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Biohazard Containment > Disease Agent Information PATHOGEN SAFETY DATA SHEET
HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA (HPAI)
SECTION I: DISEASE / INFECTIOUS AGENT
SYNONYM / CROSS REFERENCE:bird flu, fowl plague
ETIOLOGY / TAXONOMY (1,2):
Family: Orthomyxoviridae
Genus: Influenzavirus A, B
All highly pathogenic isolates have been Influenza A viruses of subtypes H5 & H7
ORGANISM CHARACTERISTICS:
- single stranded, negative sense RNA virus, segmented, enveloped, highly pleiomorphic.
- low pathogenic strains may change rapidly through antigenic shift or drift to become
highly pathogenic (1, 3, 4)
- described by hemagglutination (H) and neuraminidase (N) antigens (5)
SURVEILLANCE :
- HPAI is a reportable disease in Canada. Animal owners, veterinarians and laboratories
are required to immediately report the presence of an animal that is contaminated or
suspected of being contaminated to a CFIA district veterinarian. Control or eradication
measures will be applied immediately
(http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/H-3.3/fulltoc.html).
DISTRIBUTION :
- worldwide
- low pathogenic strains may change rapidly through antigenic shift or drift to become
highly pathogenic (1, 3, 4)
SECTION II: ANIMAL HEALTH HAZARD AND EPIDEMIOLOGY
CLINICAL DISEASE / PATHOGENESIS:
1) Clinical signs (1, 2, 6, 7):
- can range from mild disease with little or no mortality to highly fatal rapidly
spreading epidemic
- sudden decrease in egg production
- swollen and cyanotic wattles and combs
- depression
- coughing and sneezing
- seroconversion
2) Infectious dose: Unknown
3) Incubation period: short 3-5 days (1, 2)
SOURCE / MODE OF TRANSMISSION / COMMUNICABILITY:
- contact with wild birds (especially waterfowl) and their faeces (1)
- contact with infected poultry and poultry products, contaminated clothing, footwear,
vehicles, equipment and feed (1, 6)
VECTORS: none
HOST RANGE :
- migratory waterfowl natural host range (especially ducks) (8)
- all species of birds susceptible (including chickens, turkeys, pet birds and wild birds)(1)
- humans
- other known species: cats, dogs, pigs
ZOONOSIS :
- HPAI virus can be transmitted to humans, however the transmission occurred in rare cases
where people had prolonged contact with heavily contaminated environments (6).
RESERVOIR : generally waterfowl
Section III: DIAGNOSIS
NECROPSY / HISTOPATHOLOGY FINDINGS (1, 2, 3):
- vascular disturbances leading to edema, hemorrhage especially in myocardium, spleen,
lungs, brains and wattles
- necrotic foci present in lungs, liver and kidneys
LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS (3):
- haemagglutination
- immunofluorescence
- ELISA
- serotyping
- PCR
- gene sequencing
DRUG SUSCEPTIBILITY:
- for humans: Influenza A susceptible to amantadine and rimantadine (not licenced for use
in food animals) (4, 5).
- vaccination may be used to supplement control measures (4).
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS:
The following diseases may show clinical similarity to HPAI.
Associated with high mortality:
- Newcastle disease
- Infectious laryngotracheitis
- Duck plague
- Acute poisoning
Associated with swelling of combs and wattles:
- Bacterial cellulitis of combs and wattles
- Acute fowl cholera
SECTION IV: DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
Select a registered disinfectant with a drug identification number (DIN). Use according
to label directions for concentration and contact time. Consider organic load and
temperature. It is recommended that laboratories evaluate the effectiveness of the
disinfectant using a validated method (e.g. Quantitative Carrier Test). See table 1 to
help select a registered disinfectant for use against HPAI virus.
ACTIVE INGREDIENT |
CONCENTRATION |
CONTACT TIME |
Oxidising agents: Sodium Hypochlorite |
10,000 ppm (1%) |
10 minutes (9) |
Alcohols: ethanol |
70% |
10 minutes (9) |
Synthetic phenols: Ortho phenylphenol |
1200 ppm |
10 minutes (9) |
Quaternary ammonium salts: Benzalkonium chloride |
1000 ppm |
10 minutes (9) |
PHYSICAL INACTIVATION: (1)
Temperature |
121ºC for 15 minutes (autoclaving)
56ºC for 3 hours
60ºC for 30 minutes |
pH |
inactivated by acid pH |
SURVIVAL OUTSIDE OF HOST:
- remains viable for long periods in tissues, feces and water (manure 105 days, dried
mucous several hours) (7, 5).
