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| Version française |
Tuesday, March 17, 1998
For release at 8:30 a.m.
Statistics Canada today releases 1996 Census data showing trends in the Canadian work force during the past five years, the eighth of 11 announcements that are painting a new statistical portrait of the nation.
This report contains information on the labour market activities of individuals aged 15 and over, including data by industry, occupation and class of worker (self-employed or employee). While this report presents data only for national, provincial/territorial and census metropolitan area levels, the unique value of the census lies in providing accurate information for small communities throughout the country, information which is available through all Statistics Canada regional offices.
This report also examines the characteristics of people who work at home, and provides data on the various modes of transportation Canadians use to get to work. As well, it contains data for all Canadians aged 15 and over on the amount of time spent on unpaid housework or home maintenance, on child care, and on providing unpaid care or assistance to seniors.
Information on the level of education, incomes and other demographic characteristics of labour force participants and persons engaged in unpaid work will be available later this spring.
The census showed a large increase between 1990 and 1995 in the number of individuals who worked for a full year on a part-time basis, accompanied by a decline among those who worked throughout the year on a full-time basis.
In 1995, the last complete year before the census was taken, 7.7 million people worked full-year, full-time, down 2.6% from the 1990 figure. As a result, in 1995, 86% of all full-year workers worked on a full-time basis, compared with 89% in 1990, 90% in 1980 and 93% in 1970.
In contrast, the number of people who reported that they worked part-time throughout the year increased nearly 20% to 1.2 million. This is almost double the number (680,000) who reported working on a part-time basis throughout the year in 1980. The comparable figure in 1970 was 351,000 persons.
Total paid labour force: composed of all people aged 15 years and over, excluding institutional residents, who were employed or unemployed during the week prior to Census day (the reference week).
Reference year: the year preceding the year in which the census is held, in this case 1995 for the 1996 Census.
Full-time workers: those persons who said they worked mostly 30 hours or more a week during the census reference year.
Part-time workers: those persons who said they worked mostly less than 30 hours a week during the census reference year.
Full-year, full-time workers: those persons who said they worked 49 to 52 weeks, on a full-time basis in the census reference year.
Full-year, part-time workers: those persons who said they worked 49 to 52 weeks, on a part-time basis in the census reference year.
The self-employed: can be divided into groups: "employers" who have their own paid help and "own account" workers who work by, and for, themselves. In addition, these groups can be further subdivided based on whether the self-employed business has been legally incorporated. The remaining members of the labour force are classified as "employees", persons who work for others or "unpaid family workers", persons who worked without pay in family farms or businesses.
Experienced labour force: persons who were employed in the week preceding Census day or, if unemployed, had worked since January 1 of the previous year. In this report, industry, occupation and class of worker data are presented for the experienced labour force only.
Industry: the general nature of the business carried out by the employer for whom the respondent works. If someone was not employed in the week prior to Census day, the information relates to the job of longest duration since January 1 of the previous year. The 1996 Census classified industry information according to the 1980 Standard Industrial Classification (SIC).
Occupation: the kind of work a person was doing during the week prior to the census, as determined by the kind of work and the description of the most important duties in the job. If someone was not employed in the week prior to Census day, the information relates to the job of longest duration since January 1 of the previous year. The 1996 Census classified occupation information according to the 1991 Standard Occupational Classification (SOC).
The number of men working full-time throughout the year declined by 4% between 1990 and 1995, while the number of women dropped by 1%. In contrast, there was an increase of 28% for men and 16% for women among those working part-time for the full year.
Women were still more likely to work full-year, part-time than men. A total of 861,000 women (12% of female workers) reported working full-year, part-time in 1995, compared with 344,000 men (4% of male workers).
Despite this trend toward part-time work, people who reported working full-year, full-time in 1995 still represented the slight majority (51%) of the 15 million Canadians who worked some time during 1995. Those who worked full-year, part-time in 1995 accounted for 8% of the total. The remaining 41% reported working less than 49 weeks, either full-time or part-time during the year.
Chart: Change in full-year, full-time
workers, Canada, 1980-1995
Chart: Change in full-year, part-time
workers, Canada, 1980-1995
When the data on full-time and part-time work are combined with the data on weeks worked, there is a substantial difference between men and women in the total amount of time devoted to paid work over the course of a year.
For example, in 1995, there were 4.6 million men working full-time for the full year, compared with 3.1 million women. For those working full-time for less than the full year, there were 2.3 million men, compared with 1.6 million women.
The difference in working time is accentuated by the fact that men working full-time work longer hours on average (45.7 hours in the reference week) than women working full-time (40.8 hours).
Between 1991 and 1996, there was substantial growth in the number of Canadians who were self-employed.
About 1.8 million individuals reported that they were their own boss in 1996, up 28% during the five-year period. They accounted for nearly 13% of the labour force, compared to 10% in 1991. Continuing a trend seen in the 1986 to 1991 period, the most substantial increases in self-employment were among "own account" workers, that is, those who work by, and for, themselves.
The trend toward self-employment was particularly noticeable for women. During the five-year period, the number of women who were employers increased 27%, compared with only 11% for men. Female "own account" workers increased 62% as opposed to 29% among men.
Self-employment grew in every province and territory. The largest increase (47%) was in British Columbia, the smallest in Newfoundland and Saskatchewan (less than 5%).
Continuing a trend which has existed for more than four decades, job growth was strongest in the service-producing industries between 1991 and 1996. During this period, the labour force in the services sector grew 3.3% to 10.5 million, while declining in the goods-producing sector by 5.8% to 3.8 million. Almost three of every four workers (73%) were in services in 1996.
The fastest growth (17%) occurred in business services, a sector which had one of the highest increases in part-time employment (49%). More than one-quarter (26%) of all individuals in this industry were self-employed in 1996, an increase of 83,000 workers compared with 1991, when the self-employed represented 21% of the workers.
Among the provinces and territories, all except Newfoundland and Nova Scotia showed growth in service-producing industries. Alberta, British Columbia, the Yukon and the Northwest Territories led the way, with British Columbia showing the largest increase, at 13%.
Of 10 broad occupational categories, the sales and service category was the largest in 1996, with a labour force of 3.7 million, or 26% of the total. One in every three women had a job in sales and service, compared to one in every five men. Between 1991 and 1996, this category had the second-fastest rate of increase in jobs (7%), and by far the largest absolute increase in jobs created, 248,000.
