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Fact
Sheets on Residential Metals Recycling
What
is residential metal scrap?
Metal is a fundamental and crucial component of our economy. Metal
can be found throughout each and every Canadian home. Some of it is
hidden in the walls like pipes, wires and ducts; other metal is more
visible, including appliances, doors and window frames. Some of the
more common metals are aluminum, brass, bronze, copper, lead, magnesium,
precious metals, stainless steel, steel and iron, tin and zinc - all
of these are recyclable once the material or product has reached the
end of its current life cycle!
![](/web/20061103030543im_/http://recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/images/Appli.jpg)
Metal
and metal-bearing household items can be divided into several groups:
-
Large
appliances (commonly referred to as "white goods") include
refrigerators, stoves, dishwashers, dryers, clothes washers, and
hot-water heaters.
- Other large household
metal scrap items include bicycles, barbeques, patio or deck furniture,
doors, window frames, large automotive parts, ladders, ironing boards,
and aluminum siding. Microwaves and air conditioners may be handled
as white goods or as other large metal scrap items.
- Smaller residential
metal scrap can be sub-divided into two categories: the metal items
in Table 1 and the metal-bearing items in Table 2.
Table
1: Some Small Residential Metal-Only Scrap Items
General
Household Metal Items
|
Renovation/DIY
Metal Items
|
- Utensils
and cutlery
- Pots
and pans
- Small
appliances
- Ferrous
containers
- Chains
and cords
- Coat
hangers and shoe racks
- Office
or school supplies
- Small
automotive parts
- Bicycle
parts
- Candlestick
holders
- Fire
irons and guards
- Watering
cans
|
- Tools
- Hinges
and fasteners
- Knobs,
handles and hooks
- Screws,
bolts, nails and
- washers
- Pipes
and taps
- Metal
sheeting
- Paint
trays and cans
- Ducts,
grates and air vents
- Radiators
Switch covers
DIY = Do
It Yourself
|
Table 2: Some Small Residential Metal-Bearing Scrap Items
Electrical
Multi-Material Items
|
Other
Multi-Material Items
|
- Wires
and cables
- Outlets
and interrupters
- Thermostats
and jacks
- Extension
cords
- Lighting
fixtures Christmas lights and tree stands
- Electronic
equipment
- Computer
hardware/peripherals
|
- Nozzles
and handles
- Sports
equipment (clubs, rackets, skates, etc.)
- Clothing
accessories (belt buckles, eye glasses, jewellery, watches,
etc.)
- Fire
extinguishers
- Automotive
parts
- Paint
rollers, keys and key chains, trophies, umbrellas, mouse traps,
etc.
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How
much metal scrap is discarded?
This is a difficult number to nail down. According to a March 2004
survey conducted by the Association of Municipal Recycling Coordinators
(AMRC) for the Enhanced Recycling Program (Government of Canada Action
Plan 2000 on Climate Change), the amount of small residential metal
scrap typically discarded ranges from 2 to 44 kilograms per household
per year (kg/hh/yr).
To
illustrate how inconsistent the data can be, a compilation of provincial
figures ("other metal," "other ferrous" or "other
nonferrous" disposed of) provides the following variations: 8
kg/hh/yr in BC1, 13-14 kg/hh/yr in Saskatchewan2, 4 kg/hh/yr
in Manitoba3, 5-9 kg/hh/yr in Ontario4, and 3 kg/hh/yr in Nova Scotia5.
In this context, it is likely that the definition of residential "scrap
metal" is not standardized, nor is the methodology for measurement
consistent from one jurisdiction to the next.
When
planning a waste audit, keep the markets in mind. Contact a local
scrap yard to find out what kinds of metal materials are worth looking
for in the municipal waste stream. At a minimum, the distinction between
nonferrous and ferrous metal is an important one to make because of
their different values (see below). A closer look at the nonferrous
materials would be aluminum, copper and other. To conduct a waste
audit in your own community, reference should be made to the standardized
approaches that are available at the following sites:
-
- Waste Diversion
Ontario at www.wdo.ca (under "Other
Reports," then "to review these reports click here,"
and then scroll to the bottom and "Miscellaneous" for the
"Residential Curbside Waste Audit Guide").
