trees. See also Forest
canopy. Couvert forestier
Index
Carbon dioxide (CO2):
A colorless, odorless, non-combustible gas. Humans and
all other living organisms give off carbon dioxide in respiration
and decomposition. Trees and other plants absorb it and use it during
photosynthesis. Also emitted as a by-product of burning fossil fuels.
Dioxyde de carbone
Index
Carbon sequestration:
The uptake and storage of carbon. Trees and plants, for
example, absorb carbon dioxide, release the oxygen and store the
carbon. Fossil fuels were at one time biomass and continue to store
the carbon until burned. Piégeage
de carbone
Index
Certification (forest):
Forest certification is a market-based instrument aimed
at promoting sustainable forest management that takes into account
environmental, economic and social issues. It involves the independent
assessment of forest management according to internationally (or
nationally) accepted standards, and the tracking and monitoring
of the supply of forest products to the marketplace. If the forest
management is in compliance with a set of specified standards, and
the timber from this forest has been tracked and accounted for through
all stages of the production process, then it can be given a label
which is recognized in the market place. Certification
(forestière)
Index
Chain of custody:
The process of monitoring the production and distribution of goods
from the forest to the end-product, i.e., tracing the origin of
the product. Continuité
de possession
Index
Clearcutting:
A forest management method that involves the complete felling and
removal of a stand of trees. Clearcutting may be done in blocks,
strips, or patches. Coupe à
blanc
Index
Climate change:
An alteration in measured quantities (e.g., precipitation, temperature,
radiation, wind and cloudiness) within the climate system that departs
significantly from previous average conditions and is seen to endure,
bringing about corresponding changes in ecosystems and socioeconomic
activity. Changement climatique
Index
Cloning: In
biotechnology, obtaining a group of genetically identical cells
from a single cell; making identical copies of a gene. Clonage
Index
Commercial forest:
Forest land that is able to grow commercial timber within
an acceptable time frame and is designated for such a purpose. Forêt
d'intérêt commercial
Index
Coniferous:
Refers to a forest stand or category of trees or bush that is popularly
called 'evergreen.' The wood of conifers is commercially known as
'softwood.' Conifère
Index
Convention:
A legally binding agreement, often among many parties. Convention
Index
Crop tree:
Any tree selected to become a component of a future commercial harvest.Arbre
de peuplement final
Index
Crown land:
Public land that is managed by the national or provincial/territorial
government. Terre de la Couronne
Index
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D
Deforestation: > Clearing an area
of forest for another long-term use. Déboisement
Index
Dendrology: The study of trees;
tree identification. Dendrologie
(forestière)
Index
Desertification: The transformation
of once-productive arid and semi-arid areas into deserts through
prolonged drought or continued mismanagement of land and water resources.
Désertification
Index
E
Ecodistrict: > A part of an ecoregion
characterized by distinctive geologic, soil, water, fauna and land
use. Écodistrict
Index
Ecolabeling: A two-step process
used to determine when a product can display a special seal or mark
signifying that it is less harmful to the environment than most
other similar products. The two-steps are: establishment of criteria,
and certification that a product meets the criteria. Écoétiquetage
Index
Ecological land classification:
A process of delineating and classifying ecologically distinctive
areas based on geologic, landform, soil, vegetative, climatic, wildlife,
water and human factors. This holistic approach to land classification
can be applied incrementally, from site-specific ecosystems to very
broad ecosystems. This system provides for seven levels of generalization;
ecozones, ecoprovinces, ecoregions, ecodistricts, ecosections, ecosites
and ecoelements. Classification
écologique des terres
Index
Ecoregion: A part of an ecozone
characterized by distinctive regional ecological factors, including
climate, physical geography, vegetation, soil, water, fauna and
land use. Écorégion
Index
Ecosystem: A dynamic system
of plants, animals, and other organisms, together with the non-living
components of the environment, functioning as an interdependent
unit. Écosystème
Index
Ecosystem integrity: The quality
of a natural unmanaged or managed ecosystem in which the natural
ecological processes sustain the function, composition and structure
of the system. Intégrité
de l'écosystème
Index
Ecotourism: A type of tourism
that focuses on nature-related experiences (e.g., whale watching).
