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The place names of Aboriginal communities are
listed in alphabetical order under the nation to which the communities
belong. Since the 1970s, the preferred practice has been to use
traditional Indian and Inuit place names. These place names are
generally a part of the name of the community itself.
Historically, an Indian community was known as
an "Indian band". This term is also found in the current
Indian Act. The name of a community subject to the Indian Act is
determined by a resolution of the band council. This means that
the name of the community is the name of the band, not that of the
territory on which the reserve is located. The name of a community
subject to the Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act is established in that
act or can be changed in accordance with its provisions.
Inuit communities used to be referred to as "village
councils." Beginning in 1979, Inuit communities located north
of the 55th parallel were referred to as "northern villages"
and incorporated as non-ethnic northern village municipalities under
the jurisdiction of Quebec pursuant to An Act respecting Northern
Villages and the Kativik Regional Government. The official names
of these northern villages, all of which today are referred to by
their Inuit place name, are those selected by local authorities
at the time the communities were incorporated into municipalities.
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The geographical maps are intended to indicate
the location of the communities and the main access routes to their
territory. The size and limits of these territories as shown here
are by way of indication only and in no way define the land area
controlled by the communities. Readers should consult the maps published
by Natural Resources Canada (Indian communities) and by the Ministère
des Ressources Naturelles du Québec (Inuit communities) for
more information and map updates.
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This section indicates the name and the status
of the territory assigned to a band or a municipality. For most
Indian communities, the name of the territory is determined by resolution
of the band council.
According to the Indian Act, a reserve is an area
of land, the legal title to which is vested in Her Majesty, that
has been set apart by Her Majesty for the use and benefit of a band.
A settlement is a territory without reserve status
in which a community resides. In Cree, Inuit, and Naskapi communities,
the territory corresponds to Category I land on which a community
resides. Category I lands are those that are for the exclusive use
and benefit of Cree, Inuit and Naskapi communities pursuant to the
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement (JBNQA), the Northeastern
Quebec Agreement (NEQA), the Cree-Naskapi (of
Quebec) Act and the Act respecting the Land Regime in the James
Bay and New Quebec Territories.
Among the Cree and Naskapi, Category I lands are
subdivided into 1A lands (Cree lands) and 1A-N lands (Naskapi lands).
They come under federal jurisdiction, and are governed by the Aboriginal
corporations defined by the Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act.
Category 1B and 1B-N lands are lands under provincial
jurisdiction that are vested in Cree corporations and the Naskapi
Development Corporation outright, with the provision that the lands
can only be sold or ceded to Quebec and that this shall constitute
a prohibitionto sell or cede these lands other than to QuebecAmong
the Inuit, with the exception of Puvirnituq and Ivujivik, Category I lands are lands owned by Inuit land holding corporations, which
are found in all communities. These landholding corporations were
created under the land regimes prescribed in Section 7 of the JBNQA
and An Act Respecting the Land Regime in the James Bay & New
Quebec Territories.
Some milestones relative to
lands:
Royal Proclamation of 1763
The Royal Proclamation recognized the existence of Indian settlements
in the colony of Quebec. Delimitation of Quebec under the Royal
Proclamation.
Extension of Quebec under the
Quebec Act of 1774 (London)
Act of 1851
The Act of 1851 authorized the Commissioner of Crown Lands to set
aside areas in Lower Canada for the use of Indian bands. Under this
act, the total area of lands set aside could not exceed 230,000
acres. These lands were administered by the Commissioner of Indian
Lands.
Constitution Act 1867
The Constitution Act 1867 conferred on the Parliament of Canada
jurisdiction "over Indians and lands reserved for Indians."
Indian Act (1876 and subsequent
amendments)
The Indian Act established the land regime in Indian reserves.
Concurrent federal and provincial
legislation respecting the extension of Quebec's borders (1898)
Legislation concerning the delimitation of the northwest, north
and northeast borders of Quebec.
Quebec Boundaries Extension
Act (1912)
Act respecting the Extension of the Province of Quebec by the Annexation
of Ungava (1912).
