Work/Life Balance and New Workplace Challenges: Research and Statistics
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
More leavers than graduates encountered unemployment and more male leavers than graduates worked in blue collar occupations, while more female leavers than graduates worked in service jobs., Leavers, to a greater extent than graduates, were interested in pursuing engineering and applied science technologies and trades, while more graduates were interested in educational, recreational and counselling services; commerce, management and business administration; engineering and applied sciences and health professions (Table 8-6)., Female leavers and graduates were clustered in clerical, sales and service jobs with female leavers tending to be in service jobs (40%) and female graduates tending to be in clerical and related positions (39%).
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
This is likely due to the combination of a number of factors: (a) the survey data will reflect changes in school attendance and completion, for example, during a recession, (b) the administrative data examine a phenomenon that is still taking place, the process of schooling, while the surveys attempt to capture the results of this process after it has occurred by selecting older individuals, thus accommodating transfers, interruptions, etc., (c) the surveys may have difficulty locating some of the non-completers., 1 Estimates From Survey Data Used in the Table Are Based on the Following Definitions: Census: without secondary certificate, age 20, not attending school; based on province of residence., School Leavers Survey: without high school graduation, age 20, not in school; based on province of schooling.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
A computer assisted telephone interview (CATI) administered from April - June, 1991 obtained demographic/background, school experience, and post-school labour market and other outcome measures, along with whether respondents were in school (continuers), had graduated (graduates) or had left before graduating (leavers)., Part-time employment was related to school-leaving, with lower leaver rates coming from students who worked less than 20 hours per week during the school year, and higher rates for those who worked long weekly hours, or did not work at all., School performance differed for leavers and graduates, with leavers more likely to have failed an elementary grade, have lower grade averages, and have difficulty with, or fail, core courses such as mathematics, science and English/French.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
Virginia Miller, Doug Giddings, Patricia Mosher and Yigal Messeri January 1995
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
And in fact, there are striking differences in the school experiences of leavers and graduates, ranging from their ability to get along with teachers, to interest in and attendance at classes, participation in school activities, friendship networks, and a sense of belonging., Not unexpectedly, in light of leavers' dissatisfaction with school and lack of involvement in school activities, they were more likely than graduates to skip classes during their last year of school., The difference between leavers and graduates was particularly pronounced among men: 36% of male leavers, compared with 22% of male graduates were dissatisfied with school rules.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
It can adjust for deaths and migration, but is less successful in dealing with (a) program changes within the system, such as students who transfer to a vocational or work experience program, thereby putting them out of step with their entering cohort, (b) students who graduate early, (c) students who take more than four years to graduate, (d) any equivalent, alternative or advanced education taken after leaving school, (e) changing administrative definitions (ea. special education students included in Grade 9 or in ungraded enrolment) or means of record keeping., Advantages of using the Labour Force Survey include: (a) this technique can offer a very timely reflection of the school leaving phenomenon, (b) data are used to compare school non-completion rates among the OECD countries, (c) as the measure of educational attainment is part of the broader coverage of the Labour Force Survey, it can be readily linked analytically to employment measures and thereby, economic trends, Advantages of using Census data are: (a) the educational attainment information is based on a 20% sample of the entire population and therefore is subject to a very small sampling error, (b) a periodic benchmark for educational attainment is provided along with many other personal and household characteristics which provide a rich analytic basis for further analyses, (c) more complete coverage of the educational attainment of the population is provided, which may get around possible differences in the administrative records of education jurisdictions.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
It seems likely, however, that intensive work involvement increases the risk of school-leaving for many students, particularly males, either because the balance between the time demands of school and work can no longer be maintained, or because long work hours are indicative of an underlying process of disengagement from school., It appears that part-time employment involving a moderate number of hours per week during the school year may promote behaviours and attitudes that lead to perseverance in school, regardless of students' academic performance levels and school experiences., In contrast, students with lower school performance and negative school experiences may lack the necessary skills or the interest in employment, or may take on jobs with extensive time commitments as they begin to disengage from school in favour of work.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
38 The high-risk group consists of those in one or more of the following categories: with dependent children; ever-married; with disabilities; living with neither parent; lone-parent families where the parent had less than postsecondary education; two-parent families where the father was not working and the mother either was not working or had a pink or blue collar job; two-parent families where both parents were blue collar workers; or two-parent families where the father's education was unknown., 36 In two-parent families, "low" parental education refers to families where one or both parents had not graduated from high school; "medium," to families where both parents were high school graduates or where one had at least some postsecondary education, and the other had less; and "high" to families where both parents had at least some postsecondary education., In two-parent families, there were eight times as many female leavers whose mothers had low education as had high education; by contrast, among male leavers, low-education mothers were three times as numerous as those with high education (Chart 3-6).
