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A Guide to Patents: Appendix I - Format of the Application
A patent document is simply the final approved application. An example
of the form of the application is reproduced below. This should give you
an idea of what your abstract, specification and drawings should look like.
In addition, a tutorial on writing a patent application
is available.
Abstract
"In a tool for driving posts, it is known to have a guide depending from
the hammer to freely embrace the post and slide longitudinally on it. In
this invention, handles are secured to the guide such that they extend
lengthwise along the outside of it. The tool with the handles may have a
lighter hammer and thus may be manually operated, since the handles enable
the operator to use his or her own strength to bring the hammer down on
the post and hold it against rebound. The guide may have filling pieces
secured to the inside to adapt its cross section to the cross section of
the post being driven."
Specification
The specification shall begin immediately following the abstract or at the
top of a new page and shall consist of unnumbered paragraphs in which the
following matters shall be dealt with in approximately the following order:
- The general character of the class of article or the kind of process
to which the invention (i.e. the inventive idea) relates.
"This invention relates to a manually operable tool for driving
posts into the ground."
- The nature in general terms of the articles or processes previously known
or used which are intended to be improved or replaced by resort to the invention
and of the difficulties and inconveniences which they involve.
"It is common in devices for driving piles and posts to pull up a
weight or hammer, e.g., by a cable and overhead pulley arrangement,
and drop it into the end of the pile or post. It is, of course, necessary
that the hammer strike the pile or post squarely, and it has been
proposed to provide the hammer with a depending guide which freely
embraces and may slide up and down on the post to be driven. Tools
of this type are, however, inefficient because the rebound of the
hammer results in a loss of energy and a tendency to split the end
of the post. They are, moreover, unsatisfactory for manual operation,
because the hammer must be heavy to be effective, and the power of the
operator is used only in raising the heavy hammer."
- The inventive idea which the new article or process embodies, and the
way in which resort to it overcomes the difficulties and inconveniences
of previous practices or proposals.
"I have found that these disadvantages may be overcome by providing
a number of handles secured to the guide and extending lengthwise along
the outside of it. Such handles permit the use of a lighter hammer and
the elimination of the overhead arrangement, secure a greater effect
for the same amount of energy, and reduce splitting of the post, since
the power of the operator of the device is used not only to raise the
hammer but also to bring it down on the post or hold it against rebound."
- A full description of the best way of using or putting into operation
the inventive idea. If there are drawings, the description should be
preceded by a list of these drawings and should be related to them
by the use of the numerals which appear upon them.
The form of the list and the description is illustrated by the following:
"In drawings which illustrate embodiments of the invention, Figure 1 is
an elevation partly in section of one embodiment, Figure 2 is a top view
of this embodiment, Figure 3 is a section of the line III-III of Figure 1,
and Figure 4 is a plan view of another embodiment having only two handles."
"The tool illustrated comprises a guide 1 which is adapted freely to
embrace and slide up and down on a post A which is to be driven. It may be
of any suitable cross section, but, in the form shown, is a cylinder open
at the bottom and closed by a plug 2 at the top which may be the top of the
device. The plug 2, which acts as a hammer, fits within the cylinder 1 and
is flanged at its edge so as to lie flush with the outer wall of the cylinder.
Extending lengthwise of the guide 1 are handles 3 which may be formed from
metal tubes, as shown or may, if designed, be made from rods or bars covered
with wood facings."
"The handles 3 are secured at their upper ends to bridge pieces 4, e.g., by
welding, and the bridge pieces 4 are secured as by welding to the plug 2.
At their lower ends the handles 3 are flattened for engagement between two
arms of a sectional clamping ring 5 fitting around the guide 1 and clamped
to it by bolts 6. The lower ends of the handles are extended below the clamping
ring, as indicated at 7, for the attachment of extension members (not shown)
and, for this purpose, bolt holes 8 are provided in the extensions 7."
"In order to adapt a guide of circular internal cross section to a square
post, segmental filling pieces 9 having their flat faces facing inwards may
be secured inside it, the distance between opposed flat faces being slightly
greater than the thickness of the post. Two filling pieces may be used as
shown in Figure 3, but four may be used if desired."
