WORKSHOP
ON MODELLING OF REACTIVE TAILINGS SPONSORED BY THE MEND PREDICTION
COMMITTEE
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage at CANMET-MMSL |
MEND Project 1.2l.lb
August 1990
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Kilborn Engineering
(B.C.) Ltd - (Kilborn) was commissioned by CANMET to organize a
Workshop on the modelling of reactive tailings. The Workshop was
held in Haliburton, Ontario, May 23 - 24, 1990, under the chairmanship
of Dr. Henry Steger of CANMET. The Workshop was sponsored by the
MEND Prediction Committee.
The diversified
participation consisted of representatives of CANMET, delegates
from the United States, Sweden and Australia and representatives
of the mining industry, the consulting community, universities and
various government departments. The Workshop roster is presented
in the Introduction Section of the Main Report.
The presentations
and discussions concentrated on a simulation model studied and developed
under the direction of CANMET and capable of calculating the generation
of sulphuric acid from reactive tailings. The first, third and eleventh
presentation dealt with this program called Reactive Acid Tailings
Assessment Program, (RATAP.BMT1). The program is an adaptation of
the program RATAP to base metal tailings. The model is not yet available
to the public.
Other presentations
provided a consulting engineering perspective, the industry perspective
and the point of view of the regulatory agencies with regard to
the use of models. Finally, representatives of the United States,
Sweden and Australia presented their thoughts. Numerous discussions
took place related to the use of programmed models capable of calculating
the characteristics of reactive tailings and their impact on the
environment.
The report
includes a summary of each presentation and the associated question
and answer period.
2.0 OPENING
REMARKS
As chairman,
Dr. Henry Steger of CANMET welcomed everyone to the Workshop. Mr.
Keith Ferguson of Environment Canada then indicated that the Workshop
is an important step towards the preparation of a model capable
of simulating the reactive tailings acid flux. The finalization
of such a model is more advanced than is generally known, especially
with CANMET's work on RATAP.
He hoped that
the participants would be constructive in their critique of RATAP
as well as discuss other models. He indicated that there is industry
resistance against the use of models to characterize reactive tailings,
but the presence at this Workshop of a large number of highly qualified
people would contribute to the development of a useful model for
both industry and government.
3.0 PRESENTATIONS
DIRECTLY INVOLVED WITH RATAP
The Reactive
Acid Tailings Assessment Program, adapted to base metal tailings,
(RATAP.BMT1), was developed from the model used for sulphidic uranium
tailings, (RATAP). The model calculates the amount of acid caused
by oxidization of the sulphide minerals and, in addition, calculates
the concentration of zinc and copper. In their respective presentations,
Messrs. W.J. Snodgrass, K.A. Morin and B.E. Halbert dealt with RATAP.BMT1.
3.1 Dr. W.J.
Snodgrass of Beak Consultants explained that a model must be capable
of producing useful results so that one can make decisions with
respect to reactive tailings. He explained the conceptual content
of the model and provided his opinion on its weaknesses, limitations
and future possibilities. Dr. W.J. Snodgrass spoke about the validation
and calibration of the model. He compared RATAP.BMT1 to other existing
models and indicated that RATAP.BMT1 addressed questions more complicated
than other models. However because of its complexity, RATAP.BMT1
is more difficult to use and to understand by the new or inexperienced
operator.
A list of eleven
questions (problem statements) used for assessing acidic drainage
and which models can help answer is given on page 2.7. RATAP.BMP
can address Questions 1 through 5:
1. Time to
oxidize all pyrite
2. Time of
acid generation for tailings area
3. Acid flux
from a tailings area
4. Flux of
acidity and heavy metals from a tailings area
5. Estimate
of uncertainty of flux of above point 4.
RATAP.BMP needs
some information from Questions 6, 7 and 8 for its use.
6. Water balance
7. Groundwater
flow
8. Thickness
and soil moisture of unsaturated zone.
Other questions
can be addressed by other codes:
9. Consolidation
(geotechnical based)
10. Equilibrium
sequences
11. Control
options.
3.2 Dr. K.A.
Morin of Morwijk Enterprises Ltd. presented a critique of the RATAP.BMT1
model based exclusively on the main report because other reports
and the model were not available. He recommended a five step program
to improve the model:
- Halt (government-sponsored)
model development for several years.