Business, finance and administrative occupations was the second largest occupation category, with a labour force of 2.7 million. Overall, the labour force in this category declined slightly, although the trends were significantly different for men and women. For men, business, finance and administrative occupations increased 8%, the second fastest-growing category. Among women in this category, the labour force declined 3%, mainly due to a substantial drop of 101,000 in the number of women working as secretaries.
With a labour force of only 386,000, art, culture, recreation and sport was the smallest occupational category. However, it showed the greatest growth (14.5%) between 1991 and 1996. "Own account" workers comprised over two-thirds of the growth in this category. Occupations such as writers, musicians, painters, photographers and graphic designers were contributors to this growth.
Table: Experienced labour force by broad occupational category, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Both Sexes Male Female
______________________________________________________________________________
#
_______________________________________________
All occupations 14,317,545 7,768,490 6,549,060
Management 1,289,125 880,240 408,880
Business, Finance and
Administrative 2,718,250 766,570 1,951,680
Natural and Applied
Sciences and Related 712,500 585,415 127,080
Health 719,450 152,825 566,625
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 975,385 393,715 581,670
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 386,315 179,925 206,390
Sales and Service 3,724,430 1,609,510 2,114,920
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators
and Related 2,018,355 1,896,255 122,100
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 680,685 534,015 146,670
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 1,093,045 770,010 323,035
%
_______________________________________________
All occupations 100.0 100.0 100.0
Management 9.0 11.3 6.2
Business, Finance and
Administrative 19.0 9.9 29.8
Natural and Applied
Sciences and Related 5.0 7.5 1.9
Health 5.0 2.0 8.7
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 6.8 5.1 8.9
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 2.7 2.3 3.2
Sales and Service 26.0 20.7 32.3
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators
and Related 14.1 24.4 1.9
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 4.8 6.9 2.2
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 7.6 9.9 4.9
______________________________________________________________________________
More than 222,000 men reported themselves as truck drivers in the 1996 Census, the largest single job among men. In 1991, truck drivers ranked third on the list of top 10 jobs.
Chart: Ten most frequent jobs for men,
Canada, 1996
Retail salespersons, the most frequent occupation for men in 1991, dropped to second place in 1996. Janitors, who were in fifth place in 1991, rose to third in 1996.
Five of the 10 most frequent occupations for men in 1996 were jobs in the broad category of trades, transportation and equipment operators: truck drivers, motor vehicle mechanics, material handlers, carpenters and construction trade helpers.
The 10 most frequent jobs for men accounted for 20% of all jobs held by men in 1996.
By province, only in Quebec and New Brunswick were truck drivers the most frequently reported occupation. Fishermen topped the list in Newfoundland and Prince Edward Island. Although the number of farmers in Canada decreased between 1991 and 1996, continuing a long-term trend, farming was still the most common job for men on the Prairies.
Retail salespersons was the most common job for men in Nova Scotia, Ontario and British Columbia. In the Yukon, heavy equipment operator was the most frequently reported occupation for men, while in the Northwest Territories, carpenters ranked first.
In 1996, more women reported themselves as retail salespersons than any other occupation. Five years earlier, the most common job for women was secretary. The large decline in the number of secretaries reported in 1996 moved this occupation to second place. Cashiers were in third place.
Chart: Ten most frequent jobs for women,
Canada, 1996
Babysitters and nannies, which ranked ninth in 1996, weren't on the list of top 10 most frequent jobs for women in 1991. The top 10 jobs accounted for 32% of all occupations held by women in 1996.
Retail salespersons ranked first in all provinces, except New Brunswick and Quebec. In these provinces, as well as in the territories, the most prevalent jobs for women were secretarial positions.
Retail salespersons and sales clerks was the leading job group among all workers in Canada's four largest census metropolitan areas in 1996.
These jobs led the way among both men and women in Toronto and Vancouver, and among men in Montreal and Ottawa-Hull. Among women in Montreal and Ottawa-Hull, the retail sales group placed second behind secretarial jobs.
High-technology ranked near the top in the Ottawa part of Ottawa-Hull. The second leading job among all male workers in the Ottawa part was computer systems analyst, with 6,100 employees. Computer programmers were the fourth largest with 4,500 employees.
Women had the highest proportional representation in the broad occupational category of health, where they outnumbered men four to one. This was due mainly to the number of women who were registered nurses, nursing assistants and nurses aides. Women outnumbering men four to one in health occupations was the case in 1991 as well.
In 1996, women accounted for 30% of general practitioners and specialist physicians, up from 26% in 1991.
Table: Selected characteristics of the experienced labour force by broad
occupational category, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Female Part-time(1) Self-employed
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
All occupations 45.7 23.4 12.6
Management 31.7 7.1 27.0
Business, Finance and
Administrative 71.8 22.0 7.0
Natural and Applied
Sciences and Related 17.8 6.6 10.0
Health 78.8 31.9 12.1
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 59.6 20.3 7.2
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 53.4 37.1 28.7
Sales and Service 56.8 40.6 8.9
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators
and Related 6.0 12.7 14.2
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 21.5 21.2 39.3
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 29.6 10.2 3.4
______________________________________________________________________________
Average age
______________________________________________________________________________
All occupations 38.2
Management 42.1
Business, Finance and
Administrative 38.7
Natural and Applied
Sciences and Related 37.9
Health 40.0
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 41.0
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 36.2
Sales and Service 34.9
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators
and Related 38.9
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 40.5
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 37.7
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Part-time in this table refers to the population who worked in 1995
rather than the experienced labour force.
Women also dominated the business, finance and administrative occupation group, a result of their overwhelming shares in occupations such as secretaries (98%) and general office clerks (84%).
Female elementary and kindergarten teachers outnumbered their male counterparts by over four to one. There were 187,000 women teachers compared with 43,000 men. At the secondary school level, there were 79,000 female teachers compared with 77,000 men. There were, however, almost twice as many male university professors (33,000) as female (17,000).
Part-time work was most prevalent among sales and service occupations, with 41% of respondents reporting that they worked part-time in 1995. These jobs included food service counter attendants, service station attendants and grocery clerks. The average age among these jobs (34.9 years) was among the lowest of all occupations.
Jobs in art, culture, recreation and sport also had a high proportion of part-time workers. More than two-thirds of musicians and singers worked part-time, as did about 85% of sports officials and referees, the highest proportion among part-time workers.
