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Tutorial: Digital Images and Digital Analysis Techniques
Tutorial: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing
Acknowledgements & permission to use
Notes for teachers and students
Download
Introduction
What is Remote Sensing?
Electromagnetic Radiation
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Interactions with the Atmosphere
Radiation - Target Interactions
Passive vs. Active Sensing
Characteristics of Images
Endnotes
Satellites and sensors
On the Ground, In the Air, In Space
Satellite Characteristics: Orbits and Swaths
Spatial Resolution, Pixel Size, and Scale
Spectral Resolution
Radiometric Resolution
Temporal Resolution
Cameras and Aerial Photography
Multispectral Scanning
Thermal Imaging
Geometric Distortion in Imagery
Weather Satellites/Sensors
Land Observation Satellites/Sensors
Marine Observation Satellites/Sensors
Other Sensors
Data Reception, Transmission, and Processing
Endnotes
Microwave remote sensing
Introduction
Radar Basics
Viewing Geometry and Spatial Resolution
Radar Image Distortions
Target Interaction and Image Appearance
Radar Image Properties
Advanced Radar Applications
Radar Polarimetry
Airborne versus Spaceborne Radars
Airborne and Spaceborne Radar Systems
Endnotes
Image interpretation & analysis
Introduction
Elements of Visual Interpretation
Digital Image Processing
Pre-processing
Image Enhancement
Image Transformations
Image Classification and Analysis
Data Integration and Analysis
Endnotes
Applications
Introduction
Agriculture
Crop Type Mapping
Crop Monitoring & Damage Assessment
Forestry
Clear Cut Mapping & Deforestation
Species Identification & Typing
Burn Mapping
Geology
Structural Mapping & Terrain Analysis
Geologic Unit Mapping
Hydrology
Flood Delineation & Mapping
Soil Moisture
Sea Ice
Ice type and concentration
Ice motion
Land Cover & Land Use
Land Use Change (Rural / Urban)
Land Cover / Biomass Mapping
Mapping
Planimetry
Digital Elevation Models
Topographic & Baseline Thematic Mapping
Oceans & Coastal Monitoring
Ocean Features
Ocean Colour & Phytoplankton Concentration
Oil Spill Detection
Endnotes
Tutorial: Image interpretation quiz
Interactive version
Non-interactive Version
Question 1
Answer to question 1
Question 2
Answer to question 2
Question 3
Answer to question 3
Question 4
Answer to question 4
Question 5
Answer to question 5
Question 6
Answer to question 6
Question 7
Answer to question 7
Question 8
Answer to question 8
Question 9
Answer to question 9
Question 10
Question 11
Answer to question 11
Question 12
Answer to question 12
Tutorial: Radar Polarimetry
Acknowledgements
User guide
References
Basics of SAR polarimetry
Introduction to EM waves and their properties
The polarization ellipse
Polarization in radar systems
The polarization state
Polarimetric scattering
The scattering matrix
Polarimetric data expressed in the power domain
The covariance and coherency matrices
The Stokes and Mueller matrices
Averaging the power forms
Data compression and storage formats
Polarization Synthesis
Polarimetric parameters
Polarization Signatures
Polarimetric image interpretation
Data Calibration
Visual Interpretation
Interpretation Based on Scattering Models
Classification Algorithms
Unsupervised Classification Based on H/A/α Parameters
Supervised Bayes Maximum Likelihood Classification
A Combined Classification Algorithm
Polarimetric Interferometry
Applications of SAR polimetry
Agriculture applications
Soil Conservation: Soil Tillage and Crop Residue
Crop Productivity/Within Field Variation
Crop Productivity/Within Field Variation
Sea Ice Applications
Polarimetric Analyses for Sea-Ice
Ice-Water Ambiguity
Ice Structure and Type
Sea Ice Classification
Forestry
Frequency dependence
Polarimetric Parameters
Hydrology
Soil Moisture Mapping
Snow Mapping
Flood/Wetland Mapping
Coastal zone applications
Shoreline detection
Substrate mapping
Oceans
Marine winds
Oil Slick Detection
Ship Detection
Tutorial: Radar Remote Sensing
Previews
Download
Download English version
Download Portuguese Version
Download Spanish version
Permissions and acknowledgements
Contact
Tutorial: Radar and Stereoscopy
Acknowledgements
Notes for Teachers and Students
Introduction
Visual ability in 3-D
Visual Mechanics
Vision and Perception
Colour Perception
Depth Perception
Viewing Methods in 3-D
Stereoscopy
Anaglyphs
Polarization
Chromostereoscopy
Holography
Other 3-D Imaging Methods
Stereo Basics
Stereo Viewing
X Parallax
Parallactic Angle
Y Parallax
Vertical Exaggeration
Two Images - Not One!