Quebec Lands and Forests Act
(1922)
The Quebec Lands and Forests Act (1922) authorized the Government
of Quebec to reserve lands for the use of Indians. Under this act,
the maximum area of Indian reserves in Quebec was increased from
230,000 to 330,000 acres. The lands thus reserved and transferred
to the Government of Canada are administered by that government.
Should the Indians surrender these lands, they revert to the Government
of Quebec under the Act.
Decision of the Supreme Court
of Canada (1939)
The Supreme Court of Canada grants responsibility for the Inuit
to the Government of Canada. This jurisdiction concerns persons
and not lands.
Report of the Commission Studying
the Territorial Integrity of Quebec (1966) This commission looked
into the question of federal lands in Quebec. In 1971, it filed
its report on the fourth section of its inquiry, concerning Indian
land ownership: The Indian Domain.
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
(1975) The land regime established under the James Bay and Northern
Quebec Agreement defines the extent of Cree and Inuit territories
and the rights attached thereto.
Northeastern Quebec Agreement
(1978)
The land regime established under the Northeastern Quebec Agreement
defines the extent of the territory of the Naskapis and the rights
attached thereto.
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Federal electoral district in which the territory
of the community is located.
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Provincial electoral district in which the territory
of the community is located.
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The territory of a community is demarcated in
relation to geographical reference points or to the nearest major
city or village.
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The area of a territory is given in hectares or square kilometres.
There are 100 hectares in a square kilometre. The area thus measured
includes only the territory set aside for the band or corporation
and excludes zones for hunting, fishing or other activities. The
area of territories is rounded off to the nearest one hundredth
of a hectare or square kilometre. Data comes from the Department
of Natural Resources of Canada and from the Ministère des
Ressources naturelles du Québec.
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Population data have been taken from INAC's Indian
Register (2001). The Indian Register covers all persons who are
status Indians as defined by the Indian Act. The population Within the territory:does not include residents that are not members
of the band.
The data on the Inuit population are taken from
the Registers of Cree, Inuit and Naskapi beneficiaries of the
JBNQA and the NEQA from the Ministère de la Santé
et des Services sociaux du Québec (December 2002). The
Inuit Registry includes all Inuit persons registered under Quebec's
Act respecting Cree, Inuit and Naskapi native persons. The population
represents the number of people affiliated with (members of) the
community (community of affiliation). The community of residence
includes the Inuit beneficiaries living there. There are approximately
90 Inuit beneficiaries of the JBNQA who are permanent residents
of Chisasibi, a Cree village located on James Bay. The Inuit of
Chisasibi are considered members of the Chisasibi Cree Nation
and can vote on the application of certain provisions of the Cree-Naskapi
(of Quebec) Act. Under the Complementary Agreement No. 3 to the
JBNQA, an area of 45.1 km2 of Category I lands (not transferred)
is set aside for the exclusive use of the Inuit of Chisasibi.
There is no profile of this group in the present document.
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The native tongue of the community is given first,
followed by French or English, whichever is more commonly spoken
by members of the community.
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A band council subject to the Indian Act consists of a chief
and councillors elected as representatives of their community.
The band councils manage a variety of programs and services offered
to their members. Within their areas of jurisdiction, councils
may adopt administrative by-laws provided that these are consistent
with the Indian Act and other government regulations.
Among the Cree and Naskapi, the powers and composition of band
councils are defined in the Cree-Naskapi (of Quebec) Act.
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Among the Inuit, the municipal councils of the
14 northern villages are governed by Quebec's Act Respecting Northern
Villages and the Kativik Regional Government. They consist of a
mayor and six councillors. The municipal councils of northern villages
assume responsibilities similar to those of the other municipal
councils in Quebec, although some of their powers have been expanded.
One of the members of the municipal council designated under the
provisions of An Act Respecting Northern Villages and the Kativik
Regional Government assumes the role of regional councillor and
represents the municipality on the Council of the Kativik Regional
Government (KRG), the regional structure that has jurisdiction over
all northern municipalities. The makeup and powers of the KRG are
defined in the Act Respecting Northern Villages and the Kativik
Regional Government.
