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GUIDE TO THE CARE AND USE OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

Volume 1

1993

Edited by: Ernest D. Olfert, DVM; Brenda M. Cross, DVM; and A. Ann McWilliam



Editors:
Dr E.D. Olfert
Director
Animal Resources Centre
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0
Dr B.M. Cross
Asssistant Director
Animal Resources Centre
University of Saskatchewan
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 0W0
Mrs A.A. McWilliam
Information Officer
Canadian Council on Animal Care
1000-151 Slater Street
Ottawa, Ontario K1P 5H3
© Canadian Council on Animal Care, 1993

ISBN: 0-919087-18-3

Citing certain devices or manufacturers is not to be perceived as the endorsement of the Canadian Council on Animal Care (CCAC) of one particular product over another.

In keeping with the CCAC policy of revising statements and guidelines as needed, users of this Guide are encouraged to forward any comments to the Secretariat.

Table of Contents

DEDICATION

PREFACE

FOREWORD

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

CONTRIBUTORS

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS


  1. RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE CARE AND USE OF
    EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

    1. NATIONAL LEVEL

      1. Evolution of the Canadian Council on Animal Care
      2. The Contemporary Council
      3. CCAC's Assessment Program
      4. CCAC Position Statements
      5. Legislation Governing Experimental Animals
      6. Pre-University Use of Animals

    2. LOCAL LEVEL

      1. The Institutional Animal Care Committee
      2. The Veterinarian
      3. Animal Care Personnel



    3. REFERENCES


  2. LABORATORY ANIMAL FACILITIES

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. LOCATION

    3. MECHANICAL SERVICES

    4. DESIGN

    5. MAJOR FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS

      1. Animal Reception Area
      2. Conditioning Rooms
      3. Holding Rooms
      4. Quarantine/Isolation Rooms
      5. Experimental and Treatment Facilities
      6. Support Facilities
      7. Personnel, Office and Reception Areas
      8. Facilities for Personnel



    6. SECURITY

    7. CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES FOR ANIMAL ROOMS

      1. Floors and Drains
      2. Walls and Ceilings
      3. Doors
      4. Windows
      5. Corridors
      6. Services



    8. CAGING

      1. Shoebox Cages
      2. Larger Solid Bottom Caging
      3. Suspended Cages
      4. Other Cages



    9. REFERENCES


  3. THE ENVIRONMENT

    1. CLIMATE CONTROL

      1. Temperature
      2. Humidity
      3. Ventilation
      4. Lighting



    2. OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

      1. Noise
      2. Chemicals
      3. Bedding
      4. Population Density and Space Limitations




    3. MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL

      1. Conventional Facilities
      2. Barrier Facilities
      3. Biohazard Containment



    4. CHEMICAL AND RADIOISOTOPE UNITS

    5. REFERENCES


  4. FARM ANIMAL FACILITIES AND ENVIRONMENT

    1. FACILITIES

    2. SPECIFIC ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS

      1. Cattle
      2. Sheep
      3. Swine
      4. Horses
      5. Poultry



    3. PEST CONTROL

    4. REFERENCES


  5. LABORATORY ANIMAL CARE

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. GENERAL PRACTICES

      1. Reception
      2. Conditioning/Quarantine
      3. Holding (Maintenance)
      4. Identification and Records



    3. CARE OF THE ANIMAL

      1. Food
      2. Water
      3. Exercise



    4. CARE OF THE FACILITY

      1. Cleaning and Sanitation
      2. Waste Disposal
      3. Vermin Control
      4. Holiday and Emergency Care



    5. REFERENCES


  6. SOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL REQUIREMENTS OF
    EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS

    1. INTRODUCTION

      1. What is Animal Well-being or Welfare?
      2. Environmental Enrichment
      3. Group Formation
      4. Position Statement



    2. ANIMALS USED IN AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH

      1. Introduction
      2. Animal Stress
      3. Housing and Husbandry
      4. General Principles



    3. ANIMALS (LARGE) HELD IN METABOLISM CAGES

      1. Conditioning
      2. Size of Metabolism Crates
      3. Contact with Other Animals
      4. Pre-, During and Post-Experiment Checks
      5. Observing Changes in Behavior
      6. Duration of Confinement
      7. Exceptional Circumstances



    4. CATS

      1. Introduction
      2. Behavioral Enrichment
      3. Social Peers
      4. Enrichment Devices (Artificial Appliances)
      5. Food Gathering Activities
      6. Control of the Environment
      7. Housing
      8. Maternal Behavior
      9. Random-Source vs. Purposebred Animals



    5. DOGS

      1. Introduction
      2. Breed Differences
      3. Criteria for Assessing Well-being
      4. Housing
      5. Socialization to People
      6. Enrichment Devices (Artificial Appliances)
      7. Exercise



    6. NON-HUMAN PRIMATES

      1. Introduction
      2. Interpretation of the Behavioral and Morphological Postures
      3. Distinctive Characteristics
      4. Assessing Social and Behavioral Well-being
      5. Ways of Promoting Social and Behavioral Well-being
      6. Disposition
      7. Summary



    7. RODENTS AND RABBITS

      1. Introduction
      2. Behavioral Enrichment and Social Peers
      3. Enrichment Devices (Artificial Appliances)
      4. Caging and Bedding
      5. Food Gathering
      6. Control of the Environment



