Market Information
Asia Pacific

The Ingredients and Additives Market in Japan

January 2001

Prepared by the Market Research Centre and the Canadian Trade Commissioner Service

© Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
(FaxLink no. 34118)

The Market Research Centre produces a wide range of market reports by region and sector for Canadian exporters. For further information please contact:

Market Support Division (TCM)
Department of Foreign Affairs
and International Trade
E-mail: mrc@dfait-maeci.gc.ca

- FaxLink Domestic service (613-944-4500);
- DFAIT Internet site (http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca)

Trade Evaluation and Analysis Division (TEAD)
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Contact: Jim Lowe
Tel.: (613) 759-7652
Fax: (613) 759-7505
E-mail: lowej@agr.gc.ca
Agri-Food Trade Service: (http://ats.agr.ca)

The Government of Canada has prepared this report based on primary and secondary sources of information. Readers should take note that the Government of Canada does not guarantee the accuracy of any of the information contained in this report, nor does it necessarily endorse the organizations listed herein. Readers should independently verify the accuracy and reliability of the information. This report is intended as a concise overview of the market for those interested in its potential and is not intended to provide in-depth analysis which may be required by the individual exporter.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Japan is the world's third-largest importer of additives and ingredients, behind only the United States and Germany. In 1999, sales of food additives were estimated to have exceeded $10 billion⁽¹⁾, or 3 million tonnes. Analysts predict that this market will continue its steady growth for the foreseeable future due, in large part, to consumers gaining increased exposure to a variety of imported products.

Growing consumer consciousness about health foods will provide good opportunities for foreign exporters of healthy additives and ingredients. Negative connotations of genetically modified (GM) products have resulted in approximately 66% of Japanese companies using non-GM additives and ingredients exclusively. In addition, the steady growth of the Kampo (a form of traditional treatment using herbal products) and FOSHU (Foods for Specific Health Use--a regulatory framework developed to monitor the functional foods market) markets will also increase Japanese demand for healthy products.

Changing consumer tastes will also spur on the growth of this market. In recent years, Japanese consumers have gained increased exposure to foreign ingredients (particularly spices and seasonings) through travel and imports. Although older consumers have shown some resistance to new ingredients, preferring more traditional products, consumers between 20 and 40 years old have shown a high degree of acceptance of new flavours, spices, seasonings, etc.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

MARKET OVERVIEW

Key Factors Shaping Market Growth
Opportunities
Actual and Planned Projects

COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

Local Capabilities
International Competition
Competitive Advantage Through Canadian Government Policies and Initiatives

MARKET LOGISTICS

Channels of Distribution
Distributors and Wholesalers
Agents and Sales Representatives
Market-entry Considerations
Suggested Business Practices
Import Regulations
Local Standards, Certificates or Registrations
Export Credit Risks, Restrictions on Letters of Credit, Currency Controls

PROMOTIONAL EVENTS

KEY CONTACTS AND SUPPORT SERVICES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

OTHER REFERENCE MATERIAL

Internet Sites

MARKET OVERVIEW

Statistics on the size of the Japanese market for ingredients, additives, and herbal products seem to vary significantly. In part, this variance is due to the fact that no two sources include exactly the same products in generating market size estimates. Also, the market is quite complex with a growing number of products entering the market and a variety of regulatory categories and distribution channels. However, Japanscan⁽²⁾ estimates that sales of food additives exceeded 3 million tonnes, or over $10 billion, in 1999. Table 1 shows the quantities of various food additives consumed.

Japanscan Food Industry Bulletin. "Food Additives Market Worth Y768.8 Billion," January 2000

In the area of spices, Japan is heavily dependent on imports to supply the market and currently ranks as the world's third-largest importer of spices, behind only the United States and Germany. Only a handful of products, such as Japanese horseradish (wasabi), pepper (sansho), chillies, and garlic, are produced domestically. In 1999, spice imports increased by 4.9% over the previous year to 32 723 tonnes. Currently, restaurants account for the largest share of spice consumption. However, home consumption is increasing with the new-found popularity of products such as paprika, nutmeg, oregano, and various peppers. Although spice imports are still relatively low by world standards, increasing diversity in the Japanese diet is expected to lead to steady growth in this sector for the foreseeable future.

Currently, it is estimated that two thirds of all Japanese companies are purchasing non-GM ingredients exclusively.

Kampo

The Kampo herbal medicine market represents a unique portion of the health foods market in Japan. Kampo, which means "medicine from China", is not only based on traditional Chinese remedies but it is also based on modern Japanese science and technology. Annual sales of Kampo herbal remedies are estimated to be in excess of $2.2 billion.

Kampo is widely recognized and accepted by both Japanese consumers and doctors alike. Approximately 80% of the general population is believed to be using this form of treatment for various ailments. Currently, more than three quarters of all physicians prescribe Kampo medicines--and more than 85% of all Kampo products are bought on prescription, a higher percentage (for traditional medicines) than almost anywhere else in the world.

Presently, there are around 150 Kampo products available for a variety of treatments. The most common ailments for which doctors prescribe Kampo products are liver problems, cold and respiratory tract infections, and menopausal symptoms. However, this traditional form of treatment has also been prescribed to treat more significant problems such as cardiovascular disease and cancer.

Tsmura is the dominant company is the prescription Kampo market, accounting for 70% of total sales. The over-the-counter segment, which has sales of $445 million annually, is led by Kanebo, which accounts for 30% of sales. Other major players in this market include JPS Seiyaku and Kotaro.

Like many areas of the health industry, sales of Kampo products have been hurt by lower levels of government support and insurance reimbursements. A number of small companies have closed in recent years while even large companies, such as Tsmura, have been losing money.

While Canadian companies will find it nearly impossible to supply finished products to this market (as western products, which do not use specific raw materials, must be sold as health foods or dietary supplements), some opportunities may exist for provide raw materials used in the production of these goods.

Foods for Specific Health Use

Canadian manufacturers of healthy additives and ingredients may be able to take advantage of Japan's steadily growing market for functional foods. In the late 1980s, the Japanese government established a regulatory framework to deal specifically with functional foods. This unique approach, entitled Foods for Specific Health Use (FOSHU), is the only system in the world that aims to regulate functional foods.