Immigrants, who comprised 17.4% of the population in 1996, accounted for 19% of the labour force in 1996.
Occupations in processing and manufacturing had the highest proportion of immigrants (28%). Slightly over 58% of the country's 70,000 sewing machine operators were immigrants. Of these, one-quarter were recent immigrants, that is, those who arrived in Canada between 1991 and 1996.
One-quarter of the jobs in the natural and applied sciences were held by immigrants. For example, immigrants represented 46% of aerospace engineers, 39% of chemists and 38% of computer engineers. Recent immigrants alone accounted for 11% of all computer engineers in 1996.
The distribution of recent immigrants differs from that of both the total immigrant population and the Canadian population as a whole. Jobs in processing and manufacturing accounted for 15.5% of the recent immigrant population. This compares with 7.6% of the total population and 11.4% for all immigrants.
A third of recent immigrants were in sales and service jobs compared with just over a quarter of all immigrants. Jobs in natural and applied sciences were reported by 6.8% of recent immigrants, but by only 5% of the general population.
Table: Percentage distribution for experienced labour force, immigrant
population and recent immigrants by broad occupational category
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Experienced labour force
_______________________ _______________________________________________
Total1 Immigrants Recent
immigrants2
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
All occupations 100.0 100.0 100.0
Management 9.0 10.0 7.2
Business, Finance and
Administrative 19.0 17.7 14.2
Natural and Applied
Sciences 5.0 6.5 6.8
Health 5.0 5.3 3.7
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 6.8 6.0 4.3
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 2.7 2.5 2.3
Sales and Service 26.0 25.6 33.7
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators 14.1 12.5 9.8
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 4.8 2.6 2.5
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 7.6 11.4 15.5
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Includes immigrants, non-immigrants and non-permanent residents.
(2) Includes persons who immigrated to Canada between 1991 and 1996 (first
four months only of 1996.)
Table: Immigrants and recent immigrants in the experienced labour force by
broad occupational category, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Immigrants Recent
Immigrants(1)
______________________________________________________________________________
# % #
All occupations 2,714,255 19.0 452,555
Management 272,575 21.1 32,485
Business, Finance and
Administrative 479,220 17.6 64,375
Natural and Applied
Sciences 176,935 24.8 30,925
Health 142,805 19.8 16,685
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 163,030 16.7 19,605
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 67,880 17.6 10,195
Sales and Service 693,870 18.6 152,485
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators 338,625 16.8 44,145
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 69,800 10.3 11,395
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 309,515 28.3 70,250
______________________________________________________________________________
Recent
Immigrants(1)
______________________________________________________________________________
%
All occupations 3.2
Management 2.5
Business, Finance and
Administrative 2.4
Natural and Applied
Sciences 4.3
Health 2.3
Social Science,
Education,
Government Service
and Religion 2.0
Art, Culture,
Recreation and Sport 2.6
Sales and Service 4.1
Trades, Transport and
Equipment Operators 2.2
Occupations Unique to
Primary Industry 1.7
Occupations Unique to
Processing,
Manufacturing and
Utilities 6.4
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) includes persons who immigrated to Canada between 1991 and 1996 (first
four months only of 1996).
Table: Experienced labour force by industry division, Canada
1991-1996
______________________________________________________________________________
1991 1996 % change
______________________________________________________________________________
#
______________________________
All industries 14,220,235 14,317,545 0.7
Agricultural and
related service
industries 521,335 485,605 -6.9
Fishing and trapping
industries 48,165 45,695 -5.1
Logging and forestry
industries 106,485 102,715 -3.5
Mining (including
milling), quarrying
and oil well
industries 192,025 168,320 -12.3
Manufacturing
industries 2,084,110 2,039,845 -2.1
Construction industries 933,425 822,345 -11.9
Transportation and
storage industries 581,810 598,925 2.9
Communication and
other utility
industries 479,185 446,770 -6.8
Wholesale trade
industries 614,345 711,820 15.9
Retail trade industries 1,831,350 1,781,250 -2.7
Finance and insurance
industries 576,860 522,070 -9.5
Real estate operator
and insurance agent
industries 233,705 265,730 13.7
Business service
industries 802,405 937,635 16.9
Government service
industries 1,111,385 887,450 -20.1
Educational service
industries 972,520 1,005,585 3.4
Health and social
service industries 1,277,340 1,409,170 10.3
Accommodation, food
and beverage service
industries 909,710 988,590 8.7
Other service
industries 944,065 1,098,030 16.3
Goods - producing
industries(2) 4,042,900 3,808,525 -5.8
Service - producing
industries(3) 10,177,330 10,509,020 3.3
______________________________________________________________________________
Part-time1 Self-employed Immigrants
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
All industries 23.4 12.6 19.0
Agricultural and
related service
industries 23.6 49.6 12.2
Fishing and trapping
industries 16.4 42.2 5.4
Logging and forestry
industries 12.3 14.0 5.6
Mining (including
milling), quarrying
and oil well
industries 6.0 5.5 8.8
Manufacturing
industries 8.8 4.8 25.6
Construction industries 16.7 26.6 17.5
Transportation and
storage industries 13.2 12.2 15.6
Communication and
other utility
industries 11.8 3.7 15.2
Wholesale trade
industries 12.6 10.2 19.0
Retail trade industries 38.3 13.3 16.9
Finance and insurance
industries 16.0 4.0 21.3
Real estate operator
and insurance agent
industries 20.6 17.5 23.0
Business service
industries 20.2 26.4 22.7
Government service
industries 11.1 0.0 11.4
Educational service
industries 25.8 2.5 17.4
Health and social
service industries 32.2 10.1 18.5
Accommodation, food
and beverage service
industries 43.8 8.6 22.5
Other service
industries 36.6 21.3 20.4
Goods - producing
industries(2) 12.4 15.8 20.1
Service - producing
industries(3) 27.4 11.4 18.5
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Part-time in this table refers to the population who worked in 1995
rather than the experienced labour force.
(2) Goods Producing Industries include the following Industry divisions:
Agricultural and Related, Fishing and Trapping, Logging and Forestry,
Mining, Manufacturing and Construction; as well as the Other Utility
Major Group from the Communications and Other Utility Industry Division.
(3) Service Producing Industries include the following Industry Divisions:
Transportation and Storage, Wholesale Trade, Retail Trade, Finance and
Insurance, Real Estate Operator and Insurance Agent, Business Service,
Government Service, Educational Service, Health and Social Service,
Accommodation, Food and Beverage Service, Other Services; as well as the
Communication Major Group from the Communication and Other Utility
Industry Division.
