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Exotic Wood-boring Beetles in British Columbia: Interceptions and EstablishmentsL.M. Humble1,
E.A. Allen1, and
J.D. Bell2
[ Abstract | Non-Indigenous Wood-borers in Packing Materials and Dunnage | Recent Interceptions | Detecting Non-indigenous Bark and Wood-boring Beetles | Establishment of Non-Indigenous Bark and Wood-borers in British Columbia ]
Abstract:The low grade wood and wood products used to support, brace or package commodities during shipment provide a pathway for the global movement of bark and wood- boring beetles. Immature stages of bark and wood-boring insects present within the wood used in such packaging can complete their development and emerge as adults after the commodity has arrived in Canada. Storage of commodities packaged or shipped with low grade wood products near forested lands or the disposal of wood packaging in or near natural forest provides an avenue for the introduction and establishment of non-indigenous bark and wood boring insects. Research results are presented which demonstrate that introductions of "exotics" are ongoing and that these non-indigenous bark and wood-boring species continue to establish and accumulate in the forests of Canada.
|
Species | Year |
---|---|
Cerambycidae | |
Anoplophora glabripennis | 1992 |
Anoplophora nobilis | 1992 |
Arhopalus sp. | 1994 |
Tetropium castaneum | 1994 |
Scolytidae | |
Pityogenes chalcographus | 1994 |
Pityogenes saalasi | 1994 |
Hylurgus ligniperda | 1994 |
Xyleborus affinis | 1994 |
Cyrtogenius brevior | 1994 |
Living
larvae or adults of four species of bark or wood-boring beetles were found
in these logs used as dunnage.
In
1997, a collaborative research program to detect "exotic" introductions
was undertaken by the Canadian Forest Service and the Canadian Food Inspection
Agency. It included:
Some of the non-indigenous species detected are listed in the following table:
Wood-borer Species Detected | Warehouse Trapping | Detection Survey | Quarantine Rearing |
---|---|---|---|
Cerambycidae | |||
Anoplophora glabripennis | + | + | |
Monochamus alternatus | + | + | |
Psacothea hilaris | + | + | |
Rhagium inquisitor | + | ||
Trichoferus campestris | + | + | |
Ceresium flavipes | + | ||
Arhopalus sp. | + |
|
|
Scolytidae | |||
Cyrtogenius brevior | + | ||
Euwallacea validus | + | ||
Hylurgops palliatus | + | ||
Xylosandrus crassiusculus | + | ||
Siricidae | |||
Sirex rufiabdominis | + |
Historically,
non-indigenous introductions have occurred most frequently at ports of
entry, where the goods were off-loaded, repackaged and shipped to their
final destination The increased use of containers for the international
shipment of commodities has the potential to alter this pattern. Containerized
commodities can be shipped directly and rapidly to an end-user anywhere
within the country. This efficiency of movement has the potential to result
in introductions of non-indigenous bark and wood-boring insects anywhere
within the country.
In
1995, the Canadian Forest Service began a study to determine the extent
to which non-indigenous bark and wood-boring insects had invaded urban
forests of the greater Vancouver area. A beetle trapping program using
Lindgren® funnel traps was established in two protected forested areas:
in the mixedwood forest of the Richmond Nature Park, an 80 ha urban park
containing the last remnant of the Greater Lulu Island Bog; and in the
deciduous and coniferous hedgerows and forest of the 300 ha Alaksen National
Wildlife Area on Reifel and Westham Islands at the mouth of the Fraser
River.
Examination
of the trap collections from these two research sites has led to the discovery
that an additional six "exotic" species of bark or wood-boring
beetles are established in British Columbia. These results have doubled
the number of non-indigenous species of Scolytidae (bark and ambrosia
beetles) now known to occur in the province.
Initial
rearings of Scolytidae from dead and dying native trees collected at two
locations in the lower mainland indicate that, of the species emerging
from attacked alder, birch and bigleaf maple stems, the newly discovered
non-indigenous species predominate.
One of the recently introduced species discovered in this study originates from the subtropics, two species likely arrived from temperate Europe, two species are native to temperate NE Asia and one was introduced from eastern North America.
Xylosandrus germanus
The global movement of bark and wood-boring beetles.