Foods that are to be classified as FOSHU must fit under one of the following categories:

• milk powder for pregnant or lactating women;
• foods for elderly individuals who have difficulty in chewing or swallowing;
• formulated milk powder for infants; and
• foods for the ill and assorted foods for diets, diabetes, liver disease and adult obesity.

Originally, foods approved as FOSHU had to reapply for approval every four years. However, this stipulation has been eliminated, and there is no longer an expiry date.

An important distinction with FOSHU products is that they must be in food form, unlike most dietary supplements, which tend to be in capsule or tablet form. This stipulation was made to help Japanese consumers identify FOSHU products as regular foods that can be eaten daily. Most FOSHU foods are slightly more expensive than similar non-FOSHU products, but they are still affordable for the majority of Japanese consumers. Currently, sales of FOSHU foods are estimated at $2.2-2.3 billion annually.

FOSHU products that are designed to reduce the risk of recurring diseases and improve digestion account for the largest share of the FOSHU market. Other FOSHU products include those that address low levels of calcium and fibre consumption in the Japanese diet.

FOSHU products have become increasingly visible throughout the 1990s, and many Japanese consumers now look for the FOSHU logo when purchasing health foods. However, the approval process remains voluntary, and less than 200 products have been approved for sale with the FOSHU logo while over 1000 nutraceuticals have entered the Japanese market as health foods. These products, many of which contain the same active ingredients as those used in FOSHU products, can be legally sold as long as no specific health claims are made on the product labels. Many manufacturers do not register their products as FOSHU because of the speed with which some active ingredients go in and out of fashion in the Japanese market.

Key Factors Shaping Market Growth

Over the last decade, consumer interest in self-health management has steadily increased. This interest is due to the rising costs of health care in Japan and the increasing percentage that consumers are having to pay toward total health-care costs. In addition, the health-care industry has suffered a decline in credibility, due to reports of over-prescription of pharmaceuticals. As a result, the demand for additives and ingredients that are believed to provide some kind of health benefit has increased substantially. The Japanese government has also supported this trend toward self-health management, as self-health reduces financial strains on the medical system.

With the growing concern over health issues, processed foods that advertise traits such as being low in salt, sugar, or fat have also garnered increased attention from consumers. Therefore, the demand for healthy additives or ingredients as substitutes for products that are not as healthy is increasing.

Closely related to the demand for healthier products is the fact that the Japanese population is steadily ageing. Although Japan has the longest life expectancy in the world, it also has the most rapidly aging population of any industrialized nation. By 2007, it is estimated that Japan will have 26 million people over the age of 65. A comparatively low birth rate (9.5 per 1000) and a low level of immigration will also contribute to a steadily aging population. As a result, many elderly consumers are searching for products that may help avoid or reduce the risk of contracting various ailments.

Traditionally, Japanese consumers have not enjoyed spicy foods. However, younger generations, especially those between the ages of 20 and 40 years old, have shown an increased interest in spicy foods. This trend is primarily attributed to consumers having increased exposure to foreign products, both through imports and through travel to foreign countries. Manufacturers of spices and spicy foods believe that the market for these products will increase substantially as consumers age and gain increased exposure to spicy foods.

Escalated levels of stress among Japanese workers has created excellent opportunities for products that help the body relax. Sales of stress-combatting herbs and teas have increased substantially in recent years. This is not particularly surprising in a country claiming to have 10 000 people die annually due to overwork.

Opportunities

Consumption of natural flavour products, which have healthy benefits, has increased and will continue to provide good opportunities for foreign suppliers as the Japanese population accepts the medicinal benefits of non-traditional products. Flavour compounds such as vanillin, thymol, and eugenol are proven to be good antioxidants. Other natural flavours with medicinal properties include aloe, angelica, lavender, and orange peel. Garlic has been proven to reduce the build up of fats and cholesterol in the body.

As of April 1, 2001, manufacturers will be required to list any product containing GM material on product labels. As many consumers fear that GM products may pose unknown health risks, manufacturers have begun looking for healthy alternatives to existing ingredients and additives. For example, a domestic candy manufacturer has switched from using a sweetener derived from GM corn to one derived from potatoes. In order to increase or maintain their market share, many Japanese producers have made public statements that they will no longer use GM products.

With Japan's standing as the world's largest importer of foods and beverages, Canadian manufacturers may have excellent opportunities to supply exporters to Japan--both from Canada and the United States--with non-GM products. Many processed foods that are currently exported to Japan are made with GM additives and ingredients. These foods will also have to comply with the new regulations as of April 2001.

The market for amino acids in Japan is forecast to experience annual growth of just over 3%, to reach $640 million by 2004. Monosodium glutamate (which is sourced almost exclusively from domestic producers) will continue to dominate sales in this market, accounting for nearly 85% of total sales. However, additives used in the production of animal feed, such as lysine and methionine, will also experience stronger demand as Japan has limited arable land for raising livestock (or crops for animal feed). The main competitors in the market for feed additives are Ajinomoto, Kyowa Hakko Kogyo, Novus International, and Sunitomo (a joint venture between Nippon Soda and Mitsui Chemical).

Actual and Planned Projects

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) has announced plans to require food manufacturers to label all products containing ingredients that may cause allergic or other adverse reactions in consumers. In recent years, there have been an increased number of incidences of allergic reactions to ingredients including common products such as milk and eggs. The MHLW has determined that consumers should be informed of any potential reaction that may occur due to the ingestion of certain ingredients, however rare or infrequently a reaction may transpire.

Currently, many processed foods are not required to list their ingredients, except for those products containing meats or canned foods. As of April 2001, the MHLW will require ingredients to be listed on any foods that meet one or more of the following conditions:

• the food contains substances that could cause an allergic reaction;
• there have been reported cases of an ingredient causing specific reactions such as difficulty breathing or lowered blood pressure; and
• there has been more than one report in a year of an ingredient causing serious health problems.

Initially, the MHLW is expected to require the listing of 20-30 ingredients. Products such as eggs, milk, walnuts, soybeans, oranges, soba buckwheat, wheat, rice, shrimp, and crab are anticipated to be among those on the required list.

In September 2000, the MHLW approved the sale of 34 herbs in the Japanese market. Among the products now available in Japan are U.S. and Oriental ginsengs, feverfew, hawthorn, and valerian. This decision marks a distinct relaxation of Japanese regulations. This decision is also expected to result in significantly higher sales of dietary supplements.