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The election of representatives to a band council
that is subject to the Indian Act is carried out in accordance with
that act. The Act provides for two methods of election: either following
the procedures specified by the Act or else following band custom.
The election of the band council is carried out
in accordance with the provisions of sections 74 to 80 of the Indian
Act. These provisions specify that one councillor should be elected
for every 100 band members, up to a maximum of 12 councillors (election
by majority of votes cast). The chief may be elected by a majority
vote of the councillors. A band council serves for two years.
The electoral process and term of office of a
band council elected in accordance with local custom are not defined
by the Act and vary according to the traditions and customs of each
community.
The Cree-Naskapi of Quebec Act allows the communities
to establish their own rules concerning the election and term of
office of the members of the band council.
The election of representatives to the municipal
council of a northern village is governed by the Act Respecting
Northern Villages and the Kativik Regional Government. The members
of the council are elected by voters. The municipal council's term
of office is two years. Any candidate to the municipal council must
normally have resided in the municipality for at least 36 months.
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The principal economic activities of the community
are shown. The number of people employed in each occupation and
information on industry sectors were provided by Aboriginal communities.
Entries for those communities that did not provide employment data
or industry sector information read "Data unavailable."
Businesses are those located on community territory, which are generally
owned by members of the community.
Nunavik is unlike other Aboriginal territories
in that it comprises ethnic and non-ethnic businesses. The businesses
featured in the Guide, listed by major industry sector, owned by
Inuit residents, although their headquarters may or may not be located
in Nunavik. Private businesses operating in the region but not owned
by Inuit have been excluded. In the 1960s the Inuit started setting
up co-operatives to market local products such as reproductions
of works of art and engravings. Most of these co-operatives are
under the umbrella of the Fédération des Coopératives
du Nouveau-Québec (1967) and are currently operating general
stores (selling items such as perishable goods, hardware, clothing,
petroleum products retail) and small hotels. They also offer a wide
range of services. The Kativik Regional Development Council is the
main source of economic data (1998). The main source of employment
data is the Kativik Regional Government.
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This section gives the name, address and levels of instruction
of schools located on the territory of a community. A table shows
attendance for each level of instruction and type of school. Data
for student-age populations are drawn from INAC’s statistics.
A band school is administered by the band council.
A provincial school is an institution belonging to the school system
administered by the Government of Quebec. A federal school is administered
by INAC. The administration of most federal schools has gradually
been entrusted to band councils, with the former becoming band schools.
Cree schools are administered by the Cree School
Board, which was set up under the JBNQA and is governed by the Education
Act for Cree, Inuit and Naskapi Native Persons.
The Naskapi school is administered by the Eastern
Quebec Regional School Board. The languages of instruction are Naskapi
and English.
Inuit schools are administered by the Kativik School
Board. This board was established under the JBNQA and is governed
by the Education Act for Cree, Inuit and Naskapi Native Persons.
In primary school, the language of instruction is Inuktitut during
the first three grades. Beginning in Grade 4, parents may choose
the second language of instruction (French or English). Pupils of
a community without a school on its territory may attend the school
of another Indian community or a school belonging to the provincial
school network. Thus, in Chisasibi, Inuit pupils attend the Chisasibi
Cree school. Data on school attendance in Inuit communities comes
from the Ministère de l'Éducation du Québec.
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The principal community services generally found
in a community are briefly described. The data related to Indian
communities are derived from INAC's lists of assets and Indian
communities lists.
Data related to Inuit communities are provided
by the Kativik Regional Government, the Nunavik Regional Health
and Social Services Board and the Makivik Corporation. The following
main Quebec departments and agencies provide funding and institutional
assistance to community services: the Ministère des Affaires
municipales et de la Métropole, the Ministère de la
Sécurité publique, the Société d'habitation
du Québec, the Ministère de la Culture et des Communications,
the Ministère des Transports, the Société de
la faune et des parcs and the Ministère de l'Environnement.
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Building intended for firefighters and for storing firefighting equipment.