- British Columbia
Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection, see Section 58(5) regarding
the "Procedural Manual for Municipal Solid Waste Composition
Analysis": http://wlapwww.gov.bc.ca/epd/epdpa/mpp/gprswmp2.html.
Copies of this report must be ordered through the ministry's regional
offices.
For the purposes
of approximating the amount of residential scrap metal (excluding white
goods) disposed in any given community, a range of 10-20 kg/hh/yr will
suffice. At this rate, it is estimated that Canadians discard between
116 000 and 232 000 tonnes of household scrap metal or metal-bearing
products every year but, given data variability, the total amount could
be much more6.
![](/web/20061103030543im_/http://recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/images/scrap%20metal_examples_16.JPG)
What
is the market like for residential scrap metal?
The market for scrap metal is global and highly competitive. As such,
prices fluctuate according to supply and demand. For example, high
demand from China in 2003 and 2004 pushed scrap prices up to unforeseen
heights. Market forces and some foreign government interventions resulted
in a decline in prices in mid-2004. However, elevated international
scrap prices do not always get passed down through the market chain,
particularly where the scrap is being collected in a relatively remote
location or where a scrap yard has a local monopoly.
To
identify a scrap dealer near you (or to get your dealership registered),
consult the Canadian Metals Recycling Database at www.recycle.nrcan.gc.ca.
In
general, nonferrous scrap (e.g., aluminum and copper) is worth much
more than ferrous scrap. If the average value of mixed scrap in Canada
was $100 per tonne, then $11.6-$23.2 million in revenue is being lost
annually. At $300 per tonne, this lost potential revenue estimate
would triple to $34.8-$69.6 million.
While
the best source of information regarding market prices is the local
scrap dealer, four Internet sources of information regarding the value
of scrap metal may be useful:
-
Natural
Resources Canada publishes the Canadian Minerals Yearbook (www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/cmy/2003CMY_e.htm),
which includes various mineral and metal commodity reviews (look
for the "Prices" section under specific material types)
- Corporations
Supporting Recycling publishes a monthly "Price Sheet" for
the common residential recyclables. Check out the historical and recent
values at their web site at www.csr.org
(under "Publications").
- Statistics Canada
also publishes the Raw Materials Price Index, which reflects price
trends for key raw materials (www.statcan.ca/english/Pgdb/prim43a.htm).
- The London Metal
Exchange has a web site located at www.lme.co.uk/dataprices.asp
where historical and present nonferrous metals market commodity prices
can be found.
If
you know where other recyclable metal prices can be accessed, please
let us know and we will post the information on this site.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions
If
all residential scrap metal were recycled, how much greenhouse gas
(GHG) emission savings would be realized?
What
are greenhouse gas emissions? The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) provides the following definition: "Greenhouse
gases are those gaseous constituents of the atmosphere, both natural
and anthropogenic, that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths
within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth's surface,
the atmosphere and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse effect.
Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O), methane
(CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse gases in the Earth's
atmosphere."7 The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines
emissions as "Releases of gases to the atmosphere (e.g., release
of carbon dioxide during fuel combustion). Emissions can be either
intended or unintended releases."8
What
is the connection between GHG emissions and recycling? In short, recycling
eliminates the emissions associated with raw materials extraction
and processing. The primary reason for this is that it requires less
energy to recycle an end-of-life product into a new product than it
does to make that item from raw inputs, such as ore or trees.
The
relationship between waste management and GHG emissions has been examined
by a number of agencies such as the U.S. EPA9 and the Canadian Plastics
Industry Association.10 Natural Resources Canada (via Action Plan 2000
on Climate Change) and Environment Canada are working together to
update and improve the Canadian numbers and this work will be finalized
by September 2005. Further information can be found under the summary
for the Enhanced Recycling program. See
also the July 2003 issue of R-Net11 for more GHG discussions.
Before
GHG emission savings can be calculated for recycled scrap metal, it
is necessary to estimate the amount of scrap metal that is ferrous
and nonferrous.