- Initiate
detailed field and laboratory studies for comparison with RATAP
simulations and for expanding current in-field knowledge of acid
drainage from tailings impoundment's.
- Release
the model as soon as possible to the public domain, that is, to
the intended users, to allow an extensive determination of RATAP's
acceptability and applicability.
- Several
years after release of RATAP, conduct a survey of users to determine
where RATAP can best be improved to make it more accurate and
more widely applicable.
- At that
point in time, determine whether government-sponsored improvements
should be undertaken.
During the
discussion period, a question related to the possibility of using
the model in its present form was asked. A discussion followed which
seemed to indicate that the model should not be released without
modifications, especially with regard to making it more user-friendly.
It is also important to note that the model RATAP.BMT1 must be calibrated
and validated for each specific site. This is the main reason why
the program has not yet been released. It was brought out in subsequent
discussions that calibration of the model is not a model coding
change but is, in fact, incorporating site specific data.
3.3 Mr. B.E.
Halbert of Senes Consultants Ltd. ended the presentations devoted
to the program RATAP.BMT1. He gave an overview of the model content,
its calibration and validation at Waite Amulet in Quebec. and at
Nordic (Elliot Lake), and its application at Nordic.
The model consists
of five modules which can be verified independently. Deterministic
or probabilistic simulations can be carried out. A good resemblance
was achieved between the predicted values and field observations.
During the
discussion period, a question was asked related to the calibration
of the model and if such calibrations had been carried out sufficiently
to have confidence in the utilization of the model and its results.
The recommendations summarized by Dr. K.A. Morin were repeated and
the question was asked what to do with RATAP.BMT1 and how to proceed?
Generally,
the consensus of opinion was that RATAP.BMT1 should be made more
user-friendly.
4.0 ENGINEERING
AND CONSULTING COMPANIES PERSPECTIVE
In their respective
presentations, Messrs. K.D. Phinney, A.V. Bell and A.M. Robertson
related their experience with the use of simulation models.
4.1 Mr. K.D.
Phinney of Monenco Consultants Ltd. explained that Monenco acts
as a consulting engineer to various mining companies. Its role is
to obtain permits, to carry out feasibility studies, to design tailings
disposal areas, etc.
IF With regard
to old sites, Mr. K.D. Phinney indicated that the use of a
model is limited
to evaluating the efficiency of various reclamation possibilities
and using field measurements. With regard to new sites, it is important
that the water balance be carefully calculated. Mr. K.D. Phinney
gave examples of sites situated in New Brunswick.
Mr. K.D. Phinney
closed his presentation with his remarks related to RATAP.BMT1.
It was his opinion that there are simpler models than
RATAP.BMT1
to calculate the acid flux from sites but felt that RATAP.BMT1 will
be useful to study the possible modification of tailing sites chemistry.
During the
discussion period, a question was asked related to the conservative
methods used by Mr. K.D. Phinney. Engineers are often forced to
use very conservative methods.
4.2 Mr. A.V.
Bell from Nolan, Davis & Associates began his presentation by
indicating that models should be simple tools designed to give answers
to specific questions. Models should be user-friendly. RATAP.BMT1
is a very complicated model that could form the basis for understanding
complicated situations.
He hoped that
his presentation would promote some discussion on the application
of RATAP.BMT1 or other models to acid waste rock and further would
provide some input to the modelling community for any requirements
they might have for the calibration or development of models relative
to acid waste rock situations. The characteristics of acid waste
rock differ in many ways from those of reactive tailings, although
there are of course similarities relative to the acid generation
chemistry and the impact that acid runoff and leachates have on
the environment.
His slide presentation
was in connection with the waste rock piles of Heath Steele situated
in New Brunswick. The experimental program involves evaluation of
the performance of different covers and is arranged in four phases.
The two first phases, the identification of the piles to be used
for the tests and the installation of monitoring equipment, are
completed. The third phase is underway and consists of determining
the characteristics of potential covers.
He is of the
opinion that it will be difficult to develop a model capable of
simulating acid generation in waste rock. Such a model is nevertheless
very important.
