RCMP International Peacekeeping Branch Review 2004/2005

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• Message from Director General of International Policing
• Overview
• The International Peacekeeping Branch
• Canadian Policing Partners
• Factors for Canadian Police Participation
• Funding for Canadian Peacekeeping Missions
• Selecting Police Peacekeepers
• Pre-deployment Training and Preparation
• Health and Safety of Police Officers
• Completed Missions
  • Kosovo
  • East Timor
  • Guina
  • Sierra Leone
  • Bosnia-Herzegovina
  • Addis Ababa
• Ongoing Missions
  • Haiti
  • Jordan
  • Afghanistan PRT
  • Afghanistan Unama
  • Iraq
  • Democratic Republic of the Congo
  • Côte d’Ivoire
  • Sierra Leone
• Acronyms
• Contact

Message from Director General of International Policing

I’m pleased to present the RCMP’s Peacekeeping Review for 2004 and 2005. This review not only highlights the mandates and activities of completed and ongoing missions, but more importantly recognizes the outstanding contributions made by Canadian police officers abroad including those from the International Peacekeeping Branch (IPB) at RCMP Headquarters in Ottawa. With more than 15 years of international experience, Canada is an acknowledged leader in police peacekeeping and many nations around the world recognize and hold in high esteem the “Canadian way” of policing.

As a result of these achievements, several countries are now beginning to move from failed or fragile conflict states to nations focused on peace-building and reconciliation with strengthened democratic institutions. The Government of Canada (GoC) recognizes that Canada has a significant role to play in helping these nations rebuild and the April 2005 International Policy Statement articulates a clear plan for Canada’s renewed role and influence in the world. An important part of this plan is to be more strategic about where Canadian police personnel are deployed to ensure we are providing the best possible service.

This strategic responsibility means that we must be very alert to the dynamics that shape the international environment. To achieve this, we must be proactive in anticipating and preparing for the role we are likely to be asked to play. We cannot be merely reactive if we want to make gains in the fight against transnational crime and play a significant role in establishing international peace and security.

International policing has truly become entrenched in the RCMP’s daily operations, and international cooperation has become a way of doing business. While Canadians have been recognized for our policing leadership on many levels internationally, we cannot rest on our laurels. Establishing peace and security in far-off lands serves to assure peace and security at home.

In closing, I would like to take this opportunity to reiterate my deep appreciation of the brave men and women who go the extra mile to make this world a safer place. This report is dedicated to these individuals and to their families who support them and patiently wait for their safe return.

Thank you,

Chief Superintendent David Beer
Director General, International Policing

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Overview

Since 1989, the RCMP has managed the deployment of over 2,000 Canadian police officers to various missions around the world. On behalf of the GoC, IPB is responsible for the selection of candidates, pre-deployment training and ongoing medical, emotional and logistical support. IPB is part of International Policing, which falls under the RCMP's Federal and International Operations (FIO) Directorate.

Requests for personnel come from multilateral organizations such as the United Nations (UN) and decisions to deploy Canadian police are made by Foreign Affairs Canada (FAC), the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA), and Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada (PSEPC) under the auspices of the Canadian Police Arrangement (CPA). To meet the growing demand for Canadian police expertise, IPB relies heavily on the cooperation and assistance of numerous provincial, regional and municipal police partner agencies.

Canadian police officers on foreign mission are mandated to promote international peace and security by working with local police in countries experiencing or threatened by conflict. There activities include:

• training, reforming, professionalizing and democratizing police organizations
• investigating human rights violations
• overseeing the security and human rights of returned refugees and displaced persons
• exercising executive police authority
• acting in a liaison capacity between international organizations
• assisting with humanitarian activities
• encouraging a neutral political environment free from intimidation during the electoral process

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The International Peacekeeping Branch

The guiding principles of IPB in responding to requests from the Government of Canada are to:

• cost-effectively select, train and deploy Canadian police personnel for UN and other civilian police missions;
• maintain a dynamic selection and training process that ensures the deployment of highly-trained, well-equipped police personnel who are physically, medically, psychologically and operationally prepared to meet the ever-changing needs of the UN or other requesting agency;
• provide the necessary emotional and logistical support to Canadian police personnel participating on missions and to their families; and
• ensure that the fundamentals of community-based policing, client-based service delivery and client-based problem solving are maintained within this process.

Located at RCMP Headquarters in Ottawa, IPB is comprised of a diversified team of professionals, including police and civilian personnel from the RCMP and other partner police forces. IPB’s key mandate is to select and train Canadian police officers for deployment and support these officers while they are on mission. IPB also provides a variety of services such as medical, logistical and administrative support to peacekeepers and their families as well as operational updates to government and police partners.