The vast majority (84%) of the working population of about 11.2 million people reported that they usually worked at a location other than their home during the week prior to the census. An additional 1 million, or about 8%, reported that they had no fixed workplace address. This latter group included people such as construction workers and landscapers.
A much smaller group, just under 50,000, reported working outside the country. One out of every 10 men who worked outside the country was a truck driver, the largest single group. About 2,000 women, 13% of those who held jobs outside Canada, were registered nurses. Some 800 of these nurses lived in the census metropolitan area of Windsor.
Including those living and working on a farm, just over 1 million employed individuals reported to the census that they usually worked at home in 1996. These people represented about 8% of the working population.
One-quarter of them worked and lived on a farm. The highest proportions of those who worked at home lived in the Prairie provinces, in particular Saskatchewan with its substantial agricultural base. One-fifth of the working population of Saskatchewan reported that they usually worked at home in 1996.
For the purpose of this report, the 267,000 employed people who lived and worked on a farm in Canada were not included in the analysis. They were excluded to allow an examination of the characteristics of the other at-home workers who are less homogeneous than the farming community. A full report on farm operators will be released later this year.
Excluding those who worked on a farm, a total of 819,000 people, or 6% of the employed labour force, usually worked at home in 1996.
More than 474,000, or 58% of employed people working at home, reported that they were self-employed. This proportion was over six times the rate of self-employed people who worked outside the home (9%). Of all self-employed people, 30% worked at home.
Place of work status: This question asked members of the labour force at which address they usually worked during the week prior to the census.
Mode of transportation to work: This question asked members of the labour force how they usually got to work during the week prior to the census.
Commuting distance: is calculated in kilometres, as the straight line distance between a person's residence and their usual workplace address.
Caution should be exercised in comparing place of work data between the 1996 Census and previous censuses. The comparability has been affected by a change in question format. One response category, "No fixed workplace address", was added in 1996.
Evaluations of the 1991 Census data showed that respondents who did not go to a regular address to work, such as construction workers, were unclear how to answer the 1991 question. In 1996, data quality was improved by providing these individuals with the possibility of marking that they had no fixed workplace address. About 7.6% of the employed labour force (1,010,685) marked this response.
The 1996 Census counted 1,086,000 paid employees and self-employed workers who usually worked at home. The Survey of Work Arrangements, conducted in November 1995, also collected information on working at home. However, the survey and census data are not directly comparable. The survey showed that about 1,003,000 paid workers regularly did some of their work at home, during their normal work hours, that is, excluding occasional overtime. Close to 62%, or 621,000, of these employees worked fewer than 10 hours a week at home.
In addition, survey results indicated that 1,126,000 self-employed workers reported that they operated their business from home. The number of hours they spent working at home was not measured.
Almost two-thirds (64%) of men who worked at home were self-employed, compared with 12% outside the home. Among women, slightly more than half (52%) who worked at home were self-employed, as opposed to only 5% of women who worked outside the home.
Part-time work at home was much more common than it was outside the home. Women were almost twice as likely as men to work on a part-time basis at home, that is, they worked fewer than 30 hours per week. About 44% of women who worked at home were part-time, compared with only 23% of men.
Table: Employed women and men usually working at home,(1) and outside the
home, by age groups, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
At home Outside of
the home
______________________________________________________________________________
# % #
Women
Age groups
15-24 27,475 6.2 906,350
25-34 98,600 22.2 1,478,920
35-44 142,435 32.1 1,621,280
45-54 101,480 22.9 1,159,880
55-64 52,670 11.9 391,450
65+ 20,690 4.7 49,700
Total 443,350 100 5,607,560
Men
Age groups
15-24 27,295 7.3 954,905
25-34 59,960 16.0 1,718,260
35-44 98,250 26.2 1,870,030
45-54 94,990 25.3 1,383,145
55-64 62,705 16.7 589,920
65+ 32,075 8.5 107,180
Total 375,275 100 6,623,460
______________________________________________________________________________
Outside of
the home
______________________________________________________________________________
%
Women
Age groups
15-24 16.2
25-34 26.4
35-44 28.9
45-54 20.7
55-64 7.0
65+ 0.9
Total 100
Men
Age groups
15-24 14.4
25-34 25.9
35-44 28.2
45-54 20.9
55-64 8.9
65+ 1.6
Total 100
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Excludes farming occupations.
About 443,000 employed women reported that they worked at home in 1996, compared with 375,000 men. This was in contrast to the employed labour force where men outnumbered women.
Individuals who work at home tend to be older than individuals working outside the home, in the case of both men and women. Of all women who worked at home, 72% were aged 35 or older, while only 58% of women who worked outside the home were in this age group. About 77% of men who worked at home were 35 or older, compared with only 60% of those who worked outside.
The likelihood of persons in the employed labour force working at home increases with age. For example, of all individuals aged 55 to 64 in the working population, 12% of women and 10% of men worked at home. Of all working people aged 65 and over, 29% of women and 23% of men worked at home. In sharp contrast, of all working individuals under the age of 55, only 7% of women and 5% of men worked at home.
Chart: Employed labour force usually
working at home as a proportion of the employed labour force, by age group and sex, Canada, 1996
Chart: Employed labour force usually
working at home, CMA, 1996
Overall, about three in every 10 people who worked at home were involved in sales and service occupations, although the jobs varied widely between women and men.
About 36% of women (160,000) were in sales and service, and of this group, over one-third (56,000) were working as babysitters or nannies, 22,000 were working in various sales positions, and 17,000 were working in early childhood education. Another 33% of women (146,000) were involved in business, finance or administrative positions, working as clerks (35,000), bookkeepers (34,000) and secretaries (24,000).
Men who worked at home tended to hold more diversified occupations. About one-fifth (78,000) worked in sales and services. Another 17% (64,000) were in trade and transport occupations, such as truck drivers (8,000). A further 17% (62,000) were in management occupations, for example, retail trade (10,000) and sales, marketing and advertising (8,000). Only 14% (51,000) of men were in business, finance or administrative positions.
In general, working at home was slightly more popular in western Canada, even with farming occupations excluded. An even 8% of the employed labour force in British Columbia worked at home, as did 7.7% in Saskatchewan. This compares with only 5.4% in New Brunswick.