First,
it is very difficult to determine the average composition figure for
scrap metal. There are just too many variables at play. But from recent
waste characterization studies it is possible to develop some rough
numbers that can be used to calculate GHG emissions. From various
sources, therefore, it is assumed that 79% of residential metal scrap
is ferrous and the remaining 21% is nonferrous.12
Based
on the earlier assumption that Canadian households discard 116 000-232
000 tonnes of metal scrap per year, approximately 92 000-184 000 tonnes
are ferrous and 24 000- 48 000 tonnes are nonferrous scrap. The primary
components of nonferrous scrap are aluminum and copper, but further
analysis is required to determine more realistic percentages. Although
there is other metal present, it is assumed that 80% is aluminum and
20% is copper for the GHG projection provided below.
Second,
the establishment of GHG emission factors for different "waste"
materials is an evolving science. The following rounded GHG emission
numbers are not finalized but are provided as interim values in order
to develop order-of-magnitude projections. They will be updated (July
2005) as our collective understanding of the issue improves.
-
For
every tonne of ferrous metal recycled, the GHG emission reductions
are 1 tonne of equivalent carbon dioxide (eCO2).13
-
For
every tonne of aluminum recycled, the GHG emission reductions are
6 tonnes of eCO2.14
-
The
GHG emission factor for copper has not yet been calculated in Canada;
however, international data suggest that for every tonne of copper
recycled, the GHG emission reductions are 4 tonnes of eCO2.15
If
all the residential scrap metal currently discarded were to be recycled,
then Canada would reduce its GHG emissions by 226 000-456 000 tonnes
of eCO2 annually. So how can all of this incredibly valuable recyclable
metal material be diverted from disposal?
Best
Practices
Targetting
the small metal items
In many communities, private-sector metal recyclers ("scrap dealers")
are well established and will accept scrap metal from residential
sources, especially large items. In response to public demand, some
communities offer municipally sponsored collection of white goods
(large appliances). Services for large items, therefore, are in place
in most cases and it is a question of ensuring they are used.
![](/web/20061103030543im_/http://recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/images/bin%20contents_12.JPG)
Municipal
programs that specifically address small scrap metal items other than
steel and aluminum cans are rare. Because of this, there is insufficient
municipal experience to characterize certain activities as "best
practices." Interviews with recycling program coordinators from
across Canada suggest that several options may be viable.
Given
the relatively small quantity of scrap metal in the household outside
of the white goods category, a regular dedicated curbside collection
is likely not feasible. One option is to "piggyback" on
existing programs.
Adding
to an existing white goods drop-off program
Any program that offers drop-off depots for white goods should be
able to take all scrap metals and it would then just be a question
of promotion. Indeed, given recent high values for nonferrous and
ferrous scrap metal, any such scrap recovery program may pay for itself.
Several issues worth considering are: depots must be accessible to
the general public; drop-off containers should be staffed (at least
peripherally) to minimize contamination; and the program must be widely
and continually promoted.
Adding
to a white goods curbside collection program
Communities that offer curbside white goods pick-up could encourage
households to put out all their scrap metal, not just their old refrigerators
and washing machines. Whether a cube van or stake truck is used, the
hauler will also need a large open box to hold the loose scrap. There
may have to be some revision of contracts and consultations with the
end markets, but the prospect of extra material should outweigh handling
issues.
A special pick-up
once or twice a year
While a weekly, bi-weekly or even monthly collection of scrap metal
may not be economical, a once- or twice-a-year collection is an option.
A number of Canadian municipalities have already adopted this option,
e.g., East Hants (Nova Scotia) and Pembroke-Petawawa (Ontario). Several
remarks are warranted:
-
Watch out for curbside scavenging;
-
Local
scrap yard may provide collection service in return for scrap revenue;
-
Collection
could be included in municipal service contracts;
-
Separate
municipal vehicles could be used to collect the materials.
Removing
refrigerant, mercury switches and sensors, and PCB capacitors
Removing hazardous materials or components from metal appliances can
certainly be considered a best practice. While not yet required by
law in some parts of the country, the removal of refrigerant from
refrigerators, freezers and air conditioners represents due diligence
for any program with a mandate for environmental protection and resource
recovery. This can be undertaken at the municipal level (or required
of a contractor). A growing number of municipalities are now removing
mercury switches from freezers and sensors from gas appliances. It
can be done easily and cheaply. Some programs even remove PCB-containing
capacitors from certain old models of refrigerators and freezers.