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Canadian Policing Partners

ONE TEAM MANY VOICES: On behalf of the GoC, IPB is responsible for managing Canada’s police peacekeeping contribution. The Branch relies heavily on the cooperation and assistance of numerous Canadian police services to meet the growing demand for Canadian police expertise. Prior to 1995, the RCMP was the only Canadian police force providing police officers to international missions. Today numerous Canadian police departments at the provincial, territorial, regional and municipal level are contributing personnel on an ongoing basis. In fact, in 2004-2005 the RCMP partnered with over 30 domestic police forces, which made up nearly 60 per cent of the total Canadian police peacekeeping deployments.

Partners from coast to coast included (in no particular order):

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Factors for Canadian Police Participation

Deciding when and where to recommend Canadian support depends on the type of policing desired. The CPA lists 11 major factors in deciding the extent to which Canada should participate in each mission.

• Canadian foreign policy interest: What foreign policy and development interest would be served by a Canadian presence taking into account regional or bilateral interests?
  
• Official request: Has an official request for civilian police been issued by a multilateral organization? The organization must have a mandate from its member states for regional and national security activities, or be in support of other international police operations as agreed to by the three CPA ministers.
  
• Mandate: Does the mission have a clear and achievable mandate?
  
• Agreement of the parties: Have the principal antagonists agreed to a cease-fire and to Canada’s participation? Is there commitment to a peace process?
  
• Purpose: Is the mission likely to serve the cause of peace and lead to a political settlement and peace building in the long term?
  
• Role: Is the role contemplated for Canadian police appropriate for their skills and the philosophy of Canadian policing?
  
• Authority: Is one organization the single, commonly acceptable reporting authority with an effective command and control structure? Is the lead organization competent to support the operation?
  
• Safety and Security: Is the location where Canadian police will be living and working sufficiently safe (including health care, living conditions and legal system) and secure for them to accomplish their goals?
  
• Logistics and funding: Is the mission adequately and equitably funded? Is there adequate Canadian and international logistical support?
  
• Capacity: Is Canada able to meet the needs of the mission with its current resources? Will Canadian participation jeopardize other commitments, including the provision of police services in Canada?
  
• Duration and exit strategy: Are the conditions for conclusion of the mission clear and measurable? Are conditions sustainable after the end of the mission?

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Funding Canadian Police Peacekeeping Missions

During 2004-2005, the policy framework and partial funding mechanism to provide Canadian police expertise abroad in support of international peace support operations was coordinated through the CPA. Established in 1997, the CPA ensures CIDA has a budget earmarked solely for multilateral peace support missions. Moreover, the CPA serves as an interdepartmental administrative agreement used to deploy Canadian police to foreign peacekeeping and peace support missions.

As peacekeeping becomes more strategic and evolves to peace building, the CPA also recognizes the potential role for Canadian police officers to contribute to the efforts of local populations in the restoration of their institutions and the confidence of their people.

The CPA is managed by senior officials from CIDA, FAC, PSEPC and the RCMP. These officials, through their representatives on the steering committee, advise the Minister of FAC, the Minister for CIDA and the Minister of PSEPC as to which peacekeeping missions should be supported. A renewed CPA came into effect April 1, 2003, for a three-year period with a budget of $19 million.

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Selecting the right police officer for an international mission

Every year, Canadian police officers indicate their interest in participating in an international peacekeeping and peace support missions. In 2004-2005, nearly 1,000 RCMP members signaled their interest. Only a select few are usually eligible to take part in the selection process, which includes meeting the following important criteria:

• Police officers must have a minimum of five years of operational police service.
• RCMP police officers must indicate their interest on their personnel file.
• Canadian police officers from municipal, regional and provincial police services must channel their request through their respective police service, which then liaises with IPB.
• Canadian police officers chosen for peacekeeping duties must meet specific selection criteria set by the UN and other participating multilateral organizations, as well as the RCMP, municipal, regional and provincial police departments.
• Criteria include, but are not limited to: extensive operational police experience; strong inter-personal, organizational, leadership and coaching skills; flexibility and innovation; team-oriented skills and physical fitness.
• The selection process also includes the RCMP’s Physical Abilities Requirement Evaluation (PARE), a medical examination, a psychological test and a suitability interview.

Note: For more information on the recruiting process, please contact IPB for a copy of: “The World is Waiting – are you ready?”

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Pre-deployment training and preparation for international missions

Prior to mission departure, all candidates must complete an extensive pre-deployment training course in Ottawa. The responsibility of IPB’s Training Section is to prepare candidates and facilitate the flow of information on all known aspects of the mission. Pre-deployment training is divided into five sections: Operational Training, Health Briefing, Administrative Briefing, Cultural Awareness Program and Specialized Training. All candidates selected for training are also expected to undertake independent preparation prior to their arrival in Ottawa utilizing an information package that is provided beforehand. This package outlines the geography and climate, appropriate clothing considerations, water availability, variances in food and diet, currency exchange and some local language exercises.