A United Nations (UN) panel on standards for food safety and labelling has recommended that manufacturers print the percentages, by weight, of ingredients in prepackaged foods. Currently, most manufacturers list only the names of the ingredients found in their products and not the quantities of each ingredient. Although these standards are not legally binding in any way, their purpose is to encourage governments to create domestic laws based on the UN guidelines.

Late in 1999, Tokyo Tanabe sold its food additive business, which focussed on natural pigments, to Mitsubishi Chemical. Prior to this agreement, Mitsubishi Chemical had primarily focussed on saccharide as food additives, such as sugar ester, emulsifiers, oligotose, and erythritol. The company also produced other organic acids, food additives and materials.

COMPETITIVE ENVIRONMENT

Local Capabilities

Domestic production of various additives and ingredients varies significantly, depending on the product. For example, while Japan is heavily dependent on imports to supply spices, domestic manufacturers of healthy ingredients and additives for use in the production of functional foods, dietary supplements, and health foods are quite competitive with international suppliers.

Japan's leading companies in the seasoning and spice product segment are House Foods and S & B Foods. House Foods has annual sales of roughly $2.3 billion. Curry and other spices account for 37% of total sales, while dry foods hold a 28% share, retort pouch foods/others 26%, and instant noodles 9%. S & B Foods has annual sales of more than $1.2 billion; various spices and seasonings account for approximately 57% of total sales.

International Competition

The largest exporter of additives and ingredients to Japan is the United States. Other countries in the region, such as China, Malaysia, Thailand, India, and Australia, tend to be the other major players in the Japanese market. However, depending on the product, countries from Europe and South America are also suppliers to the Japanese market.

Competitive Advantage Through Canadian Government Policies and Initiatives

The Canadian Agriculture and Food International (CAFI) Program

The Canadian Agriculture and Food International (CAFI) Program is a key element of Canada's international strategy. It is designed to support Canada's agriculture and food industry by helping to build long-term international strategies that will help ensure the industry is well-positioned to succeed in key markets, and to respond to increasing consumer demands and global competition.

The CAFI Program matches industry funds dollar for dollar to support activities that enhance and promote Canada's reputation as the world leader in supplying safe, high-quality agriculture, agri-food, beverage, and seafood products that meet the changing demands of world markets.

In this way, the Canadian agriculture and food industry will enjoy improved access to global markets, and will strengthen its ability to increase international sales.
http://www.agr.gc.ca/int/cafi-picaa/index_e.php?page=intro

Canadian Commercial Corporation

The Canadian Commercial Corporation (CCC) gives Canadian companies access to financing and better payment terms under the Progress Payment Program (PPP). The PPP concept was developed as a partnership between major Canadian financial institutions and the CCC. It enables the exporter's bank to open a project line of credit for the exporter's benefit, based on CCC approval of the project and the exporter's ability to perform. The CCC will also act as a prime contractor on behalf of Canadian small and medium-sized enterprises, giving those businesses increased credibility and competitive advantage.

Export Development Corporation

Export Development Corporation (EDC) offers export financing and insurance to Canadian exporters. Additionally, insurance can be provided for larger transactions that are subject to the terms and conditions established by the buyer. EDC prefers to work through letters of credit, bank credits or bank guarantees. Approval for financing is considered on a case-by-case basis.

Program for Export Market Development

The Program for Export Market Development (PEMD) helps Canadian companies enter new markets by sharing the costs of activities that companies normally could not or would not undertake alone, thereby reducing risks involved in entering a foreign market. Eligible costs and activities include market visits, trade fairs, incoming buyers, product testing for market certification, legal fees for international marketing agreements, transportation costs of offshore company trainees, product demonstration costs, promotional materials, and other costs necessary to execute a market development plan. Activity costs are shared on a pre-approved, 50/50 basis.

The PEMD refundable contribution ranges from $5,000 to a maximum of $50,000. Preference is given to companies with fewer than 100 employees for a firm in the manufacturing sector and 50 in the service industry, or with annual sales between $250,000 and $10 million. Other components of the program include international bid preparation (Capital Project Bidding) and, for trade associations, developing international marketing activities for their membership. For additional information visit http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/pemd-e.asp or call 1-888-811-1119.

WIN Exports

WIN Exports, a database of Canadian exporters and their capabilities, is used by trade commissioners around the world and by Team Canada Inc partners in Canada to match Canadian suppliers with foreign business leads, and to share information on trade events. To register your company in WIN Exports or for more information, visit http://www.infoexport.gc.ca/winexports/home_e.html or call 1-888-811-1119

MARKET LOGISTICS

Channels of Distribution

Japanese consumers are able to purchase herbal products from overseas that may be considered drugs in Japan. However, in many cases, Japanese regulations limit the number of product units that can be ordered at one time (usually to a maximum of 24). These purchases must be made for personal consumption and not for resale. The availability of foreign herbal products through this distribution method has also affected the development of new regulations. The Japanese government has begun relaxing some regulations to allow domestic producers to compete with foreign products.

The vast majority of imported additives and ingredients are sold directly to Japanese food processors. Only a small percentage of these imported products are sold through retail outlets to consumers.

Distributors and Wholesalers

The Japanese food distribution system is characterized by multiple layers of distributors and wholesalers--many of whom specialize in certain products--who have developed close relationships with manufacturers, retailers, importers and other wholesalers. Distributors who specialize typically handle competing product lines and some or all promotional activities. Depending on the specific agreement, distributors and wholesalers may also oversee customer support.

Choosing the appropriate wholesaler or distributor is a crucial step in accessing the Japanese market. Working closely with a Japanese partner helps to ensure that a product meets all regulations, standards and quality marks, which is essential to operating successfully in Japan. Producers are expected to communicate frequently with their distributor or wholesaler, and this generally includes taking one or more trips a year to Japan. A lack of correspondence is generally interpreted as of a lack of commitment. Good communication often determines the efforts that distributors and wholesalers make to promote a producer's products.

Although the number of direct sales to Japanese retail outlets has increased in recent years, smaller grocery stores and speciality shops still depend on wholesaler services. Money collection, delivery service and inventory maintenance are just a few of the services that wholesalers provide for smaller retail outlets.