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
Many high school non-completers come from low socio-economic backgrounds, 17 from single-parent households 18, from basic or general academic streams/programs, 19 have failed at least one course during their high school career, work for pay more than 15 hours a week, have low selfesteem, are frustrated learners with short-range rather than long-range goals, feel alienated from teachers, peers, and curriculum, and are concrete rather than abstract thinkers., Chapter 4 compares the high school experiences of leavers and graduates: reasons for leaving; interest in courses; academic and social involvement; friendship patterns; reasons for returning to school after leaving; and reactions to school departure., We believe that a new vision for the Canadian economy is needed, one in which Canada's natural resource abundance is fully exploited, in which firms and governments focus on creating advanced skills and technology, in which sophisticated home demand drives more firms to create advanced products and processes, in which many more Canadian firms compete globally, and in which competition provides a key stimulus for continual upgrading."
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
Female graduates were much more likely to report some degree of alcohol use than were female leavers (73% versus 56%) while similar proportions of male leavers (74%) and graduates (77%) consumed alcohol in their final year (Chart 7-2)., In fact, the proportion of leavers who had used soft drugs or misused prescription drugs (30%) was nearly double the proportion of graduates ( 16%) (Chart 7-1)., Although participation in such activities may not necessarily lead to the decision to leave school, these deviant behaviour patterns may act as red flags, indicating students at greater risk of leaving school before graduation.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
Only respondents who had completed Grade 8 or more in Quebec or British Columbia and Grade 9 or more in the other provinces were asked to report grade averages in high school, course difficulties, and course failure in high school., Although academic performance is seen as a key variable in the school leaving process and differences in the performance of graduates and leavers have been found, much more needs to be discovered about the factors involved in, and consequences of, academic performance., Female leavers were much more likely than female graduates to report difficulties in science (44% versus 26%), while the difference between male leavers and graduates was much less pronounced (29% versus 22%) (Chart 5-3).
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
To provide national and provincial leaver rates for twenty-year-olds within a coefficient of variation of 16.5%, and to have continuers, leavers and graduates, each considered separately, possess some characteristic from the questionnaire estimated within a coefficient of variation of 16.5%, a final sample size of 18,000 was decided upon., This match also accommodated those situations where the support for a selected individual was transferred from one parent to the other and the previous parent knew the whereabouts of the selected individual, as well as the situation where the people who lived at the previous address of the family would know of the whereabouts of the selected individual., Demographic Projections: Since the target population for the survey was to cover all individuals aged eighteen to twenty in the ten provinces, comparisons were made between the estimates of total population achieved from the survey with those from demographic projections.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
A third type of study which would contribute knowledge in this important area is to replicate essential components of the School Leavers Survey (with new measures added) in 1995, thereby obtaining the latest rate information, and then to track respondents over the next 3 - 5 years, the crucial formative period concerning education, training and employment., While the School Leavers Survey can estimate rates and investigate background and school experience variables, it and other cross-sectional surveys can say little about the process of alternative, equivalent, and advanced education beyond the age group of their samples. in the case of the SLS., In a competitive economy dominated by technology and advanced skills and competencies, high school completion may be the minimum level of education needed to have an opportunity to compete in the labour market, obtain an entry-level job, and to secure a basic standard of living.
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Other Related Sites
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Information specific to: Canada
If you are interested in accessing other related information, we have established links to other sites. Please place a marker at this page to facilitate your return to HRDC.
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Forum of Labour Market Ministers
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Information specific to: Canada
The Forum of Labour Market Ministers (FLMM) was established in 1983. The rationale for having a Labour Market Forum comes from the ongoing need to have interjurisdictional discussion and cooperation on labour market issues.
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Forum of Labour Market Ministers (FLMM) - December 2001
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Information specific to: Canada
Every year approximately 200,000 Canadians relocate to a different province or territory and look for work.