Specifics on training:

• The Operational Training session is implemented if the mission mandate requires the candidates to exercise executive powers (i.e. full police authority/powers) during their mission.
  
• Firearms training, extendable baton, chemical weapons training, self-defense training, criminal intelligence briefing and the Incident Management Intervention Model briefing are examples of Operational Training.
  
• The Health Briefing prepares the candidates mentally and physically. During this session, each candidate is given mission-specific information concerning the hazards to their health. They are also advised on the different medication and immunizations required for their mission.
  
• The Administrative Briefings are comprehensive lectures given to the candidates to facilitate their administrative duties in mission. These lectures include the Canada Labour Code, travel allowances, media relations, and briefings from FAC and CIDA.
  
• The Cultural Awareness program provides candidates with information about their new cultural surroundings. This is not limited to the country to which they will be deployed, but may also include the cultures of the many partners they will be working with during their mission abroad.
  
• Specialized Training is given to participants whose mission will take them to areas of the world where Canada’s role is specific and unique. In these cases, specialized training is provided to prepare candidates for their international role. Some subjects include human rights and international law, the structure of the UN, the role of United Nations Police (UNPOL), mine awareness and map reading.

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Health and Safety of Police Officers

IPB’s Health Services Section is comprised of a Psychologist, a Health Nurse and a Member/Employee Assistance (MEAP) and Family Support Program Coordinator, who together are responsible for ensuring peacekeepers are physically, emotionally and psychologically healthy prior to deployment, during mission and when they return to Canada.

Members of the Section establish ongoing relationships with Divisional Health Services to keep them informed of all mission requirements and they ensure all health issues are addressed in a timely fashion. These include: complete medical assessments involving laboratory and other specialized tests, immunizations, the Physical Abilities Requirement Evaluation (PARE) and full psychological assessments. During peacekeeping missions, Health Services can also provide support to both the participant and their family in times of need. In the past, examples of this type of support have ranged from medical emergencies to emotional support following unexpected events.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• During 2004/2005, Health Threat and Risk Assessment Visits were conducted in Jordan, Sierra Leone, Ivory Coast and Haiti to assess working and living conditions, health and safety hazards, mission-specific stressors, and the capabilities of local health facilities and related services.
  
• A study commissioned by IPB examining the relevance of police participation in peacekeeping missions and the related benefits to both the officer and their police service was published in 2004.
  
• An article co-authored by IPB’s resident psychologist about police peacekeeping health risks and challenges in a post-conflict environment was published in the International Journal of Police Science and Management (Volume 5, No. 4).
  
• The MEAP & Family Support Coordinator co-facilitated a series of re-entry sessions, that permitted the returning candidates to discuss their mission experience and the effects of reintegration at home and in the workplace.

Note: For more information the services provided by the Health Services Section and some suggestions on mission preparation for both candidate and family, please contact IPB for a copy of the Family Handbook.

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Completed Missions

KOSOVO
United Nations mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) Civilian Police

• In operation from June 1999
• Canadian contribution: up to a maximum of 92 police officers annually
• Language of operation: English
• Completion date: March 2004

DESCRIPTION: As part of Canada’s contribution to peace and stabilization in the Balkans, Canadian police officers continued their participation with the United Nations Mission in Kosovo (UNMIK) until the end of March 2004. The purpose of the mission was to maintain law and order in Kosovo and help establish long-term capacity building of a new democratic police service. Although UNMIK continues, Canada is no longer a contributor and the last nine Canadian police officers departed Kosovo on March 31, 2004.

MANDATE: UNMIK’s mandate is to maintain law and order in Kosovo, provide a safe and secure environment for all persons and ensure that civilian law enforcement agencies operate in accordance with internationally recognized standards and with respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. Canadian police officers acted as mentors, monitored police activities and assisted in the creation of a new, democratic Kosovo Policing Service (KPS). Canada is viewed as a pioneer in human rights and community policing. The Canadian police contribution to Kosovo was supported through the partnership of the RCMP and more than 20 other Canadian police agencies. Since UNMIK’s creation in June 1999, Canadian police personnel have occupied key administrative and operational positions within the civilian police component.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• A senior Canadian police officer was appointed as the Director of the Kosovo Police Service (KPS) Administration for UNMIK and was responsible for drafting and presenting the KPS budget for the 2004 fiscal year to the Kosovo government.
  
