Hydrologic
and Hydrogeologic Evaluation of the Thickened Tailing Disposal
System at Kidd Creek Division, Falconbridge Limited
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage at CANMET-MMSL |
MEND
2.23.2ab
Octobre
1993
Summary
The Kidd Creek
Division of Falconbridge Ltd. has been using the Thickened Tailings
Disposal (TM) method at its metallurgical site near Timmins, Ontario.
In 1991, Noranda Technology Centre was requested to examine the
environmental situation at the site. The objective of the two-year
study was to measure the hydraulic properties of the tailings site
to analyze their effects on the long-term impacts to the environment.
The use of
the TM method for tailings disposal was originally proposed by Robinski
(1975), for specific advantages such as low initial capital investment,
low operational costs, good storage capacity per unit surface, and
the elimination of high perimeter dams, slime ponds and decant systems.
The method consists in the thickening of the tailings slurry which
is discharged in an elevated central spigot line producing a large
cone-shaped deposit. Currently, the tailings deposit at Kidd covers
a surface of 1215 ha and resembles a broad, gently sloping (± 1
%) cone. The tailings contain approximately 5% sulphur, and have
been determined to be a strong net acid producer using B.C. Research
Initial Test and Confirmation Tests.
Recent reports
and publications by Robinski (1990) and Robinski et al. (1991) suggested
that the TTD scheme has the potential to reduce acid generation
and seepage by creating a homogeneous tailings mass of low hydraulic
conductivity and high moisture retention characteristics in which
oxygen entry and the resulting tailings oxidation are very limited.
NTC concentrated
on the field evaluation of the principal components of the site
hydrology to obtain a verification of the high moisture retention
of the TTD deposit. The field program included measurements of moisture
content, hydraulic head, water table elevation and hydraulic conductivity.
Precipitation, pan evaporation and evaporation from tailings were
monitored during 1991-1992 and a monthly water balance was prepared.
Porewater was sampled and analyzed for major metal and ion concentrations.
The magnitude
of the water balance components during average conditions -- runoff
42% of precipitation, evaporation 51 % and infiltration 7 % -- were
similar to those predicted by the HELP model. The water balance
for extreme dry conditions predicted an infiltration
deficit that results in surface de-watering at the end of the year
that is similar to the de-watered condition observed during the
summer of 1992 (a year with average rainfall and evaporation). A
year of above normal precipitation will likely replenish
the deficit. Normally, the tailings are saturated to the surface
after spring snowmelt, and summer de-watering is replenished during
the fall and with the following spring snowmelt.
Hydraulic gradients
suggest that pore water in the saturated zone tends to move downward
near the centre of the cone, and upward (and exfiltrate) along the
slope of the tailings. Near-surface hydraulic gradients on the upper
part of the cone indicate that upward flow dominates during the
period of summer water table drawdown, and that downward flow dominates
during the subsequent recharge period. Average linear pore water
velocities in the tailings are very low (12 cm/y).
The thickness
of the capillary fringe (the saturated tailings above the water
table) was observed to be 4 m at the top of the tailings cone. A
maximum thickness to 5 m to 6 m is predicted from published drainage
curves of the tailings. The 5 m contour on the depth to water table
contour map, therefore, delineates the area of enhanced surface
Wags oxidation.
Over most of
the tailings, the surface is observed to dry during the summer.
Sulphide oxidation is observed at the surface and at depth along
shrinkage cracks. The analysis of porewater indicates that sulphide
oxidation is occurring in the tailings mass. De-watering during
a draught year is expected to have little impact on long-term saturation
of the tailings. However during these periods, oxidation is promoted
deeper in the tailings. Considering the tailings
cone at present, then following closure, tailings saturation and
water table position are expected to resemble that presently observed
in areas of the cone where deposition is not active. Release of
contaminants from the tailings general mass to the environment should
remain at present rates because porewater velocities are slow, and
because of the sustained near-surface saturated conditions.
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