When seeking the services of a distributor or wholesaler, exporters should consider the relationship that these individuals have with local governments, buyers and banks; the condition of their facilities; and their willingness and ability to keep inventory. Canadian producers are advised to review the provisions of Japanese law with a qualified lawyer before entering into an agreement with a prospective partner.

Agents and Sales Representatives

Agents are excellent channels through whom to introduce new products into the Japanese market. While agents solicit business and enter into agreements on behalf of the exporter they are representing, they do not take ownership over the products they sell.

An exporter must weigh a number of factors when selecting an agent, including:

• region(s) covered by the agent;
• reputation;
• product knowledge;
• experience in handling the exported product;
• commission to be paid;
• what (if any) after-sales service is provided;
• track record; and
• size and quality of the agent's staff.

These attributes can best be assessed during a visit to Japan. Manufacturers should also ensure that responsibilities are clearly defined before entering into a long-term relationship.

Market-entry Considerations

Suggested Business Practices

Japanese companies are extremely efficient and expect their foreign business associates to operate in the same way. Late arrival for meetings is deemed to be unacceptable and can taint an otherwise positive relationship.

Initial meetings with Japanese businesses should be arranged through a mutual contact, such as the Canadian Embassy in Japan. Initial meetings often serve as an opportunity to build personal rapport and to agree on common interests.

Another important factor for Canadian exporters to remember is that most Japanese business initiatives start at the bottom of a company and "work their way up". Foreign companies often bypass lower levels of administration in an attempt to appeal to senior personnel. More often than not, alienation of key decision makers is the only result of this type of approach.

Many Japanese companies view a permanent market presence as a necessity to doing business with foreign companies. Regardless of the quality of the product, a supplier who does not have a local presence to deal--in Japanese--with any problem or enquiry that may arise, will have difficulties establishing business ties with Japanese companies. Although this need can usually be fulfilled by the appointment of a competent agent or distributor, this does not excuse producers from making relatively frequent trips to Japan. Exporters are expected to make at least one or two trips a year to Japan for meetings.

The use of interpreters is strongly recommended for business meetings. Interpreters allow Japanese business associates, even those who speak English, to feel more relaxed and perhaps provide more details than they could while speaking English. Interpreters should be briefed about both companies involved, specific products, and the objectives of the meeting. Following the meeting, Canadians should be debriefed by the interpreters about the tone and any non-verbal exchange that may have taken place among the Japanese business associates.

Participation in some of Japan's many specialized trade shows and exhibitions are an excellent method for potential exporters to both assess the market and make contacts. Due to the extensive preparatory requirements of these events, combined with the need to communicate in Japanese, selection of an agent or distributor before attending the show is usually a prerequisite to effective participation.

Health Ingredients Japan 2001 is the largest event for food additives and ingredients in Asia. In 2000, there were more than 265 exhibitors covering areas such as flavourings, emulsifiers, spices, sweeteners, and herbs. Foreign participation in this show is expanding annually as a growing number of producers recognize both the potential and the existing opportunities that this market provides.

Import Regulations

Under the Food Sanitation Law, food additives of chemically synthesized compounds may only be used in foods designated by the MHLW.⁽³⁾ Food imports are also closely monitored by the MHLW to ensure that the types and quantities of food additives contained in products comply with Japanese standards.

Canadian producers of ingredients and additives (especially herbal products) should closely examine Japanese regulations to determine how their products are classified. Some products are considered pharmaceuticals, while others are categorized as foods. Herbal products are classified based on both the history of the ingredient as well as safety and efficacy information. As a result, products classified as herbs or drugs in Canada may be simply viewed as foods in Japan and vice versa. However, the MHLW has initiated a program aimed at easing regulations concerning ingredients and additives.

In recent years, the classification of herbal products has become even more complex with the introduction of many items that were previously unknown or unavailable in Japan. A number of these products (including palmetto, used to treat St. John's Wort) are classified as food ingredients (usually used in the production of dietary supplements) and not drugs, as long as health claims are not made on the labels of the products in which they are included.

Spices are regulated by either the Food Sanitation Law or the Plant Protection Law, depending on their make-up.

Local Standards, Certificates or Registrations

All products exported to Japan must be accompanied by a set of shipping documents. It is recommended that Canadian exporters use the services of a Japanese customs broker, importer, agent or distributor to ensure that all essential documentation is correctly prepared and arrives with the shipment. All documents should be completed in both English and Japanese in order to avoid any unnecessary delay. Among the required documents are the following:

Commercial Invoice. The commercial invoice serves as a bill to the buyer from the exporter and must accompany every shipment to Japan. Invoices must be signed by the exporter. The invoice should be thoroughly checked, since any error or omission can result in delays, fines or even confiscation. The invoice must include the following information:

• place and date of issue;
• names and addresses of importer and exporter;
• detailed description of the merchandise, including identifying marks, quantities, numbers and varieties;
• method of shipment;
• signature of responsible officer, along with name and title;
• all insurance and freight charges; and
• shipper's invoice number and customer's order number.

Exporters should consult their customs broker to determine how many copies of the commercial invoice should be sent with each shipment, since the number of copies required depends on the product being shipped. Any promotional information should also be included with the commercial invoice.

Export Declaration Form (Form B-13). Exporters whose shipments have a value of $2,000 or greater must complete Form B-13. Although exporters are technically responsible, agents, brokers or carriers typically complete the form and submit it on behalf of the exporter.

Packing List. A packing list is necessary when multiple packages are shipped, unless the commercial invoice provides the required information. The list should include the number of packages within one case; the net, gross and legal weights of each case and of the total shipment; and the volume of individual packages, as well as of the shipment as a whole. Between four and seven copies of the packing list should be included in any shipment.

Bill of Lading. The bill of lading is the shipper's recognition of receipt of the shipment. Each shipment may contain a set of bills of lading, one copy of which should be kept on file, while other copies are sent to the importer and customs broker. The bill of lading should include:

• description of the product(s);
• weights and measurements of the packages and their types;
• ports of origin and destination;
• names and addresses of the shipper, importer and customs broker;
• any freight or other charges incurred;
• number of bills of lading in the full set; and
• carrier's acknowledgment of receipt on board of the goods for shipment.

