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The Vulnerable Worker

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Is Work Working? Work Laws that Do a Better Job

Endnotes

1 - Judith Maxwell, Smart Social Policy — Making Work Pay, Toronto, Canadian Policy Research Networks, 2002, p. 4.

2 - Cynthia Cranford, Leah Vosko and Nancy Zukewich, “Precarious Employment in the Canadian Labour Market: A Statistical Portrait,” Just Labour, No.3, 2003, pp.6-22.

3 - Ron Saunders, Defining Vulnerability in the Labour Market, Ottawa, Canadian Policy Research Networks, 2003.

4 - Cranford et al., Precarious Employment; Ibid.

5 - Employment Insurance is extended by regulation to some groups of independent contractors such as barbers, hairstylists, manicurists, taxi drivers and fishers. See Judy Fudge, EricTucker and Leah Vosko, The Legal Concept of Employment: Marginalizing Workers, Ottawa, Law Commission of Canada, 2003. p. 81-82

6 - Saunders, Defining Vulnerability, pp. 7-14

7 - Stella Lord and Anne Martell, Building Transitions to Good Jobs for Low-Income Women, Halifax: Nova Scotia Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 2004.

8 - Fudge et al., The Legal Concept.

9 - 67122 Ontario v. Sagaz Industries Canada Inc, [2001] 2 S.C.R. 983.

10 - Fudge et al. The Legal Concept, p. 32.

11 - Ibid., pp. 29-35.

12 - Ibid., p. 31.

13 - Ibid., p. 37.

14 - From a paper by Malika Hamdad, Statistics Canada, “Valuing Households’ Unpaid Work in Canada, 1992 and 1998: Trends and Sources of Change,” Statistics Canada Economic Conference, (May 2003).

15 - Commission for Labor Cooperation, The Rights of Nonstandard Workers: A North American Guide, Washington: Secretariat for the Commission for Labor Cooperation, 2003.

16 - Leah Vosko, Temporary Work: The Gendered Rise of a Precarious Employment Relationship, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2000, pp.128-129.

17 - [1997] 1 S.C.R. 1015.

18 - Vosko, Temporary Work, p.169.

19 - Ibid., p. 170.

20 - Commission for Labor Cooperation, 2003.

21 - Michael Smith, Casualties of the Labour Market: Equity, Efficiency and Policy Choice, Ottawa, Law Commission of Canada, forthcoming.

22 - Saunders, 2003; Christa Freiler, Laurel Rothman and Pedro Barata, Pathways to Progress: Structural Solutions to Address Child Poverty, A study commissioned by the anti-poverty organization, Campaign 2000, Toronto, (May 2004).

23 - Between 1993 and 1998, fully 38 percent of people living in families headed by a lone parent experienced low income for four years or more, compared with 23 percent of unattached individuals. R. Morrissette and X. Zhang, “Experiencing Low Income for Several Years,” Perspectives on Labour and Income, Vol. 2, No. 3, (March 2002), p. 7.

24 - Maxwell, Smart Social Policy, p. 7.

25 - Kathleen Thomas, Grade 12, Belle River District High School (Ontario). Submission to the Law Commission of Canada’s 2004 Roderick Macdonald High School Competition.

26 - Meaghan Harris, Ancaster Secondary School, Ontario, Is Work Working? Submission to the Law Commission of Canada’s 2004 Roderick Macdonald High School Competition.

27 - Ibid.

28 - A. Jackson and D. Robinson, Falling Behind: The State of Working Canada, 2000, Ottawa, Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2000, p. 69.

29 - Ibid.

30 - Kevin Lee, Urban Poverty in Canada: A Statistical Profile, Ottawa, Canadian Council on Social Development, 2000.

31 - Andrew Heisz and Logan McLeod, Low Income in Census Metropolitan Areas, Ottawa, Statistics Canada, 2004.

32 - Jackson and Robinson, Falling Behind, p. 70.

33 - Peter Li, Ethnic Inequality in a Class Society, Toronto, Wall and Thompson Inc., 1988; K.G. Basavarajappa and Frank Jones, “Visible Minority Income Differences,” in Immigrant Canada, Shiva S. Halli and Leo Driedger (eds), Toronto, University of Toronto Press Inc., 1999; Jackson and Robinson, Falling Behind, p. 70.

34 - From the Canadian Bankers’ Submission on the Employment Equity Act Review,2002.
<www.cba.ca/en/viewDocument.asp?fl=6&sl;=72&tl;=73&docid;=50&pg;=3>, (accessed November 5, 2004).

35 - Office for Disability Issues, Disability in Canada: A 2001 Profile.
<www.sdc.gc.ca/asp/gateway.asp?hr=/en/hip/odi/documents/PALS/PALS001.shtml&hs;=pyp>, (accessed November 5, 2004).

36 - Ibid.

37 - Statistics Canada, Low-Paid Employment and Moving Up 1996-2001, Ottawa: Minister of Industry, 2004.

38 - Ibid., p. 27.

39 - Ibid., p. 22.

40 - Smith, Casualties of the Labour Market.

41 - Statistics Canada, Low-Paid Employment, p. 17.