Écotourisme
Index
Ecozone: An area of the Earth's
surface that is representative of a broad-scale ecological unit
characterized by particular abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living)
factors. Écozone
Index
Edge habitat: A loosely defined
type of habitat that occurs at the boundary between two different
habitat types. Typically, edge habitats share characteristics with
both adjacent habitat types and have particular transitional characteristics
that are important to wildlife. Habitat
de lisière
Index
Emissions: Waste substances
released into the air or water. Émissions
Index
Endangered species: Species
that are threatened with imminent extinction; includes species whose
numbers or habitats have been reduced to critical levels. Espèce
en danger de disparition
Index
Engineered wood products:
A composite wood product made from glued fibre, lumber and/or veneer
to meet specific design criteria. Produit
du bois de haute technologie
Index
Environmental assessment: A
process designed to contribute pertinent environmental information
to the decision-making process of forest management and other resource
projects and programs. Évaluation
environnementale
Index
Even-aged forest: A forest
stand or type in which relatively small age differences (10–20 years)
exist between individual trees. Équienne;
Forêt équienne
Index
Extirpated species/extirpation:
Refers to the local extinction of a species that is no longer found
in a locality or country, but exists elsewhere in the world. Espèce
extirpée/extirpation; Espèce
disparue/disparition
Index
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F
Falldown: A situation in which second-growth
forests provide less timber than the original forests. Exploitation
secondaire
Index
Fauna: A general term for all
forms of animal life characteristic of a region, period or special
environment. Faune
Index
Featured-species management:
A type of wildlife management that does not attempt to manage for
all species, but selects a few species of particular concern or
interest (e.g., big game species or endangered species) and aims
management programs at them. With respect to habitat, it is generally
assumed that providing habitat for these species provides habitat
for other species as well. Gestion
axée sur les espèces
Index
Feller-Buncher: A self-propelled
machine used to fell trees by shearing them off near the ground
using a hydraulic apparatus. Some models also strip limbs and bunch
the logs for later pickup. Abatteuse-groupeuse
Index
Flora: A general term for all
forms of plant life characteristic of a region, period or special
environment. Flore
Index
Forest: A complex community
of plants and animals in which trees are the most conspicuous members.
A mixed forest includes both coniferous and deciduous trees.
Index
Forest canopy: The more or
less continuous cover of branches and foliage formed collectively
by the crowns of adjacent trees. See also Canopy.
Couvert forestier
Index
Forest land: Land primarily
intended for growing, or currently supporting, forest. It includes
land not now forested (e.g., clearcut lands and northern lands that
are forested but not intended for any commercial forestry use) and
plantations. Terres forestières
Index
Forest plantation / Plantation forestry
/ Plantation forestForest stands established by planting
and/or seeding in the process of afforestation or reforestation
which are either of introduced species (all planted stands) or intensively
managed stands of indigenous species, which meet all the following
criteria: one or two species at plantation, even age class, regular
spacing. Plantation forestière
/ Foresterie de plantation / Forêts de plantation
Index
Forestry practices: Any activity
that is carried out on forest land to facilitate the use of forest
resources, including, but not limited to, timber harvesting, road
construction, silviculture, grazing, recreation, pest control and
wildfire suppression.
