PANEL WETLANDS
A CASE HISTORY OF PARTIALLY SUBMERGED PYRITIC URANIUM TAILINGS
UNDER WATER
Mine Environment Neutral Drainage at CANMET-MMSL |
MEND Project
3.12.2
Sponsored by:
Canadian Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology and Ontario Ministry
of Northern Development and Mines
February
1993
EXECUTIVE
SUMMARY
For the Mine
Environmental Neutral Drainage (END) Program, an environmental survey
of the Panel wetlands area in Elliot Lake, Ontario was conducted
in 1991. The survey was undertaken by the Surface Environmental
Research group of the Elliot Lake Laboratory, Mineral Sciences Laboratories,
CANMET, Energy, Mines and Resources Canada, in collaboration with
Rio Algom Limited, Elliot Lake, Ontario.
The broad
objectives of the survey were to:
- Determine
the surface and groundwater hydrogeochemistry of the Panel wetlands
tailings basin;
- Establish
whether the existing natural wetlands and water cover on acid
generating tailings were providing any treatment to acid mine
drainage, and to evaluate their controls on acid generation and
migration of contaminants associated with the oxidation of pyrite;
- Characterize
wetlands tailings/sediment substrate for metals, sulphide and
sulphate sulphur speciation, and its oxidizing/reducing microbe
populations, and to determine their roles in various geochemical
and biological interactions; and
- Characterize
wetlands vegetation for metals and radionuclide uptake.
The survey
results were as follows:
- The Panel
wetlands study site was a small basin located in a bedrock valley
containing partially submerged pyritic uranium tailings. It had
a total area of 14.5 ha, and contained approximately 236,000 tonnes
of tailings spread over an area of 12.9 ha. Approximately 88%
of the tailings area was underwater, leaving an area of 1.6 ha
in the western part of the basin where the tailings were exposed.
The average thickness of the tailings in the basin was 0.92 m.
- The tailings
were deposited in the basin as a result of a tailings spill upstream
in the late 1950s which completely filled the western and central
part of the basin, and spread a thin layer of tailings to the
eastern part of the basin. Underneath the tailings, the basin
contained a layer of peat 0.3 to 4 m thick, underlain by sand
and gravel deposits.
- The eastern
part of the basin contained ponded water, 0.4 to 1.4 m deep. A
shallow water layer, 0.1 to 0.5 m deep, extended throughout the
west/central part of the basin which supported a dense vegetative
cover consisting of cattails, marshland grasses, sedges, sphagnum
and other acidophilic mosses. The deep ponded water contained
submergent vegetation such as pondweeds.
- A beaver
dam at the east end of the basin regulated the water level and
its discharge flow. The basin contained a total water volume of
approximately 24,000 m3, with an average depth of 0.2 m.
- The site
had a total catchment and drainage area of approximately 49 ha.
On an annual basis the site received a total net precipitation
of approximately 138,920 m3 (calculated from mean annual precipitation
data) corresponding to an average flow of 4.4 L/s or 9 L/s per
km2. The drainage water volume was estimated to be six times the
volume of the water contained in the basin which corresponded
to a dilution factor of 6.
- At the extreme
west end of the site, there was an acidic tailings pond impounded
by a clay core cross-valley dam. No visible seepage of acidic
water from this pond was observed towards the basin
- The surface
water flow from the site was towards the east. It was irregular
and intermittent, and was measured at 16.5 L/m in the fall.
- In general,
the groundwater flow was also from west to east. Sub-surface water
from exposed tailings areas in the western section of the basin
discharged into the central water body. In this section the water
table was 0.2 to 2.0 m below surface, and the groundwater flow
was upwards and towards the east. The measured horizontal and
vertical gradients ranged from 0.003 to 0.015 and from 0 to -0.15,
respectively. Upward vertical gradients were highest in the fall.
Sub-surface discharge from the western part of the basin to the
central pond was estimated at 380 to 1800 m3/a which was less
than 2 to 8% of the total surface water volume of the basin.
- In the eastern
part of the basin, the groundwater flow was also towards the east
but in a downward direction. The measured horizontal and vertical
gradients ranged from 0.0002 to 0.001, and from -0.72 to 0.14,
respectively.
- The surface
water in the basin was slightly to moderately acidic in the exposed
and vegetated western parts of the basin with low to medium concentrations
of dissolved solids (600 to 2000 mg/L), iron (1 to 80 mg/L), calcium
(150-500 mg/L), and sulphate (50 to 1000 mg/L).
- In the central
and eastern parts of the basin where a permanent water body existed,
the surface water was near neutral to moderately alkaline, pH
(6.2 to 9.8), with low concentrations of dissolved solids (100
to 300 mg/L), iron (0.002 to 0.4 mg/L), calcium (30 to 50 mg/L),
and sulphate (50 to 100 mg/L).