• A Canadian police officer with extensive experience in forensic identification was assigned to the KPS Forensic Lab in Pristina and was designated as the Chief of Forensics for the entire KPS Forensic Lab in Kosovo.
  
• Canadian police officers formed part of the International Police Training Centre (IPTC), which provided mission orientation to new civilian police officers on a wide variety of topics.
  
• A Canadian police officer worked in the Kosovo Organized Crime Bureau (KOCB) and assisted in the fight against organized crime by mentoring and monitoring KPS officers in the areas of intelligence gathering and investigations.

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EAST TIMOR
United Nations Mission in Support of East Timor (UNMISET)

• In operation since June 1999
• Canadian contribution: 20 police officers annually
• Language of operation: English
• Completion date: May 2004

DESCRIPTION: Canadian police officers served in East Timor (Timor Leste) from June 1999 to May 2004 in two different UN missions. Following the closure of the United Nations Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET), Security Council (Resolution 1410) established the new United Nations Mission of Support in East Timor (UNMISET), which officially commenced on May 20, 2002.

MANDATE: The focus of Canadian policing in East Timor was to provide specialized police investigators, trainers, managers and planners to augment civilian policing operations, as well as help develop the East Timor Police Service (PNTL). The primary task of UNPOL was to prepare the PNTL for the complete handover of executive policing authority and to provide a positive and professional influence on UN operations within UNMISET.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police officers assisted UNMISET with executive policing duties and prepared the PNTL for the eventual handover of all policing functions.
  
• Canadian police officers trained local police so they could eventually assume total responsibility for the Police Academy and curriculum development.
  
• Canadian police officers assisted the core administrative structure that was critical to the viability and political stability of the region including interim law enforcement and public security functions.
  
• Canadian police officers assisted PNTL senior management with strategic planning for police operations.
  
• Canadian police officers occupied a number of high-profile UN positions including: Chief of Operations, Chief of National Investigations, Chief of Strategic Planning, Special Assistant to the Police Commissioner, District Commander, Officer in Charge of Vulnerable Persons and Organized Crime Units, and Technical Advisors to Specialized Units commanded by PNTL officers.

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GUINEA
Secondment to the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR)

• In operation since January 2003
• Canadian contribution: two police officers annually
• Language of operation: French
• Completion date: July 2004

DESCRIPTION: In 2002, Guinea was host to nearly 120,000 refugees from neighbouring Sierra Leone, Liberia and Côte D’Ivoire who fled longstanding armed conflicts in their countries of origin. Compounded with a highly volatile region, insecurity in refugee camps and settlements had been a concern for quite some time. In response to a UN High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR) request, Canadian police officers were sent to assist Guinea’s Mixed Brigades, refugee camp security teams comprised of the Guinean Gendarmerie and the Guinean National Police.

MANDATE: Canadian police officers provided a safe and secure environment for all refugees in camps. Specifically they had to ensure that civilian law enforcement agencies operated in accordance with internationally recognized standards and with respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. They were also responsible for supporting UNHCR's mandate in Guinea by advising and assisting the Government's dedicated security forces. In July 2004, after Canadian police officers had provided their Guinean partners with a solid model for refugee security and accomplished their other mission objectives, the Guinean pilot program came to an end.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police officers acted as mentors and had a positive influence on UNHCR operations, Guinean Bureau of Refugee Coordination (BCR), Mixed Brigade and the refugee camp security volunteers.
  
• Canadian police officers provided timely advice on capacity building measures and specific training requirements and activities.
  
• In collaboration with UNHCR, Canadian police officers developed and provided technical assistance in the implementation of a structured national program on training standards for dealing with public security.
  
• Canadian police officers analyzed refugee camp security arrangements and liaised between UNHCR, BCR and the Mixed Brigade.
  
  
• Canadian police officers reported directly to UNHCR' s country representative through the Head of Sub-Office and provided timely analytical advice.

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SIERRA LEONE
United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL)

• In operation since October 2002
• Canadian contribution: up to seven police officers annually
• Language of operation: English
• Completion date: November 2004

DESCRIPTION: On October 22, 1999, the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) authorized the establishment of the United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL). Canada’s first police deployment, consisting of two police officers, took place in July 2001. Canada continued to commit police officers to the international civilian police peacekeeping force in Sierra Leone as requested by the UN until November 2004.

MANDATE: Canada fully supported UNAMSIL’s mandate by advising and assisting the Sierra Leone Police Force (SLPF) during the mission. UNAMSIL’s specific mandate was to provide a safe and secure environment for all persons by ensuring that civilian law enforcement agencies operated in accordance with internationally recognized standards for human rights and fundamental freedoms. UNAMSIL was also mandated to assist the efforts of the government of Sierra Leone to extend its authority, restore law, order and stability.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police officers were involved in all aspects of the training and development administered by the Hastings Police Training Academy. This included the development of course content as well as training standards in the areas of police defensive tactics and intervention models for managing incidents.
  