The census metropolitan area of Victoria had the highest proportion of people who worked at home at 8.4%, followed by Vancouver at 7.5%.
In contrast, only 3.4% of the working population in the census metropolitan area of Windsor worked at home. The proportion was only slightly higher (3.8%) in Chicoutimi-Jonquière.
Data on mode of transportation to work came from a new question on the census which was designed to compile data for use in planning urban development and transportation networks.
The vast majority of Canadians settled in behind the wheel to get to work in 1996. About 8.9 million people, or 73% of the working population, drove to work in their automobile, whether it was a car, truck or van. Another 7%, or almost 900,000 people, travelled as a passenger with someone else doing the driving.
Just 10% of the working population, or about 1.2 million people, reported that they used some form of public transit in 1996 to get to work. A further 7% walked to work, while 1% used a bicycle.
Table: Usual mode of transportation to work, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Mode of transportation Both sexes Female Male
______________________________________________________________________________
Number
_______________________________________________
Total 12,183,410 5,592,000 6,591,415
Car, truck, van as
driver 8,934,025 3,752,935 5,181,090
Car, truck, van as
passenger 899,340 543,620 355,720
Public transit 1,233,870 737,370 496,495
Walked to work 850,855 471,345 379,510
Bicycle 137,435 35,225 102,210
Other method 127,885 51,510 76,380
%
_______________________________________________
Total 100 100 100
Car, truck, van as
driver 73.3 67.1 78.6
Car, truck, van as
passenger 7.4 9.7 5.4
Public transit 10.1 13.2 7.5
Walked to work 7.0 8.4 5.8
Bicycle 1.1 0.6 1.6
Other method 1.0 0.9 1.2
______________________________________________________________________________
Chart: Employed labour force driving to
work, CMA, 1996
Men were more likely to drive to work than women, while women were more inclined to travel to work as a passenger, take public transit or walk.
About 79% of the male working population drove, compared with 67% of the female working population. A further 13% of working women took public transit in 1996 and 8% walked to work. This compared with 8% of men who took public transit and 6% who walked.
Table: Alternatives to driving, seven census metropolitan areas
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
CMA Total Car, truck Public
alternative or van as transit
modes passenger
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Ottawa-Hull 35.7 8.8 17.1
Toronto 34.7 6.7 22.0
Halifax 33.4 10.4 10.9
Montréal 33.4 5.5 20.3
Victoria 32.9 6.8 9.9
Winnipeg 31.9 9.0 14.4
Vancouver 29.4 6.6 14.3
______________________________________________________________________________
CMA Walk Bicycle Other
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Ottawa-Hull 7.0 2.1 0.8
Toronto 4.6 0.8 0.7
Halifax 9.9 1.0 1.2
Montréal 5.9 1.0 0.6
Victoria 9.8 4.9 1.5
Winnipeg 6.2 1.4 0.9
Vancouver 5.8 1.7 1.0
______________________________________________________________________________
Commuters in seven of Canada's census metropolitan areas led the way in 1996 in having or finding alternatives to driving to work. The proportion of employed workers who drove to work was below the national average of 73% in Ottawa-Hull, Toronto, Halifax, Montréal, Victoria, Winnipeg and Vancouver.
Public transit was most popular (and/or available) in both of Canada's largest census metropolitan areas. About 22% of employed workers used public transit to get to work in Toronto, as did 20% of those in Montréal.
Riding as a passenger was more popular among commuters in Atlantic Canada than in other parts of the country in 1996. More than one out of every 10 working people in each of the four Atlantic provinces hitched a ride with someone else to work.
Being a passenger was particularly prevalent in the Atlantic census metropolitan areas: St. John's, Nfld., where 13% of employed people were automobile passengers, Saint John, N.B. (11%) and Halifax (10%).
Riding as a passenger was least popular in the province of Quebec, where 6% of the employed labour force got rides. The proportion was only 5% in Montréal.
Employed people in the census metropolitan areas of Victoria, Halifax and Ottawa-Hull were more likely to either bicycle or walk to work in 1996 as an alternative to driving. About 15% of workers did one or the other in Victoria, compared with 11% in Halifax and 9% in Ottawa-Hull.
Almost 68% of the employed labour force with a usual place of work (7.6 million persons) reported that they worked within a census metropolitan area in the week prior to the census.
Overall, the 25 census metropolitan areas were net importers of labour. That is, 201,000 more individuals made their way to a census metropolitan area to work than who lived there.
The four largest census metropolitan areas were the main net importers of labour. About 127,000 more individuals made their way into the Toronto census metropolitan area than who lived there. This compares with a net gain of 42,000 in Montréal, 17,000 in Ottawa-Hull and 16,000 in Vancouver.
Five census metropolitan areas, led by Oshawa and Hamilton, were net exporters of workers. For example, 25,000 individuals left Oshawa to work elsewhere, compared with 23,000 who left Hamilton.
On the whole, the working population in Canada didn't have to go far to work in 1996. Not surprisingly, drivers commuted the farthest, a median distance of eight kilometres, one way. In other words, half of all employed workers who drove commuted over eight km, and half of them commuted under eight km. Workers who travelled as passengers commuted a median distance of six km.
In comparison, public transit users commuted a median one-way distance of seven km, while those who pedaled to work travelled a median one-way distance of 2.8 km. The median for those who walked was one km.
Residents of census metropolitan areas commuted 7.4 km one-way, one-third farther than those persons living outside a census metropolitan area, who commuted a median distance of 5.6 km.
Table: Median commuting distance to work and percentage commuting less than 5
km or 20 km or more, census metropolitan areas
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Census metropolitan Median Commuting Commuting 20
area distance less than 5 km or more
km
______________________________________________________________________________
km %
_____________ ______________________________
St. John's 5.2 47.8 8.6
Halifax 6.3 41.4 10.6
Saint John 7.5 37.4 17.0
Chicoutimi-Jonquière 4.3 54.2 8.6
Québec 6.8 37.7 8.0
Sherbrooke 4.6 52.9 11.5
Trois-Rivières 4.6 53.5 11.2
Montréal 8.2 32.9 15.8
Ottawa-Hull 7.8 32.9 13.7
Oshawa 9.4 32.1 33.5
Toronto 9.3 28.9 20.4
Hamilton 7.4 35.7 20.4
St. Catharines-Niagara 5.3 47.4 14.6
Kitchener 5.3 47.5 12.4
London 5.4 45.3 11.8
Windsor 5.9 42.4 7.4
Sudbury 6.5 41.0 11.2
Thunder Bay 4.4 54.2 7.5
Winnipeg 6.1 40.6 5.8
Regina 4.4 58.2 5.4
Saskatoon 4.8 51.8 9.6
Calgary 7.5 31.9 7.0
Edmonton 7.6 33.2 13.3
Vancouver 7.7 33.8 14.5
Victoria 4.7 52.2 9.0
______________________________________________________________________________
On the whole, employed people living in the Golden Horseshoe area of southern Ontario commuted farther than anyone else in Canada. One-third of the labour force in the census metropolitan area of Oshawa and one-fifth in both Toronto and Hamilton travelled more than 20 km to work one way. This contrasted sharply with Regina and Winnipeg where less than 6% of commuters travelled over 20 km to work.