Certificate of Origin: A certificate of origin verifies that the goods originate in Canada and are therefore subject to all duties or taxes that apply to Canadian products.

Packaging and Labelling: Additives and ingredients have a distinct advantage over other food and beverage products in that they are not required (as long as they are on the MHLW's list of approved additives) to adhere to all of Japan's packaging and labelling regulations for processed, fresh, and frozen goods.

All foods and beverages (both imported and domestically produced) will be required to list any genetically modified products on their labels. However, there are some exceptions to this rule. Products whose GM ingredients are dissolved or removed during the manufacturing process will not be required to list those ingredients on the label.

Proposed exemptions from the labelling rules include:

• corn flakes;
• corn oil
• soy sauce;
• soy oil;
• glucose sugar;
• high-fructose corn syrup;
• dextrin;
• rapeseed oil;
• cottonseed oil;
• mashed potatoes;
• potato starch;
• potato flakes;
• frozen/canned retort packed potato products; and
• alcoholic beverages with corn starch.

Authentication of Documents

Documents that need to be authenticated, such as certificates of sale and letters authorizing an exporter's local agent or importer to act on their behalf, must first be notarized in Canada. Exporters can have the notarized documents authenticated, at no cost, by sending them to the Authentication and Service of Documents (JLAC) division at the Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.

Export Credit Risks, Restrictions on Letters of Credit, Currency Controls

Japan currently implements no restrictions on letters of credit or currency controls.

Generally the method of payment is a matter for negotiation between the individual supplier and importer. Usual practice is for payment to be made by terms of a letter of credit for 30 to 60 days. In cases where distribution arrangements are concluded, exporters are advised to prepare a contract detailing all major points of agreement including rights, responsibilities, and so on....

PROMOTIONAL EVENTS

International Food Ingredients & Additives Exhibition and Conference
May 16-18, 2001 (Annual)
Tokyo Big Sight (Tokyo International Exhibition Center)
Tokyo, Japan Asia's leading food ingredients and additives event, attending to the ever-increasing desire for new food items, lower prices and quality of product. Products include healthy/nutritional, seasoning/extracts, flavours, spices and herbs, sweeteners, colours, emulsifiers, hydrocolloids, stabilizers, gelling system, diary products, preservatives, antioxidants, enzymes, acidulants, starch and derivatives, protein ingredients, laboratory equipment, and sanitation materials.

Organizer:
Food Chemical Newspaper Inc.
Shobunkan Bldg., 3-2-8 Kandajinboocho
Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101-0051, Japan
Tel.: (03) 3238-7818
Fax: (03) 3238-7898

Health Ingredients Japan 2001
September 26-28, 2001 (Annual)
Tokyo Big Sight (Tokyo International Exhibition Center)
Tokyo, Japan Ingredients for health foods, functional foods, organic foods, nutruceuticals.

Organizer:
The Kenkoh Sangyo Shimbun Co., Ltd. (Health Industry News)
Kanda Horii Bldg. 8^th Floor
2-3-3, Kaji-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101-0044, Japan
Tel.: (03) 5296-1011
Fax: (03) 5296-1010

Food Design Show
September 26-28, 2001 (Annual)
Tokyo Big Sight (Tokyo International
Exhibition Center)
Tokyo, Japan Functional ingredients, natural food ingredients, food additives, quality control equipment, analyzers, sterilizers.

Organizer:
(Same as above.)

Foodex Japan
March 13-16, 2001 (Annual)
Makuhari Messe Nippon Convention Center)
Chiba, Japan Products include dairy products, sea foods, frozen and chilled foods, confectionery and desserts, dried foods, delicatessen, health foods, seasonings and spices, alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, coffee, and tea.

Organizer:
Japan Management Association
Hiroaki Uyeno
3-1-22 Shibakoen, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105-8522, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3434-8116
Fax: (81-3) 3434-8076
E-mail: tomio.inoue@jma.or.jp
Internet: http://www.jma.or.jp/foodex

Hoteres & Foodex Kansai
October 23-26, 2001 (Biennial)
Intex Osaka
Osaka, Japan International food and beverage exhibition, plus equipment for food catering, processing, and packaging.

Organizer:
Same as above.
Internet: http://www.jma.or.jp/CONVENTION

KEY CONTACTS AND SUPPORT SERVICES

Canadian Government and Industry

Canadian Embassy
7-3-38 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107-8503, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5412-6200
Fax: (81-3) 5412-6247
Contact: Greg Giokas
E-mail: tokyo.fn@dfait-maeci.gc.ca
Internet: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ni-ka

Canadian Consulate-Fukuoka
FT Building, 9^th Floor
4-8-28 Watanabe-Dori, Chuo-ku
Fukuoka 810-0004, Japan
Tel.: (81-92) 752-6055
Fax: (81-92) 752-6077
E-mail: fukuoka@dfait-maeci.gc.ca
Internet: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ni-ka

Canadian Consulate-Nagoya
Nakato Marunouchi Building, 6^th Floor
3-17-6 Marunouchi Naka-ku
Nagoya 460-0002, Japan
Tel.: (81-52) 972-0450
Fax: (81-52) 972-0453
E-mail: ngoya@dfait-maeci.gc.ca
Internet: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ni-ka

Canadian Consulate General-Osaka
Street Address:
2-2-3 Nishi-Shinsaibashi, Chuo-ku
Osaka 542-8691, Japan
Mailing Address:
PO Box 150
Osaka Minami, 542-8691 Japan
Tel.: (81-6) 6212-4910
Fax: (81-6) 6212-4914
E-mail: osaka@dfait-maeci.gc.ca
Internet: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ni-ka

Canadian Chamber of Commerce
Toronto
BCE Place
181 Bay Street
Heritage Building (Galleria)
PO Box 818
Toronto, ON M5J 2T3
Tel.: (416) 868-6415
Fax: (416) 868-0189

Montreal
1255 University Street
Suite 1510
Montreal, QC H3B 3X2
Tel.: (514) 866-4334
Fax: (514) 866-7296

Canadian Commercial Corporation
50 O'Connor Street, 11th Floor
Ottawa, ON K1A 0S6
Tel.: (613) 996-0034
Fax: (613) 995-2121
E-mail: info@ccc.ca
Internet: http://www.ccc.ca

Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA)
59 Camelot Drive
Nepean, ON K1A 0Y9
Tel.: (613) 225-2342
Fax: (613) 228-6653
E-mail: cfiamaster@agr.gc.ca

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Sir John Carling Building
930 Carling Ave.
Ottawa, ON K1A 0C5
Contact: Kim Otte
Tel.: (613) 759-7535
Fax: (613) 759-7506
E-mail: ottek@agr.gc.ca

Alliance of Manufacturers and Exporters Canada
1 Nicholas Street, Suite 1500
Ottawa, ON K1N 7B7
Tel.: (613) 238-8888
Fax: (613) 563-9218
Internet: http://www.the-alliance.org

Business Development Bank of Canada
5 Place Ville Marie, Suite 400
Montreal, QC H3B 2G2
Tel.: 1-888-463-6232
Fax: (514) 283-0617
Internet: http://www.bdc.ca

Canada-Japan Trade Council
75 Albert Street, Suite 903
Ottawa, ON K1P 5E7
Tel.: (613) 233-4047
Fax: (613) 233-2256
E-mail: cjtc@magi.com
Internet: http://magi.com/~cjtc

Canadian Chamber of Commerce
Ottawa
Delta Office Tower
350 Sparks St., Suite 501
Ottawa, ON K1R 7S8
Tel.: (613) 238-4000
Fax: (613) 238-7643
Internet: http://www.chamber.ca

Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)
Business Co-operation Branch, Bureau for Asia
200 Promenade du Portage
Hull, QC K1A 0G4
Tel.: (819) 997-7901
Fax: (819) 953-5024
Internet: http://www.acdi-cida.gc.ca

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade
125 Sussex Drive
Ottawa, ON K1A 0G2
Internet: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca

Authentication and Service of Documents (JLAC)
Tel.: (613) 992-6602
Fax: (613) 992-2467

Korea and Oceania Division (PJP)
Tel.: 1-800-267-8376 or (613) 992-6185
Fax: (613) 943-8286

Market Support Division (TCM)
Tel.: 1-800-267-8376 or (613) 944-2045
Fax: (613) 943-1103

Export Development Corporation
151 O'Connor Street
Ottawa, ON K1A 1K3
Tel.: (613) 598-2500
Fax: (613) 237-2690
E-mail: export@edc4.edc.ca
Internet: http://www.edc-sea.ca

Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada

The Agri-Food Trade Service regional contacts are:

Al McIsaac
St. John's, Nfld.
Tel.: (709) 772-0330
E-mail: mcisaaca@agr.gc.ca

Chris Pharo
Charlottetown, P.E.I.
Tel.: (902) 566-7310
E-mail: pharoc@agr.gc.ca

Fay Abizadeh
Winnipeg, Man.
Tel.: (204) 983-8622
E-mail: abizadehf@agr.gc.ca

Shun Ishiguro
New Westminster, B.C.
Tel.: (604)666-9803
E-mail: ishiguros@agr.gc.ca

Shelley Manning
Halifax, N.S.
Tel.: (902) 426-2137
E-mail: mannings@agr.gc.ca

Marc Chénier
Montreal, Que.
Tel.: (514) 283-3815 (510)
E-mail: chénierm@agr.gc.ca

Roy Gordon
Regina, Sask.
Tel.: (306) 780-7134
E-mail: gordonr@agr.gc.ca

Bernard Mallet
Moncton, N.B.
Tel.: (506) 452-3732
E-mail: malletb@agr.gc.ca

Sharon Burke
Guelph, Ont.
Tel.: (519) 837-5831
E-mail: burkess@agr.gc.ca

Rodney Dlugos
Edmonton, Alta.
Tel.: (403) 495-5526
E-mail: dlugosr@agr.gc.ca

International Trade Centres

For export counselling or publications for Canadian exporters, contact a local International Trade Centre by calling 1-888-811-1119.

Japanese Government Contacts

Embassy of Japan in Canada
255 Sussex Drive
Ottawa, ON K1N 9E6
Tel.: (613) 241-8541
Fax: (613) 241-2232

Foreign Investment Promotion Development Corporation (FIND)
ATT Building
2-17-22 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3224-1203
Fax: (81-3) 3224-9871

Japan Health Food and Nutrition Food Association
6-1, Jingumae 2-chome
Shibuya-ku
Tokyo 150, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5410-8231
Fax: (81-3) 5410-8235

Japan Standards Association
4-1-24 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3583-8003
Fax: (81-3) 3586-2029

JETRO-in Japan
2-2-5 Toranomon, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3582-5562
Fax: (81-3) 3582-5027

JETRO Business Support Centre
ATT Building
2-17-22 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5562-3131
Fax: (81-3) 5562-3100

JETRO Standards Information Service
2-2-5 Toranomon, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3582-6270
Fax: (81-3) 3589-4179

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
1-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8950, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3591-2874
Fax: (81-3) 3501-3720

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MOFA) - Standards Information Service
2-2-1 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3580-3311
Fax: (81-3) 3503-3136

Ministry for Health, Labour and Welfare
2-2 Kasumigaseki, 1-chome
Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 10, Japan
Tel.: (813) 3503-1711, ext. 2442

International Standardization Co-operation Centre
Olumu Building, 3rd Floor
4-6-11 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3583-8073
Fax: (81-3) 3582-2390

Japanese External Trade Organization (JETRO)-in Canada
In Montreal
1 Place Ville-Marie, Suite 1506
Montreal, QC H3B 2B5
Tel.: (514) 879-5617
Fax: (514) 879-5618
Internet: http://www.toronto.jetro.org

In Toronto
181 University Ave., Suite 1600
Toronto, ON M5H 3M7
Tel.: (416) 861-0000
Fax: (416) 861-9666
Internet: http://www.toronto.jetro.org

In Vancouver
World Trade Centre
999 Canada Place, Suite 660
Vancouver, BC V6C 3E1
Tel.: (604) 684-4174
Fax: (604) 684-6877
Internet: http://www.jetrovancouver.org

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
National Food Research Institute
2-1-2 Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki-ken 305, Japan
Tel.: (81-298) 38-7971
Fax: (81-298) 38-7996

Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)
1-3-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 170, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3501-1664
Fax: (81-3) 3501-5912

