Monitoring
Report - Phase IV Composite Soil Cover - Acid Waste Rock Study
Heath Steele Mines
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage at CANMET-MMSL |
MEND Report
2.31.1b-b
March 1996
Summary
The Heath Steele
Waste Rock Study was initiated in the Spring of 1988 at the Heath
Steele Mines (HSM) site in New Brunswick. The objectives of the
study were to develop strategies for the long term management of
acid generating waste rock, to evaluate the performance of a soil
cover placed over an existing acid waste rock pile at HSM, and to
assess the cover's effectiveness as a method for long term management
of acid generating waste rock
The project
was carried out under the Mine Environment Neutral Drainage (MEND)
Program with funding provided by Brunswick Mining and Smelting Corporation,
Noranda Technology Centre, New Brunswick Department of Natural Resources
and Natural Resources Canada through the Canada/New Brunswick Mineral
Development Agreement.
The project
was developed and conducted in the following four phases:
- Phase I:
Selection of four waste rock piles for monitoring and evaluation
(June 1988 to November 1988);
- Phase II:
Installation of monitoring equipment in the four piles identified
in Phase I to define waste rock characteristics and background
data (November 1988 to October 1990);
- Phase m
Geotechnical and column testing to evaluate the performance characteristics
of potential covers (June 1990 to December 1999); and
- Phase IV:
Placement of soil cover and performance monitoring at Pile 7/19
(Jut) 1991 to December 1994).
The first phase
identified the following four acid generating waste rock piles at
Heath Steele for further study:
Pile
|
Estimated
Tonnes
|
AP[1]
|
AC[2]
|
18A
18B
17
7/12
|
3,250
19,500
235,700
14,700
|
80
158
36
211
|
1,5
0,5
0,8
0,4
|
Note: [1]: Acid production potential (kg/tonne) of the waste rock
[2]:
Acid consuming potential (kg/tonne) of the waste rock
Pile 7/12 was
moved onto a prepared base with an impermeable synthetic membrane
during Phase I. A composite soil cover was then placed on the pile
during Phase IV.
Six or seven
instrument clusters were installed at each of the four selected
piles during Phase II. Each consisted of a piezometer, a pore gas
measurement system for different depths, and an equivalent series
of temperature sensors. Oxygen and temperatures were measured for
enrh sampling point at monthly intervals. Water volumes and qualities
were monitored on Pile 7/12. Climatic data was also accumulated
for the mine site.
In Phase m,
the Noranda Technology Center reviewed and tested a range of cover
options and recommended, for Pile 7/12, a composite cover consisting
of a 30 cm base granular layer, a 60 cm low permeability saturated
glacial till layer, a 30 cm overlying coarse-grained granular layer.
and a 10 cm erosion protection layer. One of the criteria was to
use locally available soil material for the low permeability layer.
A cover was placed on Pile 7/12 in late summer of 1991.
In Phase IV',
monitoring of oxygen and temperature continued monthly at all piles.
After placement of the cover at Pile 7/12, infiltration rates and
leachate quality were also measured at that pile, as was the moisture
content of the various soil layers of the cover.
The data Collected
over the 72 month period of the project demonstrated that in the
uncovered piles, relatively uniform increases of temperature existed
towards the center bottom of the piles, and an associated drop in
oxygen concentrations due to consumption of oxygen by the reaction.
This was probably due to the exothermic oxidation reaction. The
oxygen profiles however varied more than those for temperature.
Seasonal variations were observed in both temperature and oxygen.
The project confirmed that uncovered acid waste rock piles provide
an favorable environment for oxidation of the sulphide material
and thus the generation of acid leachates.
The composite
cover on Pile 7/12 resulted in a depletion of oxygen within the
pile and a reduction of pile temperatures; the flow of leachate
from the pile was reduced from approximately 3 m3 per
year prior to the cover to only 0.1 m-l per year after placement
of the cover; i.e. to less than 2 percent of total precipitation;
and the glacial till layer within the cover maintained its moisture
content at the level at which it was placed over the 36 months of
the evaluation.
These results
indicate that the composite soil cover was effective in reducing
the oxidation reaction in the pile, and therefore, reducing the
production rate of acidic leachate and at the same time lessening
the impact caused by acidic waste rock on the environment. Performance
of the cover depends on maintaining its integrity with respect to
preventing damage by roots, burrowing animals or physical impacts.
The glacial till layer must also remain saturated. Thus, low level
of maintenance of a soil-covered pile would be required.
The total cost
of constructing the cover on Pile 7/l2 in 1991 was $60,000 (Canadian
currency), or about $31 per square meter of the waste rock surface.
For larger waste rock piles, this unit cost could be less because
of larger quantities involved. The cost for engineering and construction
quality control is not included because of the research nature of
the project.
The results
from the analytical leachate testing tend to indicate a decrease
or no improvement in water quality immediately after construction
of the cover. However, there was a well defined and steady improvement
of water quality after 1994, which tends to indicate that the quality
of the leachate is still improving. The pH of the leachate increased
steadily since the placement of the covers indicating that it had
become less acidic. Although the concentrations and loadings were
greatly reduced, they still exceeded the criteria set by the regulatory
agencies, thus dictating treatment of the leachate before discharge
to the environment.
The piles at
Heath Steele are small compared to waste rock piles at many other
sites, and different gas transfer mechanisms might apply elsewhere.
However, data collected in the project indicates that the cover
system is an effective method of reducing oxygen ingress and thus.
the oxidation rate. Despite the promising performance to date, additional
monitoring of the cover is still required before its long-term stability
can be properly assessed as a full-scale final closure measure.
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