Overall, men commuted 28% farther than women, regardless of the mode of transportation they used.
Table: Commuting into and out of census metropolitan areas1
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
CMA Working in Residing in Net gain or
CMA CMA loss
______________________________________________________________________________
St. John's 67,095 66,620 475
Halifax 151,010 141,765 9,245
Saint John 46,605 46,265 340
Chicoutimi-Jonquière 57,815 58,100 -285
Québec 285,135 281,380 3,755
Sherbrooke 58,190 59,185 -995
Trois-Rivières 54,130 52,550 1,580
Montréal 1,378,885 1,336,975 41,910
Ottawa-Hull 453,735 436,450 17,285
Oshawa 86,840 111,750 -24,910
Toronto 1,912,360 1,785,430 126,930
Hamilton 233,565 256,835 -23,270
St. Catharines-Niagara 135,685 143,005 -7,320
Kitchener 171,075 168,810 2,265
London 169,320 163,485 5,835
Windsor 125,275 115,725 9,550
Sudbury 63,680 62,085 1,595
Thunder Bay 52,040 50,780 1,260
Winnipeg 291,315 284,180 7,135
Regina 85,810 83,300 2,510
Saskatoon 90,480 90,320 160
Calgary 374,180 367,315 6,865
Edmonton 364,725 363,515 1,210
Vancouver 758,510 742,325 16,185
Victoria 123,525 121,730 1,795
All CMAs 7,590,985 7,389,880 201,105
______________________________________________________________________________
(1) Employed labour force with a usual place of work.
Table: Median commuting distance (km) of women and men, by mode of
transportation, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
All modes Car, truck Car, truck
or van as or van as
driver passenger
______________________________________________________________________________
km
_______________________________________________
Women 6.1 7.0 6.0
Men 7.8 8.8 7.0
______________________________________________________________________________
Public Walked Bicycle
transit
______________________________________________________________________________
km
_______________________________________________
Women 6.9 0.9 2.6
Men 7.6 1.1 2.9
______________________________________________________________________________
Other
______________________________________________________________________________
km
Women 2.6
Men 5.6
______________________________________________________________________________
Table: Employed labour force by place of work status, for Canada, provinces
and territories
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Total Place of
work status
______________________________ _____________
Work at home
______________________________________________________________________________
# % #
Canada 13,318,740 100 1,086,055
Newfoundland 184,330 100 12,155
Prince Edward Island 61,060 100 5,260
Nova Scotia 380,790 100 25,605
New Brunswick 307,830 100 18,785
Quebec 3,119,130 100 203,750
Ontario 5,077,670 100 362,550
Manitoba 523,215 100 56,660
Saskatchewan 467,285 100 89,600
Alberta 1,379,710 100 153,615
British Columbia 1,773,285 100 155,460
Yukon Territory 16,845 100 1,145
Northwest Territories 27,595 100 1,465
______________________________________________________________________________
Place of work status
_______________________________________________
Work at home Work outside Canada
______________________________________________________________________________
% # %
Canada 8.2 49,275 0.4
Newfoundland 6.6 385 0.2
Prince Edward Island 8.6 80 0.1
Nova Scotia 6.7 1,125 0.3
New Brunswick 6.1 990 0.3
Quebec 6.5 6,650 0.2
Ontario 7.1 23,835 0.5
Manitoba 10.8 1,205 0.2
Saskatchewan 19.2 840 0.2
Alberta 11.1 4,590 0.3
British Columbia 8.8 9,515 0.5
Yukon Territory 6.8 35 0.2
Northwest Territories 5.3 15 0.1
______________________________________________________________________________
Place of work status
_______________________________________________
No fixed workplace address Usual
workplace
address
______________________________________________________________________________
# % #
Canada 1,010,685 7.6 11,172,725
Newfoundland 14,230 7.7 157,550
Prince Edward Island 5,295 8.7 50,425
Nova Scotia 35,240 9.3 318,815
New Brunswick 27,130 8.8 260,915
Quebec 175,240 5.6 2,733,480
Ontario 350,840 6.9 4,340,435
Manitoba 37,535 7.2 427,810
Saskatchewan 34,430 7.4 342,420
Alberta 136,165 9.9 1,085,340
British Columbia 191,085 10.8 1,417,230
Yukon Territory 1,565 9.3 14,095
Northwest Territories 1,915 6.9 24,200
______________________________________________________________________________
Place of
work status
_____________
Usual
workplace
address
______________________________________________________________________________
%
Canada 83.9
Newfoundland 85.5
Prince Edward Island 82.6
Nova Scotia 83.7
New Brunswick 84.8
Quebec 87.6
Ontario 85.5
Manitoba 81.8
Saskatchewan 73.3
Alberta 78.7
British Columbia 79.9
Yukon Territory 83.7
Northwest Territories 87.7
______________________________________________________________________________
The 1996 Census was the first to include questions on unpaid household work. Respondents aged 15 and over were asked to report the amount of time they spent in the week prior to the census doing unpaid housework or home maintenance, taking care of children without pay and providing care or assistance to seniors.
Overall, 90% of Canadians reported that they did some form of unpaid work in the week prior to the census. Some 89% reported that they did unpaid housework or home maintenance, 38% reported caring for children and 17% spent time caring for a senior.
These figures varied significantly between men and women. Not surprisingly, there were significant differences between those working full-time for pay and those with no paid employment. And, as could be expected, the presence of children was also an important influence on the hours of unpaid work reported.
