Études
de laboratoire sur l'efficacité de recouvrement construites
à partir de résidus miniers
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage at CANMET-MMSL |
MEND Report
2.22.2b
avril 1999
ABSTRACT
Covers
made of various particulate media (often called «dry covers») sometimes
constitute the only applicable technology to control the production
of acid waters from sulfide tailings. Selecting such type of cover
is based on their capacity to reduce the infiltration of oxygen
and/or water, as is shown in this project. However, because covers
are usually made of different components, they may become very costly.
Hence, cover design should be optimized, from a practical and economical
point of view. In this regard, the use of non reactive (clean) tailings
may help reduce significantly the costs involved. The laboratory
tests performed during this research project have served to characterize
such milling wastes and to evaluate the efficiency of layered cover
systems.
The
initial phase of the project, which started in 1991, has allowed
a thorough investigation of the hydro-geotechnical properties of
various tailings, including the hydraulic conductivity, the water
retention curve and the oxygen diffusion coefficient. The analysis
of the hydraulic behavior of layered systems, in which the capillary
layer is made of clean tailings, was done using drainage column
tests. The efficiency of these systems to limit the production of
AMD has also been evaluated with control columns where reactive
tailings were covered by a layered system (see MEND 2.22.2a).
The
results obtained show that the effective oxygen diffusion coefficient
Dc of partly saturated tailings becomes practically equal
to that of water when the saturation ratio Sr reaches
about 90%. At this value of Sr, the gaseous phase is
discontinuous, and oxygen transport is controlled by diffusion (with
solubilisation) through the water filled pores. In theory, the efficiency
of a «dry cover» then becomes comparable to that of a water cover
of the same thickness, the later being considered as the most efficient
method to control AMD.
The
bulk of the column tests results and of the numerical simulations
from this first phase of the project (presented in chapter 3, with
some new -never published- results) fully support the working assumptions:
layered covers can be used to limit the production of acidic waters.
Furthermore, the column tests have helped validate the numerical
calculations on water distribution and on the development of capillary
barrier effects in layered covers. It has been shown that, following
a 2year test period, the tailings layer, placed between two sand
layers, stayed close to saturation at all time, even during dry
periods of up to 60 days.
Covered
reactive tailings have also shown a leachate with a well controlled
pH. For instance, a pH below 2 was observed after 200 days (between
7 and 8 wetting cycles) for uncovered reactive tailings, while that
of the same tailings remained close to neutral when located under
covers with capillary barrier effects (CCBE). Other geochemical
parameters (Eh, electrical conductivity, sulfates and metal concentrations)
have also confirmed the efficiency of the CCBE. The main results
obtained during this first phase of the project (between 1991 and
1996) are presented and analyzed in this report (MEND 2.22.2b).
The
second phase of the project, which started in 1995 with field work
(following MEND 2.22.2a), aims to confirm and to refine the results
obtained in phase I. Phase II started with the construction of experimental
cells in situ to evaluate, under more realistic conditions, the
performance of various CCBE (see MEND 2.22.2c). In parallel, a laboratory
was conducted. It served to characterize the material properties
and to evaluate, under well controlled conditions, the behavior
of the same cover systems as constructed in the field. The effect
of cover geometry (including the slope length and the slope angle)
is also being investigated further.
Control
columns were set up using the same configurations as used in the
field. These will help isolate the effects related to the systems
themselves and those that depend on the exposure conditions. In
this report (MEND 2.22.2b), the material properties and the content
of the various columns are presented. Results obtained after 6 wetting
cycles are also shown. The hydraulic behavior of the various layered
systems is similar to the one observed in phase I. As for the efficiency
to control production of AMD, the results are still incomplete.
Nevertheless, the field data obtained so far and the numerical calculations
results show that the various systems being investigated should
function according to the basis assumptions. Laboratory and field
work will continue in 1998 and will appear in MEND Report 2.22.2c
in 1999.
Français
| Contact Us
| Help | Search
| Canada Site
Home | What's
New | CANMET-MMSL
| MMS Site
| NRCan Site
|