National Agriculture Research Centre
3-1-1 Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan
Tel.: (81-298) 38-8510
Fax: (81-298) 38-8484
E-mail: www@narc.affrc.go.jp
Internet: http://ss.narc.affrc.go.jp/index-e.html

National Institute of Agrobiological Resources
2-1-2 Kannondai
Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602, Japan
Tel.: (81-298) 38-7406
Fax: (81-298) 38-7408
E-mail : www@abr.affrc.go.jp
Internet: http://ss.abr.affrc.go.jp/index_e.html

National Research Institute of Agricultural Engineering
2-1-2 Kannondai
Tsukuba 305, Japan
Tel.: (81-298) 38-7513
Fax: (81-298) 38-7609
Internet: http://ss.nkk.affrc.go.jp/index-e.htm

Trade Associations/Chambers of Commerce in Japan

American Chamber of Commerce in Japan (AACJ)-Kansai Chapter
Business Centre 301, East Court Two
1-14 Koyocho Naka, Higashi Nada-ku
Kobe 658, Japan
Tel.: (81-6) 857-9745
Fax: (81-6) 857-6714

Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Japan (CCCJ)
Chez Irene Building, 2F
7-4-7 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107-0052, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3224-7824
Fax: (81-3) 3224-7825
E-mail: cccj@twics.com
Internet: http://www.cccj.or.jp

Japan Chamber of Commerce and Industry
Tosho Building
3-2-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3283-7608
Fax: (81-3) 3216-6491

Japan Food Service Association
Hamamatsucho Central Bldg.
1-29-6 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105
Tel.: (81-3) 5403-1060
Fax: (81-3) 5403-1070

Japan Foreign Trade Council, Inc.
World Trade Centre Building
2-4-1 Hamamatsu-cho, Minato-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3435-5950
Fax: (81-3) 3435-5979

Japan Frozen Food Association
No.2 Katsuraya Building
10-6 Kobuna-cho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3667-6671
Fax: (81-3) 3669-2117

Nagoya Chamber of Commerce and Industry
2-10-19 Sakae, Naka-ku
Nagoya 460, Japan
Tel.: (81-52) 221-7211
Fax: (81-52) 231-5213

Osaka Chamber of Commerce and Industry
2-8 Honmachi-bashi, Chuo-ku
Osaka 540, Japan
Tel.: (81-6) 944-6400
Fax: (81-6) 944-6409

Tokyo Chamber of Commerce and Industry
3-2-2 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3283-7540
Fax: (81-3) 3284-1208

Canadian Banks in Japan

Bank of Nova Scotia
Fukoku Seimei Building, 21^st Floor
2-2 Uchisaiwaicho 2-Chome, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 593-0201
Fax: (81-3) 593-0414

Bank of Montreal
Mitsui Nigokan
1-1 Nihonbashi-Muromachi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku
Tokyo 103, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 246-0103
Fax: (81-3) 246-4215

Royal Bank of Canada
Hibaya Kokusai Building, 14^th Floor
2-2-3 Uchisaiwaicho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3501-1382
Fax: (81-3) 3508-0403

Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce
Hibaya Kokusai Building, 8th Floor
2-2-3 Uchisaiwai-Cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5512-8901
Fax: (81-3) 3591-3169

National Bank of Canada
Ogawamachi-Mitsui Building, Suite 502
3-Kanda-Ogawamachi 1-Chome, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 101, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 292-6361

Toronto-Dominion Bank
Kamiyacho Building, 16th Floor
3-20 Toranomon 4-Chome, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5473-1610
Fax: (81-3) 5473-6899

Commercial Banks in Japan

Asahi Bank
1-1-2 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8106, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3287-2111
Fax: (81-3) 3212-3663

Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi
2-7-1 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8388, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3240-1111
Fax: (81-3) 3240-4764

Daiichi Kangyo Bank
1-1-5 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0011, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3596-1111
Fax: (81-3) 3596-2179

Daiwa Bank
2-2-1 Bingo-machi, Chuo-ku
Osaka 540-8610, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 271-1221
Fax: (81-3) 268-1337

Export-Import Bank of Japan
1-4-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8144, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3287-9500
Fax: (81-3) 3287-9579

Fuji Bank
1-5-5 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3216-2211
Fax: (81-3) 3201-0527

Industrial Bank of Japan
1-3-3 Marunouchi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8210, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3214-1111
Fax: (81-3) 3215-0367

Japan Development Bank
1-9-1 Ohtemachi, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3270-3211
Fax: (81-3) 3245-1938

Sakura Bank
1-3-1 Kudan-Minami, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100-8611, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3230-3111
Fax: (81-3) 3239-1022

Sanwa Bank
3-5-6 Fushimi-machi, Chuo-ku
Osaka 541-8530, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 206-8111
Fax: (81-3) 229-9305

Sumitomo Bank
4-6-5 Kitahama, Chuo-ku
Osaka 541-0041, Japan
Tel.: (81-6) 627-2111
Fax: (81-33) 282-8330

Translation Agencies in Japan

Access Japan Inc.
Tokyo Tatemono Shibuya Building 8F
3-9-9 Shibuya, Shibuya-ku
Tokyo 150, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5467-4723
Fax: (81-3) 5467-4722

Berlitz Translation Service
Akasaka Annex Building
2-17-42 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3505-3356
Fax: (81-3) 3582-7393

Dynaword, K.K.
Kakihara Asahi Eitai Building 10F
3-7-13 Toyo, Koto-ku
Tokyo 135, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 5632-5001
Fax: (81-3) 5632-5011

Forte Inc.
5-28-10 Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku
Tokyo 306, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3353-3545
Fax: (81-3) 3354-2845

Inter Group Co. Ltd.
Builco Building 5F
3-7-3 Nakatsu, Kita-ku
Osaka 531, Japan
Tel.: (81-6) 372-8048
Fax: (81-6) 372-6164

I.S.S. Service Centre Inc.
23-3 Ichiban-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3230-2521
Fax: (81-3) 3262-6633

Japan Onvention Service Inc.
Nihon Press Centre Building
2-2-1 Uchisaiwai-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 100, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3508-1215
Fax: (81-3) 3508-0820

Linguabank Inc.
2-3-18-502 Hirakawa-cho, Chiyoda-ku
Tokyo 102, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3234-7575
Fax: (81-3) 3234-7055

Linx Inc.
1-33-32-108 Hamadayama, Suginami-ku
Tokyo 168, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3478-0266
Fax: (81-3) 3302-3166

Simul International Inc.
Kowa Building No. 9
1-8-10 Akasaka, Minato-ku
Tokyo 107, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 2586-8911
Fax: (81-3) 3583-8336

Sansei International Inc.
Pukide Daini Building 8F
4-1-21 Toranomon, Minato-ku
Tokyo 105, Japan
Tel.: (81-3) 3433-1560
Fax: (81-3) 3433-1612

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Africa News Service. "JETRO Pledges to Promote Spices Industry in Tanzania," December 11, 2000.