42 - Ibid. However, this finding applies to a relatively small number of low paid workers, because only 16 percent changed union status in this way.

43 - Statistics Canada, “Unionization and Fringe Benefits,” Perspectives on Labour and Income, Vol. 3, No. 8, (August 2002).

44 - Lord and Martell, Building Transitions.

45 - Robert Weagle, Human Resource Issues in the Exotic Dance Industry, Queen’s University, Kingston, 1999. Master’s thesis.

46 - Ibid., p. 53.

47 - Christine Bruckert, Taking it Off, Putting it On: Women in the Strip Trade, Toronto, Women’s Press, 2002.

48 - Report by the Dancers’ Equal Rights Association, Ottawa, 2004.

49 - Colette Parent, Christine Bruckert and Pascale Robitaille, Erotic Service/Erotic Dance Establishments: Two Types of Marginalized Labour, Ottawa, Law Commission of Canada, 2003.

50 - Jim Stanford and Leah F. Vosko (eds.), Challenging the Market: The Struggle to Regulate Work and Income, Montréal, McGill-Queen’s University Press, forthcoming.

51 - Kerry Rittich, Vulnerability at Work: Legal and Policy Issues in the New Economy, Ottawa, Law Commission of Canada, 2004.

52 - Morley Gunderson and W. Craig Riddell, “The Changing Nature of Work: Implications for Public Policy,” in W. Craig Riddell and France St-Hilaire (eds.), Adapting Public Policy to a Labour Market in Transition, Montréal, The Institute for Research on Public Policy, 2001, pp. 1-37.

53 - Alice de Wolff, Breaking the Myth of Flexible Work: Contingent Work in Toronto, Toronto, The Contingent Workers Project, 2000, p. ii.

54 - Ibid., p. ii.

55 - Amartya Sen, Development as Freedom, New York, Alfred A. Knopf, 1999.

56 - Leah F. Vosko, Confronting the Norm: Gender and the International Regulation of Precarious Work, Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, forthcoming. See Alain Supiot, Beyond Employment: Changes in Work and the Future of Labour Law in Europe, Oxford, University Press, 2001.

57 - Mary Pat MacKinnon, Judith Maxwell, Steven Rosell and Nandini Saxena, Citizens' Dialogue on Canada 's Future: A 21st Century Social Contract, Ottawa, Canadian Policy
Research Networks and Viewpoint Learning Inc., 2003.

58 - Sen, Development as Freedom.

59 - Brian Langille, “Labour Policy in Canada — New Platform, New Paradigm,” Canadian Public Policy Vol. 28, No. 1, 2002, p. 133.

60 - MacKinnon, Citizens' Dialogue on Canada 's Future, p. vii.

61 - Supiot, Au delà de l'emploi.

62 - Sen, Development as Freedom, p. 142.

63 - Jean Bernier, Guylaine Vallée and Carol Jobin, Les Besoins de Protection Sociale des Personnes en Situation de Travail Non Traditionnelle, Québec, Ministère du Travail, 2003. The Bernier Commission suggested that the employment agency and the client-business should be jointly and severally liable for any amount owing to the employee. As well, they stated that such liability should extend to cover occupational health and safety, industrial accidents and work-related illnesses.

64 - Vosko, Temporary Work, pp. 200-229.

65 - Ibid., pp. 200-229.

66 - Ibid., pp. 200-229.

67 - Ibid., pp. 200-229.

68 - Ibid. See Bernier et al., Les Besoins, recommendations 36 and 37.

69 - There is a detailed evaluation of the Canadian program in David Card and Philip K. Robins, “Do Financial Incentives Encourage Welfare Recipients to Work?” Research in Labor Economics, Vol. 7, (1998), p. 1-56.

70 - Bernier et al., Les Besoins; See Fudge et al., The Legal Concept.

71 - Daphne Taras, “What Are the Implications of the New Employment Paradigms for a Human Capital Strategy?” Paper prepared for the Minister of Labour Roundtable, Willson House (Meech Lake), November 19-20, 2001. Published in Canadian Public Policy, Vol. 28, No. 1, (2002), pp. 105-116.

72 - Andrew Sims, “A Canadian Policymaker's Perspective on Nonunion Representation,” in Bruce E. Kaufman and Daphne G. Taras (eds.), Nonunion Employee Representation, Armonk, NY, M.E. Sharpe, 2000.

73 - Taras, What Are the Implications.W

74 - J.B. Rose and G.N. Chaison, “Unionism in Canada and the United States in the 21 st Century: The Prospects for Revival,” Industrial Relations, Vol. 56, No. 134, (2001).p.34

75 - Judy Fudge, Eric Tucker and Leah F. Vosko, “Changing Boundaries in Employment: Developing a New Platform for Labour Law,” Canadian Labour and Employment Law Journal, Vol. 10, No. 3, (2003) p.361; Brian Langille, “Labour Policy in Canada — New Platform, New Paradigm,” Canadian Public Policy, Vol. 28 p., No. 1, (2002) p. 133; Supiot,Au delà de l'emploi, p. 53.

76 - Supiot, Au delà de l'emploi, p. 54.