• Canadian police officers participated in the design, development and delivery of a “train-the-trainer”course for the SLPF, which was intended to assist in the delivery of training programs to officers. Course content included various international covenants on human rights, which police are obliged to respect.
  
• Canadian police officers worked with SLPF senior management in the development of new recruiting and promotion policies, which included preparation techniques for entrance examinations as well as the administration of a testing program.
  
• Canadians police officers assisted in the development of examinations and marking schemes for Hastings Police Training Academy.

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BOSNIA-HERZEGOVINA
European Union Police Mission (EUPM) & Office of the High Representative (OHR)

• EUPM in operation since January 2003, OHR in operation since August 2000
• Canadian contribution: eight police officers annually
• Language of operation: English
• Completion date: December 31, 2005

DESCRIPTION: The UN Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina (UNMIBH) commenced with the signing of the Dayton Peace Accord in December 1995. Thereafter, the UN Security Council renewed the UNMIBH mandate on several occasions. The last mandate was renewed from June 2002 to December 31, 2002. On January 1, 2003, the European Union (EU) replaced UNMIBH and began their three-year mandate in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) part of which included the European Union Police Mission (EUPM). The EUPM is a follow-up mission to the UN International Police Task Force (IPTF) with the goal of supporting the Rule of Law in BiH.

MANDATE: EUPM members are responsible for mentoring, monitoring and facilitating police development programs for middle and upper-level police officers and various ministries in BiH. Canadian police participation in the EUPM includes contributing to the overall peace implementation process in BiH and creating a solid EU policing program. The EUPM assists in creating an independent police institution that fully respects human rights while providing the necessary security measures to ensure the full integration of BiH into the EU. Two Canadian police officers have held high-ranking management positions including: member of the EUPM Deputy Commissioner’s personal staff and Deputy Advisor to the Minister of Security (MoS). Since August 2000, Canada has also supplied one police officer annually to the Office of the High Representative (OHR) Anti Crime and Corruption Unit (ACCU).

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police officers served as liaison officers between senior levels of the EUPM, local police, international military forces, Security Forces (SFOR) and European Union Forces (EUFOR).
  
• Canadian police officers worked with the Special Border Service (SBS) and were responsible for mentoring and monitoring their local counterparts, as well as adapting the SBS Project Plans into the same format as the rest of the mission.
  
• Canadian police officers served as mentors and monitors to investigative units of the BiH local police in areas such as human trafficking, drugs, organized crime and war crimes.
  
• Canadian police officers provided guidance with respect to the management of human resources, deployment of personnel, promotion systems, performance assessments and evaluations.

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ADDIS ABABA
Darfur Integrated Task Force (DITF) in support of the African Union Mission in Sudan (AMIS II)

• In operation since March 2005
• Canadian contribution: one police expert
• Language of operation: English
• Completion date: January 2006

DESCRIPTION: UNSC resolutions 1556 and 1564 provided a Chapter VII mandate to the African Union (AU) to conduct peacekeeping operations in the Darfur region of Sudan. On this authority, the AU Peace and Security Council authorized AMIS II in October 2004. Canada has a long history of engagement in Sudan and has been actively involved in addressing the root causes of Sudan’s conflicts. To this end, Canada is committed to helping end the violence, particularly against civilians, in the Darfur region of Sudan and has taken concrete action to support the AU’s initiative to intervene. A Canadian police officer was first deployed to the DITF as a technical advisor in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in March 2005 for a period of three months. He was replaced by a contracted police expert (a retired RCMP officer) who completed a six month deployment on January 12, 2006.

MANDATE: Canadian police experts deployed to AMIS II were mandated to work with DITF in Addis Ababa to assist and advise the police component of the organization with the planning of the civilian mission. The Canadian police expert’s specific duties included: assisting with deployments, advising on logistical support, reviewing and making recommendations on police standard operating procedures, advising on the command and control structure of the AMIS II police operation, advising on the relationship between AMIS II police and local police and population, and finally, advising on police training standards and methods.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• The Canadian police officer first deployed on the mission assisted in the planning and indoctrination of civilian police (CIVPOL) as well as the management of resources and equipment.
  
• The Canadian police officer also participated in an EU-led policing needs assessment for international assistance to the AU Mission in the Sudan Durfar Region.
  
• The Canadian police officer completed a week-long staff visit to Darfur to assess CIVPOL AMIS II conditions in the region.
  
