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Natural Resources Canada > Earth Sciences Sector > Priorities > Geoscape Canada > Montreal
Geoscape Montreal A group of remarkable hills
| Is Mount Royal an Ancient Volcano? |
Contrary to popular belief, Mount Royal is not an ancient volcano that is now extinct. This misconception has arisen because of the shape of the hill. Mount Royal and some other Monteregian Hills have central depressions, many of which are occupied by a lake such as Lac des Castors on Mount Royal and Hertel Lake on Mount Saint-Hilaire. But these lakes are not crater lakes, and the rock that forms these hills is not volcanic!
| Magma Solidified Near the Surface |
The rock that forms the heart of Mount Royal contains large black crystals of augite, a variety of pyroxene, proof that it cooled slowly.
(Courtesy of Pierre Bédard (UQAM))
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One hundred and twenty-five million years ago, magma from depths of several tens of kilometres started to move toward the surface along fracture zones in the rock. As it cooled and crystallized, its ascent toward the surface was halted.
When they solidified, the igneous rocks were still several kilometres below the surface of the Earth. They were gradually unearthed by the slow, natural process of erosion, at an average rate of 4 cm/millennium. The hills now dominate the landscape because they are far more resistant to erosion than the rocks that surround them. Today, their intriguing alignment breaks the monotony of the landscape in the St. Lawrence Plains.
This vein of igneous rock is more resistant to erosion than the limestone it transects and stands out like a small, vertical wall. It mirrors the phenomenon of differential erosion that gave rise to Mount Royal.
(Courtesy of Pierre Bédard (UQAM))
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Fall colours on Mount Saint-Hilaire.
(Courtesy of Pierre Bédard (UQAM))
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A weloganite crystal (yellow mineral) from the Francon Quarry. This mineral was named in honour of Sir William E. Logan, founder of the Geological Survey of Canada, and its director for 27 years. Originally from Montreal, Logan was a scholar of international standing. He established the Geological Survey in Montreal in 1842. From 1852 to 1881, its offices were located on the site of the current Palais de Justice.
(Courtesy of GSC and L. Horváth (weloganite crystal))
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The quarry at Mount Saint-Hilaire is a mineralogical site known throughout the world for the abundance and diversity of the minerals found there. Montreal, too, lays claim to a number of small unique finds, including montroyalite, a mineral named for the city's own hill. Quarries and excavations are havens for mineral collectors and, in Montreal, the Francon Quarry is the best known locality for collecting rare minerals.
The hills at Oka, Rigaud, and Saint-André-Est are small, distinctly older bodies of rock that formed long before the Monteregian Hills. It is important to protect the integrity of the habitats that cover the rock bodies and hills in the Montreal region because they do much to maintain the biodiversity of the area.
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