MINEWALL
2.0 - LITERATURE REVIEW AND CONCEPTUAL MODELS
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage at CANMET-MMSL |
MEND Project 1.15.2b
September 1995
Executive
Summary
Minesites
can consist of many components including the mine itself (pits and
underground workings), tailings impoundments, waste-rock dumps,
ore stockpiles, plant sites, building foundations, and roads. Any
component can affect the chemistry of water flowing over, or through,
it by various geochemical processes. These processes include the
leaching of metals and nonmetals at neutral, acidic, and alkaline
pH and the oxidation of sulfide minerals.
Case studies
of water chemistry and geochemical processes in tailings impoundments
are generally available (e.g., Jambor and Blowes, 1994). Similar
studies for mine-rock piles including roads and foundations are
less common, but still available (e.g., Morin et al., 1991). However,
geochemical investigations of pits and underground workings ("mines")
are rarer.
In order to
better understand and predict water chemistry in and around mines
in Canada, the Canadian Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND)
Program and the British Columbia Acid Mine Drainage Task Force sponsored
a project now known as MINEWALL 1.0 (Morin, 1990). That study involved
(1) a literature review, (2) a one-time geochemical assessment of
the Main Zone Pit at Equity Silver Mines (British Columbia), (3)
the development of a rudimentary site-specific computer program
for predicting pit-water chemistry (MINEWALL 1.0), and (4) recommendations
for conducting pit-water assessments.
MEND and the
Task Force decided to expand and refine MINEWALL, leading to MINEWALL
Version 2.0. This is one of four reports describing MINEWALL 2.0,
which is both a simple technique for predicting water chemistry
in mines and a computer program to assist with predictions for complex
scenarios. MINEWALL 2.0 is based on literature reviews of relevant
theory, testwork, and past studies, some over 30 years old (summarized
in Morth et al., 1972). As a result, the technique and program were
designed to be flexible and widely adaptable to many site-specific
conditions.
The following
sections of this report present data and observations gathered from
published and unpublished literature. As a result, many relevant
physical, geochemical, and biological principles are discussed.
All of this information can be combined into generalized conceptual
models that define and summarize each important factor in the simulation
of open-pit and underground mines. To make the information easier
to follow, the conceptual models are presented first (Sections 2
and 3), followed by illustrative and supporting studies (Sections
4 and 5). In the conceptual models, it is important to distinguish
between Operation and Closure of a mine, because the
MINEWALL computer program uses specific definitions for them.
MINEWALL can
estimate water chemistry continuously through the Operational
and Closure Phases of a mine. The Operational Phase encompasses
the time from when a pit or underground working approaches a relatively
stagnant size or its fullest extent to the beginning of Closure.
Earlier stages of mining can be simulated by the computer program
on a step-by-step basis, rather than continuously. The Closure Phase
extends from the end of Operation into the future. The program can
simulate up to 500 years of Operation (a mining company's greatest
dream!) and Closure at one time.
In addition
to this Literature Review, there are three other related reports.
The first is a User's Manual for the computer program. In effect,
this Literature Review describes the "why" behind the
technique and code, whereas the User's Manual is limited to the
"how-to" of code operation. However, for proper use of
the computer program, the conceptual models in this document should
be well understood. This becomes even more critical for simulations
of particularly unusual minesites, at which several factors in the
conceptual models must be (and can be) manipulated to fit the sites.
The second
related report is the Programmer's Notes and Source Code. That document
discusses some of the more technical aspects of MINEWALL's programming
and contains a listing of MINEWALL 2.0's roughly 24,000 lines of
code. The third related report is the Application of MINEWALL 2.0
to Three Minesites, which illustrates ways with which to simulate
various conditions at a minesite.
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