- There was
no strong seasonal dependence of the surface water quality except
pH in the central and eastern parts of the basin which increased
from 7.5 to 9.8 in the summer
- The groundwater
at shallow depths in the basin was mostly tailings derived porewater
with slightly acidic to near neutral pH (5.7 to 7.8), low to moderate
acidity (10 to 200 mg CaCO3/L), low to high alkalinity (0 to 1400
mg CaCO3/L), low to moderate iron (0.5 to 70 mg/L), high Ca (400
to 800 mg/L), high sulphate (800 to 1500 mg/L), and high Ra-226
(280 to 10,900 mBq/L). There was no strong seasonal dependence
except for dissolved iron concentration which was variable.
- The soil
substrate in the basin mostly consisted of tailings except near
the far east end where the original peat sediments existed. The
paste pH of the substrate varied from near neutral to highly acidic,
7.5 to 2.1.
- Thiobacillus
ferro-oxidans (AT) and sulphate reducing bacteria (SRB) were
present in all soil substrate and sediment samples from exposed
and shallow water cover sites in the western part of the basin.
At deep water sites near the centre and towards the east, the
bacterial counts for TF reduced drastically to insignificant numbers
(0 to 100). Sulphate reducing bacteria populations at these sites
exceeded those for Thiobacillus ferro-oxidans. There were
no clear trends in SRB distribution profiles along the length
of the basin.
- The sulphur
speciation data also showed that both sulphide and sulphate concentration
were variable within and between sites without clear trends. Sulphate
reduction was clearly evidenced by a strong smell of H2S in the
groundwater at deep water central and eastern locations.
- Tailings
were oxidizing in the exposed and shallow water covered and vegetated
part of the basin. In exposed areas, oxidation was taking place
near the surface in the unsaturated zone and in the vicinity of
the water table. In vegetated areas, oxidation of both organic
matter and tailings was taking place from surface to the root
zone of the substrate. Because of fine grained tailings and their
high degree of moisture saturation, the overall oxidation rates
were low, producing low pH (3.4 to 5.5) surface drainage and sub-surface
water.
- In the vegetation
zone, no improvement in the surface water quality was noted as
it drained from exposed areas towards the ponded water. Both the
surface and groundwater data indicated that the vegetation was
oxidizing the substrate rather than providing the treatment. Some
iron was precipitated and removed as ferric hydroxide in the vegetation
zone.
- The acidic
surface drainage from exposed tailings and vegetated areas was
diluted by a factor of 6 to 10 as it drained and mixed with the
ponded water. The groundwater from western and central sections
of the basin was also discharging in the ponded water where it
neutralized the acidic surface water and precipitated dissolved
iron, aluminum and manganese as hydroxides when the waters mixed.
- The pH of
the ponded water increased from 7.5 to 9.5 in the summer which
was attributed to the bacterial reduction of nitrates in the organic
sediments, and to the photosynthetic process of some submergent
vegetation (pondweeds) producing ammonia and hydroxyl ions, respectively.
This phenomenon needs to be further investigated.
- From water
quality data for surface drainage from exposed and shallow water
cover vegetated areas, and pond water near the discharge end,
the annual rates of total iron production, as a result of pyrite
oxidation, and iron discharged from the system were calculated
as 183.7 kg/y and 9 kg/y, respectively. These values corresponded
to an annual pyrite oxidation and iron discharge rates of 1.11
and 0.04 mg Fe per kg of tailings in the basin per year.
- The existing
wetland system, because of its various physical, chemical and
biological controls, retained or recycled approximately 96% of
the total iron produced as a result of pyrite oxidation. It was
estimated that at these rates it would take approximately 31.7
X 103 y for all the pyrite to oxidize, and 926 x 103 y for all
the mobilized iron to leave the system, assuming that the rate
did not change with time.
- For calcium
and Ra-226, the corresponding times for their complete removal
from the system were calculated as approximately 708 y and 40
x 103 y, respectively.
- For cattails
and grasses, the observed metal uptake levels were similar to
those observed at other pyritic uranium tailings, base metals
and gold tailings sites. High concentration of iron, aluminum,
calcium, and other heavy metals were observed in pondweeds and
sphagnum moss, but their contribution to the total bio-mass production
and metals retention and removal load was very small compared
to cattails and grasses which were the most abundant species.
- In all vegetation,
the observed metal concentrations were below plant toxicity levels
with little or no significant accumulation warranting concerns
related to wind dispersion or animal forage. No symptoms of plant
toxicity were observed.
- Ra-226 concentrations
in the wetland vegetation (30 to 3800 mBq/g) were significantly
elevated in all the species compared to background levels of 10
to 20 mBq/g in terrestrial vegetation for local and distant controls
It can be
concluded that the wetland/water system in the Panel wetlands basin
was effectively controlling the acidic drainage from partially submerged
pyritic uranium tailings. The system would continue to function
as long as the water cover was maintained. Its performance could
be further improved if all the tailings were completely submerged.
It is recommended
that the sediment oxidation-reduction dynamics and the photosynthetic
process of submerged plants in the eastern part of the basin should
further be investigated in order to understand the seasonal behaviour
of the observed high pHs in the summer.
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