Index
Forest regions classification:
A process of delineating large geographic areas according to landform
and climate, associated with broad variations in overall forest
composition. Classification des
régions forestières
Index
Forest type: A group of forest
areas or stands whose similar composition (species, age, height,
and density) differentiates it from other such groups. Type
forestier
Index
Fossil fuels: Oil, gas, coal
and other fuels that were formed under the Earth's surface from
the fossilized remains of plants and tiny animals that lived millions
of years ago. Combustible fossile
Index
Forwarder: A self-propelled
machine, usually self-loading, that transports trees or logs by
carrying them completely off the ground.Porteur
Index
Fuelwood: Trees used for the
production of firewood logs or other wood fuel. Bois
de chauffage
Index
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G
Genetic Engineering: A process
of inserting new genetic information into existing cells in order
to modify a specific organism for the purpose of changing one of its
characteristics. Génie génétique
Index
Geographic Information System (GIS):
An organized collection of computer hardware, software and geographic
data designed for capturing, storing, updating, manipulating, analyzing
and displaying all forms of geographically referenced information.
Systèmes d'information
géographique (SIG)
Index
Global warming: The rise in
temperature of the Earth's atmosphere due to the greenhouse effect
(the retention of the sun's energy by the atmosphere due to the
build-up of CO2 and other gases that are the bi-product
of industrial activities). Réchauffement
planétaire
Index
Global Positioning System (GPS):
A system of satellites and receiving devices used to compute positions
on the Earth. Système de
positionnement global (GPS)
Index
Grapple: A clamp mounted on
the end of the skidding boom, consisting of a downward-turned clamp
that is opened to pick up the stems or logs and then closed to lift
and deposit them further away. Grappin
Index
Greenhouse effect: The warming
of the Earth's atmosphere caused by increasing levels of carbon
dioxide and other gases in the air, which trap the sun's heat within
the atmosphere. Effet de serre
Index
Greenhouse gases: Those gases,
such as water vapor, carbon dioxide, tropospheric ozone, nitrous
oxide, and methane, that are transparent to solar radiation but
opaque to longwave radiation. Their action is similar to that of
glass in a greenhouse. See also greenhouse effect. Gaz
à effet de serre
Index
Greenhouse gas sinks: Any process,
activity or mechanism that removes greenhouse gases or their precursors
from the atmosphere. The principal natural mechanism is photosynthesis.
Puits de gaz à effet de
serre
Index
Greenhouse gas source: Any
process or activity (e.g., forest fires or conversion of forest
land to agricul-tural or urban uses) that releases green-house gases
or precursors of those gases into the atmosphere. As trees and forest
products decompose or burn, they release carbon in the form of carbon
dioxide. Source de gaz à
effet de serre
Index
Group-selection method: A method
of regenerating uneven-aged stands in which trees are removed in
small groups. Jardinage par groupes
Index
Green tree cut: Harvesting
that retains live trees of a specific species and size on the area
to be cut to achieve a site-specific objective. Coupe
avec réserves
Index
Gross Domestic Product (GDP):
A measure of national income-the amount paid to Canadians in terms
of salaries, wages, profits and taxes. Produit
intérieur brut (PIB)
Index
Guild management: A method of
management by which species are assembled into groups based on similarities
in their habitat requirements. One species is selected to indicate
the group; conserving the habitat of that particular species ensures
the conservation of other members of the guild. Gestion
par association
Index
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H
Habitat: The environment in which
a population or individual lives; includes not only the place where
a species is found, but also the particular characteristics of the
place (e.g., climate or the availability of suitable food and shelter)
that make it especially well suited to meet the life cycle needs of
that species. Habitat
Index
Hardwood(s), Broad, Leaved trees:
(That lose their leaves in autumn) Also refers to the wood produced
by these trees. Hardwoods belong to the botanical division Angiospermae
(now Magnoliophyta) and are the dominant type of tree in the deciduous
forest. Feuillus
Index
Heritage forests: Proposed name