Enhanced
promotion and emphasis on other scrap metals
The promotion of scrap metal programs is currently very much focused
on the main constituent of the residential scrap metal stream: white
goods. In those programs that offer curbside pick-up of large appliances,
for example, more emphasis could be placed on what else could be collected
(both larger items like old bicycles and smaller items like cookware).
Could
scrap metals be added to an existing blue box or bag program?
Adding scrap metal to an existing fibre and consumer packaging (blue
box or bag) program could be challenging. This is a two-pronged issue
that begins with collection.
Collection
Residential recyclables collected at the curbside involve reusable
plastic (blue) boxes or transparent plastic bags. In the latter
case, it seems likely that sharp metal pieces or edges will puncture
or tear bags and this would have obvious health and safety consequences
for collection staff.
In this regard,
reusable rigid boxes such as the ubiquitous "blue box"
are ideal - provided there's enough room. Programs with larger set-out
containers (80-100 litres) would be even better provided the weight
meets local lift restrictions (usually 20-25 kilograms).
Household recyclables
collection vehicles either compact their contents or not. Compaction
could be an issue since sharp metal objects could pierce hydraulic
lines and hoses. Vehicle specifications and operators should be
consulted to review the list of scrap metal items being targeted
for collection. While the volume of residential scrap metal is relatively
small, the impact of this material on collection needs to be assessed
to determine if the collection vehicle will "cube out"
prematurely - this would increase overall collection costs.
Processing
To sort scrap metal out of the material stream at the material recovery
facility (MRF) will depend on how the plant is set up. Requiring
the MRF to handle new materials may entail a reconfiguration of
the sorting sequence. In Pembroke, the Ottawa Valley Waste Recovery
Centre replaced a dysfunctional bag breaker with 15 more feet of
sorting conveyor. In this case, a sorter at the front end of the
line can pick off the new materials, particularly larger metallic
items.
While some ferrous
household scrap items could be sorted out via the magnetic separator,
items like nails, hinges and cutlery, etc., could remain among ferrous
food and beverage containers and compromise market specifications.
Consideration
should also be given to excluding specific items from collection
that could create problems on sorting lines and conveyors, such
as wires and coat hangers. Test runs with selected items would resolve
such dilemmas.
Note:
In Ontario (and possibly Quebec), there may be an issue regarding
the introduction of new materials to the blue box that are not packaging
or newsprint, as the funding formula under the Waste Diversion Act
(and Bill 101 in Quebec) is based on weight, and obligated stewards
would be difficult to identify. These issues would need to be addressed
by the bodies overseeing the funding programs.
![](/web/20061103030543im_/http://recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/images/scrap%20yard_inspection_19.JPG)
Financial Incentives
Paying
cash or in-kind for scrap metal
Given the cost of offering a curbside collection program for scrap
metal, municipalities might find it more economical to offer some
kind of financial incentive to residents who drop off scrap metal
at recycling depots and landfill sites. This could be actual payment
based on weight, "free" compost, or vouchers for other services.
It
should be noted that there could be operational issues such as payment
levels, security, cash/change, labour costs, etc., so a non-cash payment
might be the best place to start. In cases where the municipality
has entered into a partnership with other agencies such as Goodwill,
many of these issues may have already been addressed and resolved.
While this could be seen as competing with the private-sector scrap
yards, it could be argued that by collecting aluminum cans and other
consumer packaging made of metal this competition already exists.
User
pay waste collection
Any program that encourages people to divert recyclables from their
domestic waste stream should see an increase in the recovery of scrap
metal, and adopting the user pay principle for waste has proved to
be the most effective incentive of all. By their very nature, scrap
metal items tend to be heavy and/or bulky. Thus, programs like in
the City of Orillia, where the user pay principle is applied for waste,
in conjunction with a convenient and well-promoted scrap metal program,
should see increased recovery of that material as well as many other
recyclables.