Table: Proportion of hours spent on unpaid housework and child care for
population aged 15 and over in private households, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Total None Less than 5
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Housework
Total 100 11.4 22.7
Males 100 15.4 30.1
Females 100 7.7 15.7
Child care
Total 100 61.5 9.8
Males 100 65.6 10.9
Females 100 57.6 8.7
______________________________________________________________________________
5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 30 to 59
hours hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Housework
Total 30.4 19.2 11.4
Males 32.8 14.3 5.6
Females 28.1 24.0 17.0
Child care
Total 10.2 6.8 5.2
Males 10.9 6.4 3.5
Females 9.6 7.2 6.8
______________________________________________________________________________
60 or more
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
Housework
Total 4.8
Males 1.8
Females 7.6
Child care
Total 6.5
Males 2.7
Females 10.1
______________________________________________________________________________
While men, on average, spent more time than women on paid employment (see Time devoted to paid employment), women performed significantly more unpaid work in all three categories of activity on which the census collected information.
Respondents were asked to report all time spent on household activities, even if they overlapped. For example, a respondent who spent one hour on housework and child care at the same time would be expected to report that hour in both the housework and child care parts of the question. For this reason, the hours reported for each unpaid work activity cannot be added together to arrive at a total number of hours spent on unpaid work.
While this is the first time that unpaid work has been collected on the census, Statistics Canada has also generated data on unpaid work through the General Social Survey (GSS).
The 1986 and 1992 GSS Time Use Surveys provided estimates of the time people devoted to the various components of unpaid household work, as well as the amount of time they devoted to paid employment. (Another time use survey is being conducted in 1998. Results will be available in 1999.) The design of time use surveys allows them to estimate total (non-overlapping) hours of unpaid work. They can also be used to estimate the total time devoted by individuals to paid and unpaid work. See for example: The Statistics Canada Total Work Accounts System, (89-549-XPE), and As Time Goes By. . .Time Use of Canadians, (89-544E.) Unpaid work data from the census complement these surveys with data for small areas and for specific sub-groups of the population.
The data in this report on unpaid housework, unpaid child care and unpaid care or assistance to seniors are presented for the population aged 15 and over living in private households.
The data on unpaid housework and unpaid child care are also presented for spouses including common-law partners.
Spouses: persons of opposite sex who are legally married to each other and living in the same dwelling.
Common-law partners: two persons of opposite sex who are not legally married to each other but live together as husband and wife in the same dwelling.
Children: for the purposes of this report, children refer to never-married sons and/or daughters less than 15 years of age living in the same dwelling as their parents.
Among private households in Canada, 92% of women reported spending time doing unpaid housework or home maintenance in the week preceding the census, compared with 85% of men.
With respect to child care, 42% of all women reported providing such care, while for men the percentage was 34%.
Nineteen percent of all women reported providing care to seniors, while 14% of men reported this activity.
In addition to engaging in unpaid work in somewhat higher proportions, women typically devoted longer hours to these various activities.
For example, 25% of women reported they spent 30 or more hours doing housework or home maintenance in the week prior to the census -17% spent 30 to 59 hours and 8% spent more than 60 hours. In contrast, 8% of men reported that they spent 30 hours or more -6% spent 30 to 59 hours, while only 2% spent more than 60.
For both wives and husbands, the amount of time spent in paid employment tended to reduce the amount of unpaid work reported.
Among wives who worked full time (30 or more hours) for pay in the week prior to the census, 51% reported spending 15 or more hours doing unpaid housework. In contrast, among wives with no paid employment, 70% did 15 or more hours of housework.
Of husbands with full-time employment, 23% spent at least 15 hours doing housework, while for husbands with no paid employment the proportion was 36%.
Chart: Women report more hours of
housework than men, 1996
For wives, and to some extent for husbands, the amount of unpaid housework increased if there were children at home. (The analysis which follows concentrates only on couples with at least one child less than 15 years of age.)
Of wives with full-time paid employment, but no children, about 37% reported spending 15 hours or more on housework. This increased to 60% for those with children at home.
Of husbands with full-time paid employment, but no children, 19% did 15 or more hours of housework, while among those with children, 26% did this much.
Not surprisingly, the census data showed that the time without pay that both men and women spent caring for children depended greatly on whether they were employed in the paid labour force.
Individuals who had full-time paid jobs had less time to spend with their children. The data showed that about 64% of wives with full-time paid jobs spent 15 hours or more looking after children in the week prior to the census. This proportion was 79% among wives who didn't have a full-time paid job.
At the extreme, about 18% of those wives with a full-time paid job reported that they spent 60 hours or more caring for children. This more than doubled to 46% among wives who didn't have a full-time paid job.
Men were caught in the job crunch, too. About 42% of husbands who didn't have paid work found 15 hours or more to spend on child care, compared with 39% of those who had a full-time paid job.
Again at the extreme, of husbands with full-time paid jobs, 7% devoted at least 60 hours to caring for children, while among those who did not work full time for pay, 15% devoted 60 or more hours of care.
Chart: Employed full time for pay: more
wives than husbands report unpaid childcare, 1996
The proportion of both husbands and wives who performed unpaid child care rose substantially when there were children under six years of age at home.
As noted above, for wives with full-time paid employment and children, the proportion spending at least 15 hours on care of children was 64%. When pre-schoolers were present, this increased to 80%. If none of the children was under six years of age, the proportion dropped to 51%.
Of husbands with full-time paid employment and children, 39% spent at least 15 hours on unpaid care. Among fathers of pre-schoolers, 49% devoted 15 hours or more to child care. This proportion dropped to 29% for those with no children under six.
With cutbacks in formal health care services, Canadians have become increasingly concerned about issues such as care for seniors. For the first time, the Census collected information on unpaid care or assistance provided to seniors. This was defined to include such activities as providing personal care to a senior family member, visiting seniors, talking with them on the telephone, and helping them with shopping, banking or with taking medication.
Some 17% of the population aged 15 and over, or about 3.7 million people, reported providing one or more hours of care to seniors in the week prior to the census.
Chart: Unpaid care to seniors: women
report more hours than men, 1996
More women (19%) than men (14%) reported providing such care. Most individuals who provided care or assistance devoted between one and four hours of their time.
Overall, only 3% of women and 2% of men spent 10 hours or more providing care to seniors. About 5% of women aged 45 to 64 spent this amount of time with seniors, the highest proportion of any age group.
The time spent caring for seniors depended largely on whether an individual had elderly parents or other elderly relatives. The census data showed that the proportion reporting hours of care to seniors increased as respondents approached middle age, then tapered off.