for the highly protected sites within Canada’s forest land. These
sites, designated by federal and provincial agencies, are classified
according to the World Conservation Union categories and are protected
by legislation from commercial harvesting. Forêts
patrimoniales
Index
Home-range size: An individual
species' requirement for space. Both the size of an organism and
its lifestyle determine its space requirements. Domaine
vital
Index
I
Innovation: The use of a new idea,
material or technology to produce new goods or services or to change
the way in which goods or services are produced or distributed. Innovation
can include improved managerial systems, new production techniques,
new technology, the results of research and development, or the application
of information technologies. Innovation
Index
Integrated resource management:
A holistic approach to resource management that entails the management
of 2 or more resources (e.g., water, soil, timber, pasture, wildlife,
and recreation) and that integrates the values of the community
into the design of policies or projects to use and sustain these
resources in perpetuity. Gestion
intégrée des ressources
Index
Inventory (forest): A survey
of a forest area to determine such data as area, condition, timber,
volume and species for a specific purpose, such as planning, purchasing,
evaluating, managing or harvesting. Inventaire
(forestier)
Index
J - K
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L
Landscape: Areas of land that are
distinguished by differences in landforms, vegetation, land use, and
aesthetic characteristics. Paysage
Index
Lichen: An algae and a fungus
growing in symbiotic association on solid surfaces such as rocks
or tree bark. Lichen
Index
Light framing lumber: Lumber
that is 5 to 10 cm thick and 5 to 10 cm wide. It is used in a large
variety of general construction applications. Bois
à charpente légère
Index
M
Management plan: A detailed long-term
plan for a forested area. It contains inventory and other resource
data. Plan d'aménagement
Index
Microorganisms: Microscopic
one- or multi-celled organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, yeasts,
algae, fungi and protozoans. Microorganismes
Index
Mixedwoods: Trees belonging
to either of the botanical groups Gymnospermae or Angiospermae that
are substantially intermingled in stands. Peuplement
mixte
Index
Model forest: A forest or designated
area including forests and woodland for which an integrated management
plan is created and implemented to achieve multiple objectives on
a sustainable basis. Forêt
modèle
Index
Multiple forest use: > A system
of resource use where the forest resources in a given land unit
serve more than one user. Utilisation
intégrée de la forêt
Index
|
N
Niche environment: The unique environment
used to sustain the existence of an organism or species. Niche
(écologique)
Index
Non-commercial tree species: >
A tree species for which there is currently no market. Espèce
d'arbre non commerciale ; Essence
forestière non commercial
Index
Non-tariff barrier: An economic,
political, administrative or legal impediment to trade other than
a duty, tax or import quota. Barrières
non tarifaires
Index
Non-timber forest products:
Any commodity obtained from the forest that does not necessitate
harvesting trees. Produit forestier
non ligneux
Index
Non-timber resource value:
A value within the forest other than timber that includes, but is
not limited to, biological diversity, fisheries, wildlife, minerals,
water quality and quantity, recreation and tourism, cultural and
heritage values, and wilderness and aesthetic values. Valeurs
non ligneuses
Index
O
Old-growth forest: A forest dominated
by mature or overmature trees that has not been significantly influenced
by human activity. The stand may contain treesof different ages and
various species of vegetation. Vieille
forêt (ou de première venue) ; Forêt
anciennne
Index
Open forests: Proposed name
for the natural forests commonly found in northern Canada. These
forests are a mixture of wetlands and small trees, occasionally
interspersed with highly productive forests. Forêts
claires
Index
Oriented strand board (OSB):
Panels made from narrow strands of fibre oriented lengthwise and
crosswise in layers, with a resin binder. Depending on the resin
used, OSB can be suitable for interior or exterior applications.
Panneau de particules orientées
Index
Overmature: Tree or stand that
has passed the age of maturity where the rate of growth has diminished
and the trees are weakened. Suranné
Index
Overstorey: The upper canopy
of a forest, typically formed by the branches and leaves of trees.