Tipping
fees that favour source separation
Just as user pay programs apply levies to garbage and usually offer
the recycling service at no charge, differential tipping fees at the
landfill can encourage source separation of materials. The degree
of difference between fees charged for source-separated recyclables
and regular waste, and for loads that are unsorted or contaminated,
may vary; many programs do not charge for separated recyclables. Increasing
the disposal cost for unsorted or contaminated loads provides a financial
incentive for the generator to segregate waste.
Enhancement
and encouragement of reuse activities
There are often many opportunities already in place in a community
to divert certain materials from landfill (thrift stores, annual yard
sale events, reuse businesses, etc.) and a municipality's role may
be limited to promotion, encouragement and assistance to these activities.
This could be as simple as making a list of "reuse" facilities
or scrap metal dealers available to residents. It could be a municipally
sponsored reuse guide, or tipping fee relief to thrift stores and
associated activities.
A
growing trend in larger municipalities is the establishment of "eco-centres"
(e.g., Montréal) or community recycling centres (e.g., Region
of Peel, Ontario) where various waste diversion services are offered,
including some kind of reuse facility. These are often partnerships
with non-profit organizations like Goodwill.
![](/web/20061103030543im_/http://recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/images/40%20yd_scrap%20yard%20tip_18.JPG)
Case Studies
There
are two forms of residential scrap material recovery to consider:
curbside collection service and drop-off depots. Historically, the
separate handling of this material began with the "annual spring
clean-up" when tipping fees were low and the municipality often
provided the collection service at no charge. This material was usually
disposed of.
However,
a significant proportion of the salvageable goods was removed from
the curb by enterprising individuals before the scheduled collection
for use in their own homes (in the case of easily repaired appliances
and furniture) or by commercial scavengers who converted the metal
scrap into cash at local scrap yards.
As
tipping fees increased and environmental standards and awareness grew,
the tradition of the municipally sponsored spring clean-up (and disposal)
was either discontinued completely or evolved into a large-item/white
goods collection.
In
communities that collect scrap metal, the most inexpensive and common
option is the drop-off depot where resident access is usually provided
at no charge. Associated depot costs include staffing (recommended
but not essential), promotion, fencing enclosure, signage, car access,
site maintenance, and container purchase or rental.
Revenues
from the sale of the materials will partially offset costs; indeed,
with high scrap metal values, drop-off depots could even be regarded
as revenue generators for a municipality, depending on the contractual
arrangement with the scrap merchant who takes the material. Greater
distances to market will disadvantage remote communities.
The
following summaries are in addition to the case studies provided in
the AMRC
survey report (www.recycle.nrcan.gc.ca).
The recovery rates from these communities range from 1.95 kg/capita/year
to 28.7 kg/capita/year, which is residential plus commercial scrap.
County
of Northumberland (Ontario): 205 tonnes from
79 120 pop.
Northumberland residents are provided with a two-stream, "wet/dry"
program. In 2002 they recovered 205 tonnes of scrap metal from the
waste stream, about 75% of which was residential and the rest was
commercial. A local scrap dealer provides a 40-yard roll-off container
at the processing plant and removes the materials, as required, for
further sorting off-site.
Ottawa
Valley Waste Recovery Centre (Ontario): 133 tonnes from
40 000 people (not including pilot tonnage)
The OVWRC 2004 "Don't Scrap It" scrap metal collection pilot
will evaluate whether residential scrap metal can be economically
added to the existing curbside recycling program. The pilot's 3 927
households have been asked to put scrap metal into their 25-gallon
yellow bins and set them out with other recyclables. Only those items
that fit in the bins can be included; larger items such as chairs,
appliances, bicycles, etc., must be set out during special collections.
Total metal collected in the first six weeks of the pilot (April 1-May
14) was 3 370 kilograms. The OVWRC also provides a special spring
and fall curbside collection for all other large residential metal
scrap.
City
of Edmonton (Alberta): 2 592 tonnes from 648 284 pop.
The following data are not included in the AMRC survey report: A total
of 2 952 tonnes of residential scrap metal was recovered in Edmonton
in 2003 (44% at the composting facility, 28% at the MRF, 17% at drop-off
depots and 11% at the central transfer station). This total excludes
513 tonnes of white goods and 84 tonnes of IC&I metal.