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Labour Mobility Coordinating Group
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Information specific to: Canada
The Forum of Labour Market Ministers is charged with the implementation of the Labour Mobility Chapter and has established the Labour Mobility Coordinating Group to do so on its behalf. Representatives from each of the federal, provincial and territorial governments are members of the Group, which is co-chaired by Human Resources Development Canada and the Ministry of Skills, Training and Labour of the Government of British Columbia.
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List of Labour Mobility Contacts
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Information specific to: Canada
List of Labour Mobility Contacts
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Agreement on Internal Trade - Guidelines for meeting the obligations of the Labour Mobility Chapter
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Information specific to: Canada
In signing the Agreement on Internal Trade, federal, provincial and territorial governments have agreed to remove or reduce interprovincial barriers to the movement of workers, goods, services and capital. The purpose of these guidelines is to assist occupational regulatory bodies and governments to comply with the Labour Mobility Chapter.
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Detailed Summary of the Labour Mobility Chapter
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Information specific to: Canada
The Agreement on Internal Trade was signed by First Ministers on July 18, 1994 The Agreement is based on the operating principle that Canadian governments should ensure the free movement of persons, goods, services and investments across the country. The Parties to the Agreement are the federal government, all ten provincial governments and the two territorial governments.
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Funding Criteria to Support Compliance with the Labour Mobility Chapter
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Information specific to: Canada
Under the terms of the Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT), provincial governments and their regulatory bodies are to assess their legislation and other regulatory requirements and policies to ensure that they do not pose barriers to labour mobility. To this end, multi-lateral discussions may need to take place among regulatory bodies and governments from jurisdictions where each occupation is regulated. The obligation to recognize occupational qualifications and reconcile standards could entail new costs for regulatory bodies. Given the federal government's interest in promoting mobility, fostering partnerships in the private sector and assisting groups to develop and/or revise occupational standards, Human Resources Development Canada (HRDC) could provide financial assistance, under certain conditions, for activities related to reconciling occupational standards.
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Mobility now easier for workers across canada - December 2001
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Information specific to: Canada
Ottawa, December 7, 2001- Workers in regulated occupations in Canada are finding it easier to gain employment across the country, as barriers to labour mobility are being removed. The Forum of Labour Market Ministers (FLMM) is pleased to report that workers in over three-quarters of 51 occupations that are regulated in more than one jurisdiction in Canada can have their qualifications recognized more readily across the country as of July 1, 2001. This represents almost 97% of workers in these 51 occupations.
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Regulated Workers to Enjoy Improved Labour Mobility - July 2001
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Information specific to: Canada
Workers in regulated occupations will soon have one less thing to worry about when moving across Canada in search of a new job. Significant progress is being achieved by regulatory bodies to ensure that, as of July 1, 2001, any worker qualified for an occupation in one province or territory is to be granted access to employment opportunities in that occupation in any other province or territory.
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Leaving School - Results From a National Survey Comparing School Leavers and High School Graduates 18 to 20 Years of Age - January 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
The number of high school dropouts and the factors influencing premature school departure are strategic indicators of school system functioning. In light of traditionally high estimates of noncompletion (30%), Employment and Immigration Canada commissioned Statistics Canada to conduct a School Leavers Survey (SLS) to estimate the magnitude of the problem and to identify the circumstances associated with dropping out.
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Opening the Doors to Canada-Wide Employment - July 2001
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Information specific to: Canada
The Agreement on Internal Trade is an agreement among the federal, provincial and territorial governments to make it easier for people, goods, services and investment to move freely throughout Canada. Chapter 7 of the agreement deals with labour mobility.
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Sectoral Partnership Initiative Support for Labour Mobility - July 1997
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Information specific to: Canada
The Agreement on Internal Trade (AIT) was signed in 1994 by the federal, provincial and territorial governments and came into effect in July 1995. A section of the AIT, Chapter 7, deals with labour mobility. Its objective is to enable workers qualified for an occupation in one part of Canada to have access to employment opportunities in that occupation in any other province or territory.
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Report on Implementation of the Labour Mobility Chapter of the Agreement on Internal Trade - July 2001
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Information specific to: Canada
Across Canada, governments and organizations that regulate occupations and trades are enacting changes intended to make it easier for regulated workers to have their qualifications recognized anywhere in the country. This report gives an overview of 51 of the occupations that are regulated in two or more Canadian jurisdictions. With input and advice from the regulators, government officials assessed progress made by each occupation toward improved labour mobility. This report also summarizes steps taken to improve labour mobility among trade workers.