SECTION V: LABORATORY HAZARDS FOR HUMANS
LABORATORY ACQUIRED INFECTIONS:
- No documentation of laboratory acquired infections but there are informal accounts (5)
BIOSAFETY PRECAUTIONS :
- Avoid any direct contact with virus, especially through feces (3).
- Limit the generation of aerosols (5, 3).
SECTION VI: PHYSICAL AND OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS
CONTAINMENT REQUIREMENTS:
All physical containment and operational practices for containment level 3, indigenous
agents, as per the Containment Standards
for Veterinary Facilities must be met. The Standards can be accessed at :
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/lab/convet/convete.shtml
PROTECTIVE CLOTHING:
Laboratory:
- Primary layer of protective clothing should include dedicated laboratory clothing (e.g.
scrubs and headwear) and laboratory dedicated footwear.
- Secondary layer of protective clothing (e.g. solid-front gowns with tight-fitting
wrists, 2 pairs of gloves) should be worn over laboratory clothing when directly handling
infectious materials.
- Adequate respiratory protection should be worn when directly handling infectious
material outside BSC.
- When full body protective clothing is not worn a shower is required on exit; where a
known or suspected aerosol exposure has occurred a shower is required on exit.
Post Mortem:
- Primary layer of protective clothing should include dedicated laboratory clothing (e.g.
scrubs and headwear) and laboratory dedicated footwear.
- Secondary layer of protective clothing (e.g. solid-front gowns with tight-fitting
wrists, 2 pairs of gloves) should be worn over laboratory clothing when directly handling
infectious materials.
- Cut resistant gloves, adequate respiratory protection, steel toed/steel shanked rubber
boots.
- A shower is required on exit.
HANDLING INFORMATION :
Spills in laboratory:
Allow aerosols to settle; wearing appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE),
gently cover spill with absorbent paper towel and apply 2% sodium hypochlorite, starting
at perimeter and working towards the centre; allow 30 minutes contact time (4).
Spill protocol must be in place and include the following scenarios:
- spills inside the Biological Safety Cabinet (BSC)
- spills outside the BSC
- spills while performing aerosol generating procedures
- also consider entry and exit procedure modifications if necessary, appropriate PPE,
disinfection of spill and surroundings including contact time, flow (pattern) of the clean
up and disposal of contaminated materials.
Refer to Table 1 for inactivation of HPAI.
STORAGE: All cultures and infected material should be stored in
leakproof, sealed containers that are accurately labeled and clearly identified as a
biohazard risk. The access to infectious material should be controlled at all times.
Records must be kept to describe the use, inventory and disposal of infectious material.
DISPOSAL: Decontaminate all infectious material prior to disposal. Use
steam sterilization, incineration or chemical disinfection.
REFERENCES:
- Highly
pathogenic avian influenza technical card, Office International des Epizooties updated
22-04-2002, http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/fiches/a_A150.htm
- AusVetPlan,
Edition 2.0, 1996:
http://www.animalhealthaustralia.com.au/shadomx/apps/fms/fmsdownload.cfm?file_uuid=D4552211-C369-9A31-F51B-3DB61D0CCB39&siteName=aahc
- Avian
Influenza animal health disease card, Food Agriculture Organization of the United
Nations, http://www.fao.org/ag/againfo/subjects/en/health/diseases-cards/avian.html
- Zoonoses and Communicable Diseases Common to Man and Animals, Second Edition, PAHO
publication # 503
- Influenza
virus MSDS, Public Health Agency of Canada, May 2000,
http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/msds-ftss/msds88e.html
- Avian Influenza fact sheet,
Animal Health CFIA, April 2003,
http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/anima/heasan/disemalae.shtml
- Avian
Influenza fact sheet, UC Davis Veterinary Medicine,
http://www.vetmed.ucdavis.edu/vetext/INF-PO_AvianInfluenzaFS.html
- Avian
Influenza fact sheet WHO,
http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/avian_faqs/en/index.html
- Prince H, Prince D, Principles of Viral Control and Transmission. In: Block SS, ed.
Disinfection, Sterilization and Preservation, Fifth Edition, 2001:543-571
LAST UPDATED (DATE): March 30th, 2005
PREPARED BY: The Biohazard Containment and Safety Unit, CFIA
Disclaimer: Although the information and recommendations in this
Pathogen Safety Data Sheet are compiled from reliable sources, there is no guarantee,
warranty or any assurance that the information and recommendations are correct, accurate,
sufficient, reliable or current and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency shall not be
responsible for any loss or damage resulting from or in connection with the use of or
reliance upon the information and recommendations.
The user assumes all risks and responsibility for and shall be liable for the use of
and any reliance on the information and recommendations and the results thereof and any
loss or damage resulting therefrom.
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