4.3 Dr. A.M.
Robertson from Steffen Robertson & Kirsten (B.C.) Inc. started
his presentation with his comments on RATAP.BMT1. Dr. A.M. Robertson
indicated that RATAP.BMT1 must be released and tested before we
can comment further on it. The model addresses the reactions very
well, but not the flow path. Because we have to give answers today,
we must not wait and must release RATAP.BMT1. We will do better
with the model than without.
The presentation
of Dr. A.M. Robertson dealt with the modelling of acid generation
in tailings. He showed slides of the physical conditions which exist
in tailings sites at Westmin and at Uravan. Numerous cracks and
other irregularities are responsible for the entry of oxygen and
the change in size distribution from layer to layer results in randomly
located perched water tables. A model will only be valid if it takes
these complex site conditions into account.
Dr. A.M. Robertson
also reported on his tests at Faro. A special cover put onto a waste
pile limits the entry of oxygen.
During the
discussion period, a question was asked related to the availability
of data which could be used by RATAP.BMT1. Dr. A.M. Robertson indicated
that he has some data and that he had asked some months ago to have
access to RATAP.BMT1.
Dr. Robertson
reflected on the storage in waste rock dumps, the storage of acid
salts in the dry state and dissolved state. Predictions in the downstream
environment must take into account this storage and it will control
our remediation measures. A large waste rock dump has a large storage
capacity and it can take up to three years before anything comes
out of it. Modelling of acid generation must be attempted using
multiflow channel models which will give a stochastic variation
of the acid generation.
Dr. Robertson
described Mines Doyon's lime consumption. The steep increase in
lime consumption is believed to be caused by flushing, not by generation.
Storage of acid is very important in a waste dump, not so much in
a tailings site. So, Mines Doyon needs to know what the acid consumption
will be in 1991, we need these predictive tools. Not all waste is
producing acid at Mines Doyon and our models must recognize this.
Tailings dams have edges, thus the geometry and the materials properties
dictate that the models be broken up into sections.
5.0 REGULATORY
AGENCY PERSPECTIVE
Mr. Keith Ferguson
presented the perspective of the regulatory agencies with regard
to tailings modelling. He first indicated that regulators are very
skeptical towards models and then made a summary of their needs
and the questions they usually ask. He gave his opinion with regard
to the capabilities of RATAP.BMT1 to satisfy the needs and to answer
the questions.
Mr. K. Ferguson
showed slides of the tailings at Westmin and indicated that RATAP.BMT1
could find an application at this site.
Mr. K. Ferguson
concluded that the regulators have a need for the use of models
to predict water quality and expressed the opinion that the use
of RATAP.BMT1 will provide useful information to the regulators.
During the
discussion period, a question was asked related to the validation
and calibration of RATAP.BMT1.
6.0 MINING
INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVE
Dr. E. Yanful
explained the mining industry perspective with regard to the use
of models to simulate reactive tailings. First, he indicated that
the needs of the mining industry are similar to the needs of the
regulators; but in addition, the models must be able to verify the
validity of a certain technology. Mining companies are faced with
the problem of disposal of their mine wastes not only in an environmentally
acceptable manner but also in an economical manner. The main aim
of the companies is to stay in business and to make a profit. Dr.
E. Yanful explained that the principal use of the model is to calculate
the generation of acid from reactive tailings, but the model must
also be capable of determining the efficiency of control options.
Dr. E. Yanful concluded that the mining industry has many modelling
needs and that the right model must be used in the right situation.
During the discussion period, a question was asked as to whether
the mining industry considers RATAP.BMT1 useful and capable to satisfy
its needs. Dr. Yanful replied that RATAP.BMT1 must be used because
the model is considered to be very useful. However, he was of the
opinion that the model has not been sufficiently validated and that
it must be tested more rigorously.
7.0 PRESENTATIONS
FROM FOREIGN DELEGATES
Mr. Bj6rn Sodermark
and Ms Marie Collin from Sweden, Dr. Kirk Nordstrom from the United
States and Dr. A.I.M. Ritchie from Australia described respectively
their countries perspective.