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Backgrounder - Labour Mobility Chapter
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Information specific to: Canada
Governments are improving the ability of Canadian residents to work anywhere in the country. The federal, provincial and territorial governments have agreed to remove barriers to interprovincial trade and ensure the free movement of persons, goods, services and investments. The Agreement on Internal Trade came into effect on July 1, 1995.
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Jobless Recovery: Is it Really Happening - October 1995
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Information specific to: Canada
Concerns over the weak recovery in employment following the 1990-91 recession led many observers to describe this period as a “jobless recovery”. This research paper uses econometric estimations and simulations of employment equations to determine if the weakness in employment growth over the 1991-95 period can be explained by weak output growth, the evolution of real wages, industrial restructuring or the evolution in the real cost of capital.
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Voices of Canadians: Seeking Work-Life Balance - Table of Contents
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Information specific to: Canada
There is a vast academic literature dealing with the issue of work-life conflict. Most of the reports in this area focus on facts and figures. This report is different, in that it tells the stories behind the statistics by focusing on what Canadians have to say about their lives with respect to work, family and life. As such, it provides a clearer view of what both conflict and balance look and feel like from the point of view of Canadian employees and their families. It also explores what factors make balance problematic and looks at how Canadians and their families cope.
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Improving Work-Life Balance - What Are Other Countries Doing?
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Information specific to: Canada
This report provides an overview of different types of work-life balance initiatives that have been developed by some industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom, Australia, Sweden and the United States. The report also reviews recent survey data that suggests work-life conflict is a growing concern in several countries. Overall, the report reveals that there is no ?one size fits all? approach to improving work-life balance.
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Addressing Work-Life Balance in Canada
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Information specific to: Canada
This paper describes the emerging understanding of the causes of increasing work-life conflict and the need for measures to promote work-life balance. The paper summarizes the changes in social and institutional conditions over the past forty years which have resulted in dramatic changes in the workforce and new challenges for the workplace. Current approaches for employers and governments to address work-life conflict are discussed, includingresearch and promotion as well as health, social and labour policy initiatives.
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Work, Family and Community: Key Issues and Directions for Future Research
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Information specific to: Canada
Work, Family and Community: Key Issues and Directions for Future Research, 5.0 Responses to Work-Family-Community Conflict, 4.0 The Interaction of Work, Family and Community: Key Issues
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Work-Related Child-Care Centres in Canada - 2001 : Table of Contents
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Information specific to: Canada
What Parents Appreciate Availability of Child-Care Spaces Location of the Child-Care Centre Hours of Operation Registration Options Child-Care Staff, Number of Centres Location Year of Creation Industries and Sectors Size of Employer's Workforce Gender Distribution of the Employer's Workforce Status of Employees (Eligibility) Capacity of Centres: Number of Licensed Spaces;, Chapter II - Involvement of Employers, Unions, Governments and Employees in the Establishment and Operation of Work-Related Child-Care Centres
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Work and Family Provisions in Canadian Collective Agreements - Table of Contents
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Information specific to: Canada
This study of family-friendly provisions found in major collective agreements has been undertaken in the context of the federal government?s commitment to “make workplace policies...of federally regulated employees more family friendly”. Its main purpose is to examine to what degree provisions related to the balancing of work and family responsibilities have been considered in the context of collective bargaining. This information is meant to help employers, unions, labour practitioners and researchers to: Gain a better understanding of policies and practices conducive to the balancing of work and family responsibilities; Identify some of the more innovative practices; Assess the feasibility of implementing such arrangements in a variety of contexts; and, Discern some of the emerging priorities regarding this issue.
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Work-Life Balance in Canada: A Report to Ministers Responsible for Labour in Canada - Table of Contents
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Information specific to: Canada
The table of contents for this report.
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Collective Agreements and Older Workers in Canada - Table of Contents
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Information specific to: Canada
The purpose of this study is to examine to what extent older workers and the ageing of the workforce have been considered in the context of collective bargaining. The study identifies and analyzes provisions contained in major Canadian collective agreements that may have an impact on the working conditions of older workers. It is intended to help employers, union representatives, labour practitioners and researchers gain a better understanding of current workplace practices and how collective agreements can address emerging workplace issues such as an ageing workforce.