• Both the Canadian police officer and the Canadian police expert occupied the position of Senior Police Advisor for DITF.

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Ongoing Missions

HAITI
United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (Minustah)

• In operation since June 2004
• Canadian contribution: up to 100 police officers annually
• Language of operation: French

DESCRIPTION: On April 30, 2004, the UN Stabilization Mission (MINUSTAH), was officially mandated by UNSC resolution 1542. MINUSTAH consists of up to 1,622 Civilian Police (CIVPOL) and up to 6,700 military troops. Acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, MINUSTAH had an initial mandate of six months, with the expectation that this would be renewed by the UNSC for a total mission period of two years. The first Canadian civilian police contingent deployed to Haiti in July of 2004.

MANDATE: CIVPOL are mandated to assist the Haitian transitional government with the following: ensuring a secure and stable environment by monitoring, restructuring and reforming the Haitian National Police (HNP); developing a disarmament, demobilization and reintegration program; assisting with the restoration and maintenance of law, public safety and order; protecting UN personnel and facilities; and protecting civilians under imminent threat of physical violence. Phase II of the MINUSTAH commenced in June 2005 after the UNSC officially extended the mission until February 15, 2006. CIVPOL’s mandate during this next phase includes contributing to effective security for the 2006 elections.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• During Phase 1 of the MINUSTAH, the majority of Canadian police officers were assigned to the Port au Prince area. This phase focused primarily on training the HNP at the National Police Academy and subsequently extending training across the country.
  
• Canadian police officers at the training academy were tasked with developing course material for the HNP.
  
• Since June 2004, Canadian police officers have helped two groups of 300 officers each graduate from the academy.
  
• Canadian police officers provided assistance to non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the distribution of humanitarian aid after Hurricane Jeanne swept Haiti in the fall of 2004.
  
• Canadian police officers assisted the HNP in restoring and maintaining the rule of law when looting began after Hurricane Jeanne.

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JORDAN
Jordan International Police Training Center (JIPTC), Iraqi Police Training

• In operation since January 2004
• Canadian contribution: up to 20 police trainers annually
• Language of operation: English

DESCRIPTION: An essential first step in building sustainable peace in Iraq is the reform of the security sector and the establishment of the rule of law. To this end, the UNSC resolution 1511 (adopted unanimously on October 16, 2003) mentions the importance of establishing effective Iraqi police and security forces in maintaining law, order and security. Specifically member states, as well as international and regional organizations, are called upon to effectively contribute to the training of Iraqi police officers and security forces. The mission concentrates on police training, teaching skills, building partnerships and helping Iraq build a national civilian police force that meets international standards. Canadian police officers are also involved in curriculum development, planning and evaluation, as well as quality control.

MANDATE: Under the direction of the Iraq Reconstruction Office’s civilian administrator for the JIPTC, Canadian police officers are mandated to contribute to the development and delivery of democratically oriented basic police training for approximately 36,000 Iraqi police. Specifically, Canadian police efforts are focused on curriculum development, providing leadership skills, police training and investigative expertise to assist in restoring law, order and policing services.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police trainers provide leadership, monitoring, training and investigative expertise, which assist future Iraqi police officers in restoring law, order and effective policing services.
  
• To date, Canadian police officers have assisted in the training of 21,000 Iraqi cadets using international policing standards and a democratically oriented policing approach.
  
• Canadian police provide training in the areas of police techniques, teaching skills and partnership development.
  
• Canadian police trainers have adapted the curriculum to include human rights, community policing, police ethics and values, code of conduct, interviewing victims, basic criminal investigations and driver training.

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AFGHANISTAN PRT
Canadian Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT), Kandahar, Afghanistan

• In operation since August 2005
• Canadian contribution: up to 10 police officers annually
• Language of operation: English

DESCRIPTION: Afghanistan is one of Canada’s foremost international security priorities and encompasses the largest concentration of the GoC’s 3D strategy (defence, development, diplomacy) effort abroad at this time. PRTs are a critical component of the international community's strategy to help reconstruct and stabilize the nation of Afghanistan.

The role of the PRT is to assist in the extension of the authority of the central government to the Kandahar region by providing a visible international security presence. In addition, the PRT helps by advocating, supporting and monitoring Afghan-led security sector reform to strengthen the capacity of local administration and provide good governance to the people of Afghanistan.

This international effort has been endorsed by the UN, G8 and NATO and falls under the authority of two bodies: NATO’s International Security Assistance Force — mandated through UNSC resolution 1386 — and the US Coalition force "Operation Enduring Freedom".