Étage dominant
Index
Ozone layer: > A form of oxygen
(O3) formed naturally in the upper atmosphere by a photochemical
reaction with solar ultraviolet radiation and a major agent in the
formation of smog. Couche d'ozone
Index
P
Patch cutting: The removal of all
of the trees in a stand. The same as clearcutting, except that the
area involved is smaller. Exploitation
par blocs ; Coupe par bloc
Index
Partial cutting: Tree removal
other than clearcutting, i.e., taking only part of a stand. Coupe
partielle
Index
Pathogen: A microscopic organism
or virus directly capable of causing disease. Pathogéne
Index
Pathology (forest): The study
of disease. Pathologie
Index
Pest: An organism capable of
causing material damage. Forest pests include insects, tree diseases,
and noxious fungi. Ravageur
Index
Phenolic (phenolic compound):
A highly complex organic compound that exists in every plant in
various mixes, ratios and concentrations. Phenols include, for example,
many plant pigments. Dérivé/composés
phénoliques
Index
Pheromone: A chemical substance
released by animals, including insects, that influences the behaviour
or development of other individuals of the same species, e.g., sexual
attractants. Phéromones
Index
Photosynthesis: Formation
of carbohydrates in the chlorophyll-containing tissues of plants
exposed to light. Photosynthèse
Index
Plantation: A stand of trees
that has been grown through direct seeding or by planting seedlings.
Plantation
Index
Population: A group of organisms
of the same species inhabiting a particular geographical area at
a particular time. Population
Index
Pre-commercial thinning: Cutting
in an immature crop or stand to improve crop spacing and to accelerate
the diameter increment of favoured trees, and/or improve the average
form of the trees that remain. Does not yield trees of commercial
value.
Index
Protected area: An area protected
by legislation, regulation, or land-use policy to control the level
of human occupancy or activities. Categories of protected areas
include protected landscapes, national parks, multiple-use management
areas, and nature (wildlife) reserves. Aire
protégée
Index
Protection forests: Proposed
name for forests protected from harvesting by policy. These forests
usually protect sensitive sites, such as watersheds and steep slopes.
Forêts de protection
Index
Protocol: A legally binding
sub-agreement of a framework convention or treaty. Protocole
Index
Provenance: The geographical
area or place of origin of a collection of genetic material (generally
in the form of seed, pollen or cuttings) for which the process of
natural selection has resulted in some common or shared population
characteristics. Provenance
Index
Pulp: Wood chips that have
been ground mechanically into fibers and are used for the production
of inexpensive paper, such as newsprint, or that have been chemically
treated to remove the lignin and are used to manufacture higher
quality papers. Pâte
Index
|
Q
R
Reforestation: The reestablishment
of trees on denuded forest land by natural or artificial means, such
as planting and seeding. See also Afforestation.
Reboisement
Index
Regeneration: The continuous
renewal of a forest stand. Natural regeneration occurs gradually
with seeds from adjacent stands or with seeds brought in by wind,
birds, or animals. Artificial regeneration involves direct seeding
or planting. Régénération
Index
Research and development (R&D;):
Set of activities directed toward improving and innovating products
and processes from a technological point of view and not from a
commercial point of view. Encompasses basic research, applied research
and development. Recherche-développement
(R-D)
Index
Retention harvesting: A silvicultural
system designed to retain individual trees or groups of trees to
maintain structural diversity over the area of the cutblock. Coupe
à rétantion variable
Index
Riparian forest: At a large
scale, it is the band of forest that has a significant influence
on a stream ecosystem or is significantly affected by the stream.
At a smaller scale, it is the forest at the immediate water's edge,
where some specialized plants and animals form a distinct community.
Forêt ripicole
Index
Riparian zone / Buffer zone / Buffer
strip: A strip of land maintained along a stream, lake,
road, recreation site or different vegetative zone to mitigate the
impacts of actions on adjacent lands, to enhance aesthetic values,
or as a best management practice. Zone
riveraine / Zone (bande) tampon
Index
Rotation: The planned number
of years between the formation or regeneration of a crop or stand
and its final cutting at a specified stage or maturity. Révolution
Index
Roundwood: Round sections of
tree stems with or without bark, such as logs and bolts. Bois
rond
Index
Rutting: The resulting depressions
in the soil due to the repeated passage of a logging machine’s wheels
at the same place. Orniérage
Index
S
Science (forest): The study of
the material universe or physical reality in order to understand it.