Radar Basics
Imaging and Non-Imaging Systems
Active and Passive Imaging Systems
Radar and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radar Systems in Remote Sensing
Imaging Geometry
Incidence Angle
Slant Range and Ground Range
Radar Imagery Versus VIR Imagery
RADARSAT Basics
The RADARSAT System
Data Acquisition
RADARSAT and Stereoscopy
Stereo Interpretation
Viewing and Printing Instructions
Image Type Comparisions
Airborne versus Spaceborne Platforms
Stereo pair 1
Stereo pair 2
Stereo pair 3
Stereo pair 4
Stereo pair 5
Optical and VIR sensors versus radar sensors
Stereo pair 1
Stereo pair 2
Stereo pair 3
Stereo pair 4
Stereo pair 5
Mixed Sensor Pairs
Stereo Pair 6
Stereo Pair 7A
Stereo Pair 7B
Stereo Pair 8
RADARSAT Stereo Images
Terrain Type
Stereo Pair 9
Stereo Pair 10
Stereo Pair 11
Geographical Latitude
Stereo Pair 1
Stereo Pair 10
Stereo Pair 11
Stereo Configuration
Stereo Pair 12
Stereo Pair 13
Stereo Pair 12A
Stereo Pair 13A
Stereo Pair 14
Stereo Pair 15
Stereo Pair 10A
Stereo Pair 10B
Beam Mode
Stereo Pair 12A
Stereo Pair 14
Processing Technique Examples
Resizing Images
Stereo Pair 10B
Slant range to ground range correction to minimize scale differences
Stereo Pair 16
Stereo Pair 16A
Stereo Pair 17
Stereo Pair 17A
Rotation
Stereo pair 1
Stereo Pair 11
Stereo Pair 17
Radiometric Balancing
Stereo pair 18
Stereo pair 18A
Filtering
Stereo Pair 9A
Stereo Pair 9B
Bibliography
Tutorial: RADARSAT-1 Stereo Advisor
Instructions
Stereo advisor
Cautions common to all recommendations
Bibliographic references
Intersection Angle
Mean Look Angle
Already have one image?
Tutorial: Satellite Data Reception
Remote sensing satellites
Constellation of Satellites
Orbits
Passive and Active Sensors
Tracking the satellites
Receiving stations
Station coverage
Transmission bands
CCRS antennas
Antenna control
Data stream handling
Recording
Conclusion
Tutorial: Watching over our planet from space - A kit for kids!
You were here
Table of contents
Acknowledgements and permission for use
Instructions
Teachers
About this tutorial
What is Remote Sensing?
What can you see on a satellite image?
Who uses Remote Sensing and why?
Which is which?
Find it!
Measure this (Northern Saskatchewan)
Measure this (Halifax area)
Clearcutting in the forest
Oil spill danger
Crop types
Forest fire
Navigating a ship through ice
You figure it out!
Land use mapping
At a mine site
A different perspective
Why does remote sensing work so well?
Frequently asked questions
Glossary of remote sensing terms
Appendix A: Using a dot grid (to measure area)
Appendix B: Using a compass
Appendix C: Using coordinates
Appendix D: Answers to the activities
2006-09-03
Important notices