Only 11% of respondents under the age of 35 reported spending time caring for seniors. Those aged 45 to 54 had the highest proportion (23%) of individuals providing unpaid care to seniors.
Table: Proportion of hours of unpaid care to seniors, by sex and age groups,
Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Total No hours Less than 5
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Total - males 100 86.4 9.6
15-24 100 91.1 7.2
25-44 100 87.0 9.4
45-64 100 82.5 12.2
65 and over 100 86.5 7.8
Total - females 100 80.9 12.0
15-24 100 88.6 8.9
25-44 100 80.6 12.9
45-64 100 75.0 14.4
65 and over 100 83.5 8.7
______________________________________________________________________________
5 to 9 hours 10 or more
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
______________________________
Total - males 2.4 1.7
15-24 1.0 0.7
25-44 2.2 1.4
45-64 3.3 2.1
65 and over 2.9 2.9
Total - females 4.1 3.1
15-24 1.5 1.0
25-44 3.9 2.6
45-64 5.9 4.7
65 and over 3.9 3.8
______________________________________________________________________________
For more information on this release, contact Media Relations at (613) 951-4636.
Table: Proportion of hours of unpaid housework by husbands, wives and
common-law partners in private households, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Total No hours Less than 5
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Husbands/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more 100 8.8 28.2
With no children at
home 100 10.1 31.1
With children less
than 15 at home 100 7.1 25.9
Not in the paid labour
force 100 17.9 18.2
With no children at
home 100 17.7 17.5
With children less
than 15 at home 100 16.3 21.2
Wives/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more 100 1.9 9.7
With no children at
home 100 2.6 15.1
With children less
than 15 at home 100 1.4 6.3
Not in the paid labour
force 100 6.3 6.0
With no children at
home 100 8.3 7.3
With children less
than 15 at home 100 2.7 3.8
______________________________________________________________________________
5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 30 to 59
hours hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Husbands/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more 40.7 16.5 4.6
With no children at
home 40.1 13.9 3.7
With children less
than 15 at home 41.4 18.7 5.3
Not in the paid labour
force 27.7 19.9 12.8
With no children at
home 27.7 20.3 13.4
With children less
than 15 at home 28.3 17.6 10.7
Wives/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more 37.5 32.9 13.7
With no children at
home 45.5 26.7 8.1
With children less
than 15 at home 32.0 36.4 17.7
Not in the paid labour
force 17.6 24.3 30.0
With no children at
home 20.7 26.5 28.4
With children less
than 15 at home 13.0 20.9 31.1
______________________________________________________________________________
60 or more
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
Husbands/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more 1.4
With no children at
home 1.1
With children less
than 15 at home 1.6
Not in the paid labour
force 3.6
With no children at
home 3.3
With children less
than 15 at home 5.9
Wives/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more 4.3
With no children at
home 2.1
With children less
than 15 at home 6.2
Not in the paid labour
force 15.8
With no children at
home 8.7
With children less
than 15 at home 28.5
______________________________________________________________________________
Table: Proportion of hours spent on unpaid care of children by husbands,
wives and common-law partners in private households, Canada
1996
______________________________________________________________________________
Total No hours Less than 5
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Husbands/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more
With youngest child
less than 15 years 100 10.2 18.3
With youngest child
less than 6 years 100 6.5 12.9
Not in the paid labour
force
With youngest child
less than 15 years 100 20.3 14.9
With youngest child
less than 6 years 100 15.1 11.8
Wives/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more
With youngest child
less than 15 years 100 6.3 7.0
With youngest child
less than 6 years 100 3.4 2.3
Not in the paid labour
force
With youngest child
less than 15 years 100 6.1 3.9
With youngest child
less than 6 years 100 4.0 1.8
______________________________________________________________________________
5 to 14 hours 15 to 29 30 to 59
hours hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
_______________________________________________
Husbands/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more
With youngest child
less than 15 years 32.2 21.2 11.0
With youngest child
less than 6 years 31.7 26.0 14.5
Not in the paid labour
force
With youngest child
less than 15 years 22.6 16.2 11.3
With youngest child
less than 6 years 22.0 17.6 14.3
Wives/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more
With youngest child
less than 15 years 22.7 24.0 21.6
With youngest child
less than 6 years 14.2 25.2 29.6
Not in the paid labour
force
With youngest child
less than 15 years 11.3 13.8 19.0
With youngest child
less than 6 years 6.3 10.4 19.0
______________________________________________________________________________
60 or more
hours
______________________________________________________________________________
%
Husbands/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more
With youngest child
less than 15 years 7.2
With youngest child
less than 6 years 8.3
Not in the paid labour
force
With youngest child
less than 15 years 14.7
With youngest child
less than 6 years 19.1
Wives/common-law
partners
Employed - 30 hours or
more
With youngest child
less than 15 years 18.3
With youngest child
less than 6 years 25.4
Not in the paid labour
force
With youngest child
less than 15 years 45.9
With youngest child
less than 6 years 58.4
______________________________________________________________________________
Statistics Canada has started consultations on 2001 Census content and post-censal survey topics. For information write : 2001 Census Content Determination Project, Statistics Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0T6. Internet : consultation2001@statcan.ca
April 14, 1998 Education, mobility and migration
May 12, 1998 Sources of income, family and
household income
June 9, 1998 Families: social and economic
characteristics, occupied private
June 9, 1998 Families: social and economic
characteristics, occupied private
The 1996 Census products released today on labour market activities, industry and occupation, unpaid work, place of work and mode of transportation are:
From The Nation series: 44 tables (labour market activities, industry and occupation, and unpaid work: 16 tables; place of work and mode of transportation: 28 tables), providing data for Canada, provinces and territories, and census metropolitan areas (package no. 7, catalogue no. 93F0027XDB96000.) The price for the set (or any subset) of tables is $60. Twenty-one extracts from some of these tables will be available free of charge on the Statistics Canada Internet site (www.statcan.ca) under 1996 Census.
From the Area Profiles series: electronic area profiles for census divisions and census subdivisions. Profiles for the remaining geographic levels-CMA/tracted CA/CT, CMA/CA, FED (1996 Representation Order and 1987 Representation Order/EA), and FSA-will be available on April 17, 1998. Prices for area profiles vary depending on the format and geographic level required by the user.
For further information, contact your nearest Statistics Canada Regional Reference Centre.