Agence France-Presse. "Thai Herb Could Replace Artificial Sweeteners," June 28, 2000.

Business Communications Company Inc. Food Ingredient Industry Review, May 2000.

Business Wire. "DMV International Nutritionals Announces FOSHU Status Granted in Japan to a Nutraceutical Beverage Containing an Exclusive DMV Ingredient," January 18, 2000.

Chemical Business Newsbase. "Japan: Feed Additives Consumption in 1998," December 21, 1999.

------. "Consumer Demand for Genetically Pure Food Creates Export Opportunity for Australian Farmers," March 1, 2000.

------. "JCW Spotlight: Flavours and Fragrances, Steady Steps Towards Demand Recovery," December 5, 2000.

Deutsche Presse-Agentur. "Japanese Tastes Change, Improving Market for Imports from Other Asian Countries," March 15, 2000.

Food Trade Review. "Sweetening Options for the Japanese Market," June 1, 2000.

The Freedonia Group, Inc. World Amino Acids to 2004, May 2000.

Healthy & Natural Journal. "Red Tea Comparable to Green Tea," October 1, 2000.

------. "Sale of 34 Herbs OK'd (by Japan)," October 1, 2000.

Industries in Transition. "Europe, Asia Still Reject GM Products," July 1, 2000.

International Food Ingredients. "Japan 2000: Health Ingredients," July 2000.

Japan Chemical Week. "Mitsubishi Chemical Takes Over Tokyo Tanabe's Food Additive Business," September 9, 1999.

Japan Management Association. Foodex Japan: Import Procedure for Food, November 1998.

Japanscan Food Industry Bulletin. "Food Additives Market Worth Y768.8 Billion," January 2000.

------. "Food Industry Production Trends," April 2000.

------. "Japan: Demand for Sweeteners for Soft Drinks

Japan Weekly Monitor. "UN to Ask Makers to State Percentages of Food Ingredients," June 5, 2000.

JETRO. Japanese Market Report - Regulations and Practices - Spices, March 2001.

PR Newswire. "Celanese AG Announces Japanese Authorities Approve Nutrinova's Sweetener," April 25, 2000.

Prepared Foods. "Functional Foods Forecast," November 1, 2000.

National Post. "Monsanto Completes Sale of NutraSweet," May 31, 2000.

Nutraceuticals International. "Boom in Nutraceutical Chemicals Predicted," October 1, 2000.

------. "Medicinal Herbs Grab Attention at Japan's Health Ingredients 2000 Show," October 1, 2000.

------. "Kampo Medicine Survives and Prospers Despite Japanese Recession," November 1, 2000.

Nutraceuticals World. "The Herb/Botanical Market in Japan," July 2000.

The Seattle Times. "Japanese Men Working Selves to Early Death," June 4, 2000.

Yomiuri Shimbun/Daily Yomiuri. "Government Plans to Require Labeling of Allergens," February 5, 2000.

------. "Surge in Popularity Seen for Multinational Cuisine," January 1, 2001.

OTHER REFERENCE MATERIAL

Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO). Specifications and Standards for Foods, and Food Additives, January 2000.

Internet Sites

Agri-Food Trade Service: http://ats.agr.ca

Canada-Japan Trade Council: http://magi.com/~cjtc

Canadian Chamber of Commerce in Japan: http://www.cccj.or.jp

Canadian Embassy in Japan: http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/ni-ka

Department of Foreign Affairs and International Trade: http://www.dfait.maeci.gc.ca

Embassy of Japan in Canada: http://embassyjapancanada.org

ExpoGuide: http://www.expoguide.com

ExportSource: http://exportsource.gc.ca

Global Window-A Guide to Business Success in Japan: http://www.anderson.ucla.edu/research/japan/mainfrm.htm

Governments on the WWW: Japan: http://www.gksoft.com/govt/en/jp.html

InfoExport: http://www.infoexport.gc.ca

IngrID on the Net: http://www.ingrid.co.uk

Japan Customs: http://www.mof.go.jp/~customs/conte-e.htm

Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO): http://www.jetro.go.jp/top/index.html

Japan Information Network: http://jin.jcic.or.jp

Japanese Government Related WWW Servers: http://www.cao.go.jp/index-e.html

Japanese Ministry of Finance: http://www.mof.go.jp/english/files.htm

Japanese Web Sites: http://www.magnet.state.ma.us/export/govinfo.htm#japan

Links to Statistical Agencies: http://www.stat.go.jp/148.htm

Management and Co-ordination Agency of Japan, Statistics Bureau and Statistics Centre: http://www.stat.go.jp/1.htm

Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries of Japan: http://www.maff.go.jp/eindex.html

Ministry of Finance: http://www.mof.go.jp/english/index.htm

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan: http://www.mofa.go.jp

Ministry of International Trade and Industry: http://www.meti.go.jp/redirect/index_U.html

National Agriculture Research Centre: http://ss.narc.affrc.go.jp/index-e.html

National Food Research Institute: http://www.nfri.affrc.go.jp

Strategis: http://strategis.gc.ca

Tradeport: http://www.tradeport.org

Trade Show Central: http://www.tscentral.com

United States Department of Agriculture (USDA): http://www.fas.usda.gov

1. All monetary amounts are expressed in Canadian dollars, unless otherwise indicated. The conversion rate to Canadian dollars is based on IDD Information Services, Tradeline, December 2000.

2. For contact information regarding key organizations mentioned in this report, see Key Contacts and Support Services.

3. For an extensive list of food additives, the methods for which they are allowed to be used, the maximum amounts that may be used, and any other limit or restriction, please consult: Japan Management Association. Foodex Japan: Import Procedure for Food, November 1998.