This is done by making observations and collecting data about natural
events and conditions, then organizing and explaining them with hypotheses,
theories, models, laws and principles. Science
(forestière)
Index
Science and technology/S&T; (forest):
Systematic activities that are closely concerned with the generation,
advancement, dissemination and application of scientific and technical
knowledge in all fields of science and technology, including such
activities as research and development (R&D;), scientific and technical
education and training, and scientific and technological services.
Sciences et technologie (S-T)
Index
Second growth forest: A forest
that has developed (naturally or artificially) following the removal
of the original virgin forest. Forêt
de seconde venue
Index
Seed banks: Storage facilities
where seedlots (or bags of seed) are stored. Banques
de semences
Index
Seed orchards: A plantation
of trees (pre-selected on the basis of their superior genetic traits)
that has been isolated from genetically inferior outside sources,
and intensively managed to improve the genotype and produce abundant
seed crops. Verger à graines
Index
Seed tree cutting: Leaving
a scattered number of trees on a site to provide a portion of the
seeds needed for regeneration. See also Seed-tree
method. Mode de régénération
par coupe rase avec semenciers
Index
Seed-tree method: A method
of regenerating a forest stand that involves removing all of the
trees from an area in a single cut, except for a small number of
seed-bearing trees. The objective is to create an even-aged stand.
See also Seed tree cutting. Mode
de régénération par coupe rase avec semenciers
Index
Seeding felling: A method of
regeneration involving the removal of trees in a mature stand (to
open the canopy) with the exception of a small number of see trees.
The objective is to produce an even-aged stand. Coupe
d'ensemencement
Index
Selection cutting: Annual or
periodic cutting of trees in a stand in which the trees vary markedly
in age. The objective is to recover the yield and maintain an uneven-aged
stand structure, while creating the conditions necessary for tree
growth and seedling establishment. Differs from selective cutting,
in which the most valuable trees are harvested without regard for
the condition of the residual stand. Coupe
de jardinage
Index
Shelterwood cutting: A method
of harvesting that involves 2 cuts: the first cut leaves trees at
intervals to provide the canopy and species required for natural
regeneration; the second cut harvests the resulting new crop of
trees (which are fairly even-aged). Coupes
progressives
Index
Shelterwood systems: A method
of harvesting that involves two cuts: the first cut leaves trees
at intervals to provide the canopy and species required for natural
regeneration; the second cut harvests the resulting new crop of
trees (which are fairly even-aged). Mode
de régénération par coupe progressives
Index
Shortwood harvesting: A harvesting
method by which a tree is cut down, delimbed and cut into 1.3-,
2.6-, 3.2-, or 4.8-metre lengths before being transported to a mill.
Exploitation en bois court
Index
Silviculture: The theory and
practice of controlling the establishment, composition, growth,
and quality of forest stands. Can include basic silviculture (e.g.,
planting and seeding) and intensive silviculture (e.g., site rehabilitation,
spacing, and fertilization). Sylviculture
Index
Single tree selection: The
selection of individual trees for harvesting. Coupe
sélective par arbre
Index
Site index: An expression of
forest site quality based on the height, at a specified age, of
dominant and codominant trees in a stand. Indice
(de qualité) Index
Skidder: ">A self-propelled
logging machine with an articulated frame, used for hauling operations.
Débardeur
Index
Index
Softwood(s): Cone-bearing trees
with needles or scale-like leaves; also refers to the wood produced
by these trees. Softwoods belong to the botanical division Gymnospermae
(now Pinophyta) and are the predominant tree type in coniferous
forests. Résineux (conifères)
Index
Snag: A dead, but standing
tree from which the leaves and most of the branches have fallen.