7.1 Mr. Bj6rn
Sodermark of the Swedish Environmental Protection Agency explained
that work started in Sweden ten years ago on the identification
and classification of reactive tailings deposits. With regard to
abatement measures, the preferred solution was the installation
of a cover because this method is long lasting and requires little
maintenance. The next step involved the development of a model capable
of determining how to build an efficient cover. He expressed doubts
if ever there will be a comprehensive program that can be fully
trusted to calculate the final acid flux from reactive tailings
for all systems and assumed that it may not be necessary because
each problem is site specific. Mr. Bj6rn Sodermark then presented
the results of a case study in Sweden to determine the best cover,
both from a technical and economical aspect. In Sweden, the government
must provide the extra funding for the installation of covers for
top priority projects. Because of the high cost of the abatement
measures, Sweden is now acquiring a better understanding and developing
more complete models. Thereafter, Ms Marie Collin from Kemakta Konsult
AB gave a brief summary of her work carried out in Sweden with models
for the calculation of the effectiveness of covers. She explained
the content of her model and described some examples of calculations
carried out with the model. During the discussion period, Ms. Marie
Collin indicated that it was her opinion that the temperature module
incorporated in RATAP.BMT1 was incorrect. Dr. J.M. Scharer replied
that the module has since been changed completely and takes into
account the concerns of Ms Collin.
7.2 Dr. Kirk
Nordstrom of the U.S. Geological Survey explained that in the U.S.A.,
one is primarily looking at old sites and that it is estimated that
there are some 55 billion tonnes of reactive tailings, most of them
from copper and uranium mining.
Is there an
acid problem? and must one act and how? are the questions that must
have answers. The two remedial measures considered are source control
and effluent control.
Dr. Kirk Nordstrom
gave a brief summary of the investigations and treatments carried
out over the last years. He explained that during the 60's and 70's
the work was carried out by federal agencies, research institutes
and universities who were very qualified. In the 80's, the trend
is to engage a consultant and such firms often do not have the proper
expertise.
Dr. Kirk Nordstrom
stressed the need for closer collaboration between researchers,
government and industry. He would like to see more use made or more
effective use made of the existing geochemical models, thus taking
more geochemistry into account.
Dr. Kirk Nordstrom
gave a brief summary of the geochemical models used in the United
States. He explained the studies carried out at Riverton, Wyoming
where field results were compared to results obtained with geochemical
and hydrological models. He explained the results of investigations
carried out at Butte, Montana and expressed his doubts about one
of the conclusions of the study which seemed to indicate that it
would take 20,000 years for significant contaminants to move down
into the groundwater.
He also touched
on the work carried out at Whitewood Creek, South Dakota where the
model MINTEQ was used and gave a good resemblance to the measured
values. Dr. Kirk Nordstrom described the investigations being undertaken
at Pinal Creek, Arizona, where a plume of acid from an old storage
reservoir poses a threat to the Phoenix aquifer.
7.3 Dr. A.I.M.
Ritchie from the Australian Nuclear Science & Technology Organization
(ANSTO) began his presentation with his comments on RATAP.BMT1.
He expressed his conviction that the model will be an important
tool for regulators and operators to evaluate different control
options. Then he gave, chronologically, a description of the work
carried out at ANSTO related to the production and utilization of
models.
The model has
progressed from a simple homogeneous model, where the oxygen is
transmitted by diffusion through the pore spaces, to an adjusted
model, which takes into account the transmission of oxygen through
diffusion into the reaction zone. Finally, the model has been corrected
taking into account the fact that the oxygen is also transmitted
by convection. He then gave some results of the utilization of the
model.
8.0 FINAL DISCUSSION
AND SUMMATION
Mr. K. Ferguson
announced that the MEND Prediction Committee has decided to recommend
to CANMET that the program RATAP.BMT1 be released for public use.
It was indeed the consensus of the participants of this Workshop
that they want to use the model. The model should be modified to
make it more user-friendly and the documentation should be improved.
Dr. Henry Steger
adjourned the Workshop and expressed his thanks to everybody for
their participation. He thanked Ms Mary Paddon of Kilborn Engineering
(B.C.) Ltd. for her excellent organization of the Workshop. Finally,
Dr. Henry Steger wondered if one should not continue to meet in
the future and asked the participants to think about it.
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