Publications and Research

Inflation-Control Target

INFLATION-CONTROL TARGETING has been a cornerstone of monetary policy in Canada over the past decade. In 1991, the Government of Canada and the Bank of Canada agreed to target inflation for a five-year period. The inflation rate in 1991 was 5.9 per cent as measured by the consumer price index.

The initial goal was to reduce inflation to progressively lower levels, first to 3 per cent, then to 2.5 per cent, then to 2 per cent, to ensure a climate favourable for long-lasting economic growth. By December 1993, inflation had been reduced to 2 per cent. At that time, the government and the Bank agreed to extend the inflation-control target range to the end of 1998. The target range was 1 to 3 per cent. In February 1998, the target range was extended to the end of 2001.

In November 2006, the 1 to 3 per cent target range was renewed to the end of 2011. Monetary policy will continue to be aimed at keeping inflation at the 2 per cent target midpoint.

An important tool for monetary policy

The inflation-control target assists the Bank in determining what monetary policy actions are needed in the short and medium term to maintain a relatively stable price environment.

To achieve a rate of monetary expansion consistent with the target range, the Bank of Canada uses its influence on short-term interest rates. If inflation is moving towards the top of the 1 to 3 per cent target range, that is usually a sign that demand in the economy for goods and services needs to be restrained through a rise in interest rates. If inflation is moving towards the bottom of the range, it is often a sign that demand is low and needs some support through a reduction in interest rates.

In this way, monetary policy tied to an inflation-control target tends to act as a growth stabilizer. Ensuring economic growth at a sustainable pace means preserving past gains by avoiding a recurrence of the inflationary "boom-and-bust" cycles of the early 1980s and 1990s. It also means encouraging long-term investment in future growth and job creation by maintaining a stable, low-inflation environment.

More understandable and self-reinforcing

The inflation-control target has helped to make the Bank's monetary policy actions more readily understandable to financial markets and the public. The target also provides a clear measuring stick for evaluating the effectiveness of monetary policy.

One of the most important benefits of a clear inflation target is its role in focusing expectations of future inflation. This in turn feeds back into the kind of economic decision-making—by individuals, businesses, and governments—that tends to reinforce the capacity of the economy for continuing non-inflationary growth.