"In the embodiment shown in Figure 4 there are only two lateral extending
handles instead of four as in Figures 1-3, but otherwise the construction
may be the same as that described above."
- If desired, other ways in which the inventive idea
may be used or put into operation.
Claims
There should then follow an introduction to the claims in these words
appearing at the top of a new page:
The embodiments of the invention in which an exclusive property or
privilege is claimed are defined as follows.
The claims should begin on the same page immediately following this introduction.
The following examples illustrate the general form which the claims should take:
- In the case of an apparatus—
- A manually operable tool for driving posts into the ground, comprising
a hammer, a depending guide adapted freely to embrace and slide up and down
on the post to be driven, and handles extending lengthwise outside of the guide
and rigidly secured thereto.
- A tool as defined in claim 1, in which the guide is a cylinder closed
at the top by the hammer.
- A tool as defined in claim 1 or claim 2, in which the guide has filling
pieces secured to it in order to adapt its internal cross section to the
cross section of the post to be driven into the ground.
- In the case of a process—
- A process for cleaning the surface of a metal, which comprises converting
contaminating matter by chemical attack to a residual film which is readily
removable by anodic treatment, and
removing the formed film by connecting the metal as an anode in an
electrolytic system.
- A process as defined in claim 1, in which the metal to be cleaned is
iron or steel and the chemical attack consists of treatment of the metal
surface with a strongly oxidizing acid.
- A process as claimed in claim 2, in which the residual film is removed
in an electrolyte comprising one or more acids or salts thereof.
- In the case of an article—
- An insulated electric conductor comprising a metal sheath, at least
one conducting core and, between the core and the sheath, highly compacted
mineral insulation constituted by a mixture of two or more pulverulent
mineral insulating materials at least one of which will, on exposure to
the atmosphere, cause the formation, over the exposed area, of a skin
or layer which is substantially impermeable to moisture.
- An insulated electric conductor as defined in claim 1, in which the
insulating materials are calcium oxide and magnesia.
- An insulated electric conductor as claimed in claim 2, in which the
proportion of calcium oxide in the mixture is between 25 and 40 percent.
- An insulated electric conductor as defined in claim 1, 2 or 3, in
which the insulation resistance is not less than 250 000 ohms for an
insulation thickness of 1.5 mm.
Drawings
Your application must include a drawing whenever the invention can be
shown by one. This would include almost all inventions except chemical
compositions or processes. But even these can sometimes be illustrated
by a drawing.
If an invention cannot be illustrated with drawings but can be with
photographs, you may include, as part of your application, photographs,
or copies of photographs, that shows the invention.
Your drawing must show every feature of the invention defined by the
claims. There are detailed, specific standards for such things as page
size and quality of paper, so that issued patents are uniform in style
and easy to read and understand. Drawings must meet the following
requirements:
- Every sheet shall be 21.6 cm wide and 27.9 cm long and shall have
a clear margin of at least 2.5 cm on the top and left side, 1.5 cm on
the right side, and 1 cm on the bottom.
- Every drawing shall be prepared with black lines sufficiently dense,
dark, and well defined to permit satisfactory reproduction, and shall
contain no colour.
- Where figures on two or more pages are intended to form a single
complete figure, the figures on the several pages shall be so arranged
that the whole figure can be assembled without concealing any part
of the partial figures.
- Elements of the same figure shall be in proportion to each other
unless a different proportion is indispensable for the clarity of the figure.
- Cross sections shall be indicated by hatching that does not impede
the clear reading of the reference characters and lead lines.
- Reference characters shall be clear and distinct and not less than
3.2 mm in height; the same character shall be used for the same feature
throughout the application.
- The views shall be numbered consecutively.
- Each sheet of drawings shall be on sheets of good quality white
paper free of creases and folds, and so presented as to permit
direct reproduction by photography, electrostatic processes,
photo offset, and microfilming.
A Guide to Patents
| Table of Contents | Patent Protection |
| Patent Information | Appendix I - Format of the Application |
| Appendix II - Filing an Application | Glossary |
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