Chicot
Index
SPF (spruce-pine-fir): Canadian
woods of similar characteristics that are grouped as one lumber
type for production and marketing purposes. SPF species range in
color from white to pale yellow. EPS
(épinette-pin-sapin)
Index
Spruce budworm: An insect that
damages spruce and fir trees. Eggs of the spruce budworm are laid
on branches by an adult moth. Young budworms feed primarily on the
new growth of the tree branch, but also eat older needles. Defoliation
results, killing the tree. Tordeuse
des bourgeons de l'épinette
Index
Stand: A community of trees
possessing sufficient uniformity in composition, age, arrangement,
or condition to be distin-guishable from the forest or other growth
on adjoining areas, thus forming a silvicultural or management entity.
Peuplement
Index
Stewardship (forest): Environmentally
and socially responsible use, management and development of forest
resources to maintain and enhance the value of the forest for present
and future generations. IntendanceGérance
Index
Stocked forest: Land supporting
tree growth. In this context, tree growth includes seedlings and
saplings. Forêt regénérée
Index
Stumpage fee: The fee paid
by an individual or company for the timber they harvest from public
forests or privately owned forest land. Droits
de coupe
Index
Succession: Changes in the
species composition of an ecosystem over time, often in a predictable
order. In forests, it refers to the sequence of one community of
plants gradually replacing another. Succession
Index
Sustainable (forest) development:
The development of forests to meet current needs without prejudice
to their future productivity, ecological diversity or capacity for
regeneration. Développement
durable des forêts
Index
Sustainable forest management:
Management that maintains and enhances the long-term health of forest
ecosystems for the benefit of all living things while providing
environmental, economic, social and cultural opportunities for present
and future generations. Aménagement
forstier durable
Index
Sustained-yield forestry:
The yield of defined forest products of specific quality and in
projected quantity that a forest can provide continuously at a given
intensity of management. Foresterie
à rendement soutenu
Index
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T
Tariff: An
import tax or a list of articles and the import tax that must be paid
on items on that list. A protective tariff is meant to protect local
businesses from foreign competition; a retaliatory tariff is in response
to a foreign country's tax on goods from Tarif
Index
Temperate forest:
One of 3 main forest zones in the world (see also boreal forest;
tropical forest) The woodland of rather mild climatic areas; composed
mainly of deciduous trees. Forêt
tempérée
Index
Thinning:
A partial cutting or spacing operation made in an immature forest
stand to accelerate the growth of the remaining trees. Éclaircie
Index
Transgenic (plant):
Genetically engineered plant or offspring of genetically engineered
plants. Transgénique
Index
Tree farm:
A privately owned woodland in which
the production of wood fibre is a primary management goal, as distinct
from a tree nursery, fruit orchard, or landscape business. Propriété
forestière de production
Index
Threatened species:
A species that is likely to become endangered if certain pressures
are not reversed. Espèce
menacée
Index
Treaty: >
A legally binding agreement, often between two parties. Traité
Index
Tropical forest:
one of 3 main forest zones in the world (see also boreal forest;
temparate forest) A tropical woodland with an annual rainfall of
a least 250 cm; marked by broadleaved evergreen trees forming a
continuous canopy. Forêt
tropicale
Index
U
Understorey:
The lower level of vegetation in a forest. Usually formed by ground
vegetation (mosses, herbs and lichens), herbs and shrubs, but may
also include subdominant trees. Sous-étage
Index
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V
Value-added product
/ Value-added production: Adding value to a product by further
processing it. Examples of value-added wood products include joinery
stock, windows, doors, kitchen cabinets, flooring and mouldings. Value-added
pulp and paper products include such items as packaging, diapers,
coated papers, tissue, business papers and stationery, and other consumer
paper products. Valorisation/à
valeur ajoutée
Index
Vertical diversity:
A term used to describe forest structure, proceeding vertically
through a forest canopy. Diversité
verticale
Index
Vertical structure:
The structure formed by different layers of vegetation in a forest.
Structure verticale
Index
Vulnerable species:
A species that is considered at risk because it exists in low numbers
or in restricted ranges, due to loss of habitat or other factors.
Espèce vulnérable
Index
W
Watershed:
An area of land that is drained by underground or surface streams
into another stream or waterway. Bassin
versant.
Index
X - Y - Z
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