MANDATE: The Canadian civilian police deployed to the Afghanistan PRT are mandated to assist in building the capacity of local Afghan police forces and to provide police training. They are also responsible for establishing relationships with law enforcement partners and serving as the focal point of contact between the PRT and local police. In addition, they advise, mentor, monitor and train the local Afghan police, but do so working in close cooperation with Germany (the lead nation for police reform) the US, and other international policing partners. The civilian police component ensures all activities are in compliance with international law and standards.

ACHIEVEMENTS

• The two Canadian police officers deployed to the PRT in August 2005 liaise on an ongoing basis with the Afghan National Police (ANP) and other local partners to assess their policing needs.
  
• Despite the restrictive security environment, these Canadian police officers have also assisted with delivering several localized training projects with the ANP in Kandahar.
  
• The two officers work in close cooperation with their Canadian partners from DND, CIDA and FAC and their international counterparts from German and American police agencies.

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AFGHANISTAN UNAMA
United Nations Assistance Mission Afghanistan (UNAMA)

• In operation since June 2003
• Canadian contribution: one police officer annually
• Language of operation: English

DESCRIPTION: UNSC resolution 1401 of March 28, 2002, established the UN Assistance Mission in Afghanistan with a mandate to fulfill the tasks and responsibilities found in the Bonn Agreement including those related to human rights, the rule of law and gender issues; promoting national reconciliation and rapprochement throughout the country; and managing all UN humanitarian relief, recovery and reconstruction activities in Afghanistan, under the overall authority of the UN’s Special Representative to the Secretary General (SRSG). The overall objective for the UN in Afghanistan is to assist the people of the country in building a peaceful, democratic and stable state, governed by the rule of law.

MANDATE: As the Senior Police Advisor with UNAMA, the Canadian police officer provides advice and assistance to Government of Afghanistan, the SRSG and the ANP officials on restructuring of the APF, and provides advice to the APF on the maintenance of law and order throughout Afghanistan.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police officers led the process for developing a logic model to engage the ANP and Ministry of Interior (MOI) in the area of change management and then garnered support from the international community for this new model.
  
• Canadian police officers identified a list of priorities for police reform and consulted with international organizations to promote coordinated efforts in the area of police reform.
  
• Canadian police officers facilitated the first-ever official police board in Afghanistan.
  
• Canadian police officers encouraged the reinstatement of four female police officers who had been unjustly removed by their local commander.
  
• Canadian police officers conducted surveys of police operations at the district level and participated in pay audits with the Law and Order Trust Fund for Afghanistan (LOTFA).

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IRAQ
Iraq Security Sector Reconstruction Police Advisors to the Ministry of the Interior (MOI)

• In operation since May 2003
• Canadian contribution: two police advisors annually
• Language of operation: English

DESCRIPTION: Canada’s strategy for engagement in the reconstruction efforts in Iraq has focused on humanitarian assistance, meeting basic social and economic needs, and providing support for governance and security sector reform. Since May of 2003, Canada has deployed two senior police officers to Baghdad to work with the MOI to develop strategic plans for security sector reconstruction and police reform.

MANDATE: As part of a multinational advisory team, Canadian police experts help promote peace and security in Iraq. Specifically, the police officers are mandated to support security sector reconstruction through the creation of a democratic and credible police service. By providing this type of professional support to the MOI and the Iraqi National Police (INP), these officers are well positioned to positively influence policy decisions related to Iraqi police reform.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canadian police officers provided a comprehensive situational analysis as well as a needs assessment to inform Canadian engagement on security sector reform in Iraq.
  
• Canadian police officers have succeeded in obtaining international funding for a Forensic Unit and an Explosive Ordnance Detail.
  
• Canadian police officers have helped strengthen the capacity of the INP by providing training and advice on the handling and disposal of explosive ordnance devices.
  
• A coordinated forensics project is currently underway for key INP personnel and Canadian police officers have taken the lead role in rebuilding infrastructure, providing equipment and providing refresher training for these members.
  
• Canadian police officers have helped expand the INP by improving the police recruitment mechanism, following up on service and executive development training and operational planning for senior ranking INP officers.

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DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
European Union Police Mission (EUPOL) in Kinshasa, DRC

• In operation since April 2005
• Canadian contribution: one RCMP civilian member
• Language of operation: French

DESCRIPTION: On September 20, 2003, the transitional government of the DRC made an official request to the EU for assistance in setting up a Congolese Integrated Police Unit (IPU) that would contribute to protecting the transitional government and reinforce internal security in the DRC. Subsequently, the European Union Police Mission (EUPOL) in Kinshasa, authorized by European Council Joint Action (2004/847/CFSP), was established in May of 2004.