The term "small fire
station" refers to a small building for storing firefighting
equipment.
Fire engine
Truck equipped with motor-powered fire pump.
Firefighting equipment
Equipment including portable pump, hoses, axes, shovels, helmets,
clothing, etc.
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Tripartite agreements and police services
In almost all Indian communities in Quebec, delivery, administration
and funding of police services are provided under tripartite agreements
involving Quebec's Ministère de la Sécurité
publique, the Solicitor General of Canada, and a band council or
its duly authorized representative.
As a rule, police services are managed by the band
council. Aboriginal police officers are employees of the band council
and are mandated to apply the laws and by-laws in force in the territory
of the community.
In Inuit communities, the Kativik Regional Police
Force was recognized by the federal and provincial governments under
a tripartite agreement involving the Kativik Regional Government,
Quebec's Ministère de la Sécurité publique
and the Solicitor General of Canada.
Aboriginal police force
In some Indian communities, the police services provided by a band
council were granted full autonomy and the status of Aboriginal
police force under tripartite agreements.
Kativik Regional Police Force
Police force which reports to the Kativik Regional Government and
is responsible for maintaining law and order and public security
throughout the territory of Nunavik, and for preventing crime and
violations of applicable laws and by-laws.
Sûreté du Québec (Quebec
Police Force)
Police force, which, under the authority of Québec's Ministère
de la Sécurité publique, is responsible for maintaining
law and order and public security throughout the territory of Quebec.
Royal Canadian Mounted Police
Police force which, under the authority of the Solicitor General
of Canada, is responsible for enforcing federal laws throughout
the territory of Quebec.
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In Indian communities, medical care is provided
by Health Canada or by the band councils under agreements with Health
Canada.
Dispensary
Medical care facility in which minor surgery can be performed and
patients are hospitalized for no more than one day.
Nursing Station
Facility on band territory in which nursing and support staff can
carry out a public health program, offer care to patients and provide
outpatient consultation services. It can accommodate short-term
patients.
Health centre
Facility on band territory in which the staff can carry out a public
health program and provide outpatient consultation services.
Transportation service
Under certain conditions, Health Canada defrays transportation costs
so that patients may receive the adequate medical care that is most
easily accessible from the territory of the community.
In Cree, Inuit and Naskapi communities, medical
care is the jurisdiction of Québec's Ministère de
la Santé et des Services sociaux. In Cree and Inuit communities,
this care is provided by organizations established under the JBNQA:
the Cree Council for Health and Social Services of James Bay, and
the Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services. In the
Naskapi community, care is provided by health establishments governed
by the Régie Régionale de la Santé et des Services
sociaux de la Côte-Nord.
Health centre
Multi-purpose facility–hospital centre for general or specialized
care, CLSC (local community social service centre), child and youth
protection centre, residential and extended care centre, youth rehabilitation
centre and centre offering long- and short-term
hospital care as well as all related essential services such as
dental care.
CLSC point of service
Facility in which CLSC staff provides routine health care and prevention
services. Most service points have two or three nurses. Medical
specialists go on tours of northern villages. In some of the larger
communities, there is a resident doctor and dentist. Elsewhere,
periodic visits are made. If no doctor is available locally, a nurse
can, if necessary, call a doctor to decide a course of treatment
on site or to transfer the patient.
Air transportation service
In Nunavik, doctors frequently consult specialists in the South.
Whenever a patient requires specialized care, he or she is transferred
to one of the referral hospitals in Montreal either by regular flight
or air ambulance.
Patient Services
Montreal's Patient Services provides liaison and support for transfers.
Transition home
Home that may temporarily accommodate patients who need care but
no longer require it in a hospital setting.
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Most Indian communities have updated the data
contained in this guide. Additional information is drawn from the
databases of INAC, Public Works and Government Services Canada,
Health Canada, the Solicitor General of Canada, the Makivik Corporation,
the Kativik Regional Government and various Quebec government departments
and agencies. Data provided by the First Nations takes precedence
over that from other bodies that were consulted. The sources are
indicated for information not
provided by the First Nations or the Inuit.
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