Halifax
Regional Municipality (Nova Scotia): 5 000 tonnes from
377 932 pop.
Bulky items including white goods are co-collected with waste every
second week. These materials are taken to the Otter Lake Waste Processing
and Disposal Facility where they are unloaded onto the tipping floor.
At this point, larger metal items are manually removed and stockpiled
until sufficient quantities justify shipment to market. The rest of
the waste stream is loaded onto a conveyor belt where more metal items
are sorted prior to shredding. While the shredded waste is then screened
using an overhead cross-belt magnet, the resulting material stream
has yet to be recycled due to high contamination levels. Halifax staff
estimate that 50% of the recovered scrap metal is from residential
sources (this includes white goods).
East
Hants (Nova Scotia): 650 tonnes from 22 649 pop.
The Town of East Hants provides its residents with two collections
per year (spring and fall) that target scrap metal. Staff plan to
add smaller items to their list of targeted items, including pots,
pans, small appliances, cutlery and metal toys, etc. Quantities have
increased from 422 tonnes in 2002/03 to current levels. As in Halifax,
staff estimate the split between residential and IC&I to be about
50/50.
Note
If your community has a residential scrap metal recycling program
that you think would be of interest to others, or if you have any
comments, suggestions or questions, please send a message to us at
www.recycle.nrcan.gc.ca/contacts_e.htm.
Staff
at the Association of Municipal Recycling Coordinators (AMRC) and
Natural Resources Canada (Minerals and Metals Sector) prepared these
facts sheets (May-October 2004).
Footnotes
1
Sperling Hansen Associates, 2001, Summary of Phase 1 and
2 Solid Waste Composition Study, Capital Region District.
2 Two reports: University of Regina, 1996, City of
Regina Waste Characterization Study, and City of Saskatoon Environmental
Services Department, 1998, Solid Waste Characterization Study.
3 Earthbound Environmental Inc., City of Winnipeg
Waste Composition Study 2000, Manitoba Product Stewardship Corporation.
4 Gartner Lee Ltd., 2001, Summary of Study Findings
in the Development of the Ontario Municipal Waste Composition Estimation
Model, Region of Durham.
5 SNC-Lavalin, 2001, Waste Characterization Study
of Residual Solid Waste & Recyclables in the Municipality of
Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, Resource Recovery Fund Board and EPIC.
6 According to the Statistics Canada 2001 census, there
were 11 562 980 households.
7 www.grida.no/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/518.htm.
8 http://yosemite.epa.gov/oar/globalwarming.nsf/UniqueKeyLookup/LHOD5MJQ5W/$File/2003-final-inventory_annex_ab.pdf.
9 See www.epa.gov/mswclimate/ghg.htm.
10 See www.cpia.ca/files/files/files_Epicreport-2.pdf.
11 See www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/canmet-mtb/mmsl-lmsm/rnet/rnet-e.htm.
12 AMRC study (4 communities) in which 76% ferrous and
24% nonferrous; B.C. waste composition data, Sperling Hansen Associates,
2001, Summary of Phase 1 & 2 Solid Waste Composition Study,
Capital Regional District (85% ferrous, 15% nonferrous); merged
Alberta data from Calgary 1998 and Edmonton 2001 (77% ferrous and
23% nonferrous).
13 ICF Consulting and Torrie-Smith Associates, 2001,
Determination of the Impact of Waste Management Activities on
GHG, Expanded Life-Cycle Analysis, Environment Canada.
14 Canadian Minerals Yearbook, 2003, can be found under
"aluminum" at www.nrcan.gc.ca/mms/cmy/com_e.html
15 Several sources consulted: Canadian Electricity Association,
1997 Ontario emission averages; Henstock, Michael, 1996, The Recycling
of Non-Ferrous Metals, ICME, Table 5.7; and ICF Consulting and Torrie-Smith
Associates, 2004, Addendum to Determination of the Impact of
Waste Management Activities on GHG, Expanded Life-Cycle Analysis,
Environment Canada
Last Modified:
2005-04-06 |
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