MANDATE: In accordance with European Council, EUPOL Kinshasa supports the establishment of the IPU following a three-pronged approach: the rehabilitation and refurbishment of a training centre and the provision of basic equipment; the training of the IPU; and the follow-up, monitoring and mentoring of the concrete implementation of IPU's mandate after the initial training phase. The initial training of the IPU (1,008 cadets) has been undertaken by the EU Commission. However, due to recruitment problems followed by delays in getting the recruits in Kasangulu, the Commission was not able to complete the projected training program. As a result, EUPOL Kinshasa monitors were placed in Kasangulu to complete the technical training (i.e. driving, protective duties, use of force including baton, firearms, radio communication) during the month of May and June 2005. IPU are now patrolling different sectors of the city of Kinshasa monitored by the EUPOL.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• An RCMP civilian member is the Chief of Staff with the EUPOL and is responsible for providing administrative support to the IPU.
  
• This RCMP civilian member is also responsible for the creation of systems pertaining to resource administration, logistics, finances and police training.

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CÔTE D'IVOIRE
United Nations Operations in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI)

• In operation since April 2004
• Canadian contribution: nine police officers
• Language of operation: French

DESCRIPTION: The UN Mission in Côte d’Ivoire was created when the UNSC adopted resolution 1528 on February 27, 2004, to establish the UN Operations in Côte d’Ivoire (UNOCI) for an initial period of 12 months commencing on April 4, 2004. Having determined that the situation in Côte d’Ivoire was still posing a threat to international peace and security, the UNOCI was formed in accordance with the above resolution. In April 2004, the UNOCI officially took over from the previous UN Mission in Côte d’Ivoire (MINUCI), which was a political mission created in May 2003 by the UN Security Council and the forces of the Economic Community of West African State (ECOWAS).

MANDATE: UNOCI’s main activities consist of developing core policing functions in areas of administration, strategic planning and human resource management. The mission is also responsible for assisting local authorities in the development of an interim police force. Specifically, Canadian police officers advise, train and monitor local police on maintaining law and order. Advice is also provided on disarmament, demobilization and reintegration (DDR), human rights and election security.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• A Canadian police officer from the RCMP currently occupies the post of Civilian Police Commissioner for the Ivory Coast.
  
• Canadian police officers have established a training program for the Ivorian National Police and provided technical assistance for reform and restructuring.
  
• Canadian police contributions have included training modules for courses in the maintenance of public law and order, human rights, community policing and criminal investigations
  
• Canadian police officers will continue to liaise with and advise the Ivorian National Police in support of security arrangements in Abidjan. They will also continue to assist in the restoration of a civilian policing presence throughout Côte d’Ivoire.
  
• Canadian police officers coordinated training for Northern Police Force at Bouaké.

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SIERRA LEONE
Special Court for Sierra Leone

• In operation since October 2002
• Canadian contribution: six police officers annually
• Language of mission: English

DESCRIPTION: The Special Court for Sierra Leone was established to investigate serious crimes that were committed against citizens during the period of civil unrest prior to the involvement of UNAMSIL in 1999. In keeping with UNSC resolution 1315 of August 14, 2000, the Government of Sierra Leone and the UN concluded an agreement on January 16, 2002, to jointly set up the Special Court for Sierra Leone. The Court is mandated to try those bearing the greatest responsibility for serious violations of international humanitarian and Sierra Leonean laws committed in the territory of Sierra Leone since November 30, 1996.

MANDATE: Working with a multinational team under the direction of a special prosecutor, Canadian police personnel conduct complex criminal investigations, collect physical evidence, interview witnesses and mentor members of the Sierra Leone Police Force (SLPF) assigned to the Special Court. In view of the indictments currently before the Court, the prosecutor has sought Canadian police officers with expertise in major crime investigations.

ACHIEVEMENTS:

• Canada has been a long-standing supporter of the Special Court and Canadian police officers have contributed to bringing those responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity before the International Court.
  
• Due to the work being done by Canadian police officers and the Special Court, the protection of human rights has become much more visible in Sierra Leone.
  
• Canadian police officers have played a major role in establishing a witness protection unit and a Training Program to sustain it.
  
• Prosecutions for war crimes are underway with 11 persons associated with the country’s three former warring factions currently under indictment. Nine are in the custody of the Special Court.
  
• Canadian police officers are helping the Special Court play a vital role in bringing an end to impunity, which is essential for the prevention of conflict and the consolidation of peace in Sierra Leone and the West African sub-region.

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Acronyms:

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RCMP International Peacekeeping Branch Contact
Telephone: (613) 993-4915
Fax: (613) 993-3522
Internet: www.rcmp-grc.gc.ca/peacekeeping/index_e.htm
Mailing address:
RCMP Headquarters
1200 Vanier Parkway
NPS Building, 3rd Floor
Ottawa, ON
K1A 0R2