    8. WILDLIFE HELD IN THE LABORATORY
    9. REFERENCES


  7. SPECIAL PRACTICES

    1. ANIMAL ACQUISITION

      1. Procurement
      2. Transportation
      3. Breeding
      4. Breeding Transgenic Animals
      5. Animal Models with Special Needs
      6. Identification of the Sexes



    2. RESTRAINT AND MANIPULATIONS

      1. Physical Restraint
      2. Implantation, Cannulation and Sampling
      3. Bleeding
      4. Motivation Procedures



    3. REFERENCES


  8. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY

    1. REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS

    2. BILOGICAL HAZARDS

    3. ZOONOSES

    4. PROCEDURES FOR WORKING WIHT NON-HUMAN PRIMATES

    5. ALLERGIES

    6. PHYSICAL INJURIES AND CHEMICAL HAZARDS

    7. RADIATION AND ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

    8. REFERENCES


  9. STANDARDS FOR EXPERIMENTAL ANIMAL SURGERY

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. FACILITIES FOR SURVIVAL SURGERY

    3. PRE-OPERATIVE PLANNING AND ANIMAL PREPARATION

    4. SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND INTRA-OPERATIVE NURSING CARE

    5. POST-OPERATIVE RECOVERY AND SUPPORT

    6. REFERENCES


  10. CONTROL OF ANIMAL PAIN IN RESEARCH, TEACHING
    AND TESTING

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. WHAT IS ANIMAL PAIN?

    3. GUIDELINES

    4. THE ROLE OF THE VETERINARIAN IN REDUCING PAIN

    5. SIGNS OF PAIN AND DISTRESS

    6. ANALGESIC AGENTS

      1. Opioid Agonists
      2. Opioid Agonist/Antagonists
      3. Opioid Antagonists
      4. Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)
      5. Analgesia provided by Local Anesthetics
      6. Neuroleptanalgesics



    7. AREAS FOR FUTURE STUDY
    8. REFERENCES


  11. ANESTHESIA

    1. MANAGEMENT OF ANESTHESIA

      1. General
      2. Handling the Patient
      3. Fasting
      4. Anticholinergics



    2. TRANQUILLIZERS AND SEDATIVES

    3. GENERAL ANESTHETICS

      1. Dissociative Anesthetics
      2. Barbiturates
      3. Chloralose
      4. Urethane (Urethan, Ethyl Carbamate)
      5. SaffanTM
      6. Tribomoethanol (Avertin)
      7. Non-specific Injectable Anesthetic Antagonists
      8. Inhalant Anesthetics



    4. MUSCLE RELAXANTS

      1. Glyceryl Guiacolate
      2. Neuromuscular Blocking Agents



    5. LOCAL AND REGIONAL ANESTHETICS

    6. ANIMAL HYPNOSIS (TONIC IMMOBILITY)

    7. SPECIES CONSIDERATIONS

    8. REFERENCES


  12. EUTHANASIA

    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. CRITERIA FOR A HUMANE DEATH

    3. PAIN AND STRESS

    4. MECHANISMS FOR CAUSING DEATH

    5. METHODS USED FOR EUTHANASIA

      1. Physical
      2. Non-inhalant Pharmacologic Agents
      3. Inhalant Anesthetics
      4. Non-anesthetic Gases



    6. SPECIFIC SPECIES

      1. Amphibians, Fishes and Reptiles
      2. Domestic Animals Killed for Food
      3. Fur-bearing Animals



    7. TISSUE EFFECTS OF EUTHANASIA METHODS

      1. Direct Effects
      2. Indirect Effects



    8. EFFECT ON OBSERVERS

    9. EUTHANASIA STATEMENTS--OTHER AGENCIES

    10. REFERENCES


  13. THE USE OF ANIMALS IN PSYCHOLOGY


    1. THE SCIENTIST

    2. RESEARCH

    3. INSTRUCTION

    4. REFERENCES


  14. GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF ANIMALS IN
    NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH
    1. INTRODUCTION

    2. FACTORS THAT RELATE TO THE DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

    3. FACTORS THAT RELATE TO THE CONDUCT OF EXPERIMENTS

APPENDICES

  1. Housing and Environment

  2. Breeding and Reproduction Data

  3. Physiological and Nutritional Parameters

  4. Hematology

  5. Clinical Biochemistry Reference Values

  6. Serum Electrolyte Reference Values

  7. Zoonoses--Experimental Animals to Man

    1. Bacterial Diseases
    2. Rickettsial Diseases
    3. Arbovirus Diseases
    4. Other Virus Diseases
    5. Fungal and Protozoan Diseases


  8. Common Bleeding Sites

  9. Tranquillizer, Sedative and Anticholinergic Drug Dosages

  10. Analgesic Drug Dosages

  11. Injectable Anesthetic Agents--Dosage

  12. Anesthetic and Sedative Drug Dosage--Amphibians and Reptiles

  13. Anesthetic and Sedative Drug Dosage--Fishes

  14. Methods for Euthanasia by Species

  15. CCAC Position Statements

    1. Ethics of Animal Investigation
    2. Categories of Invasiveness in Animal Experiments
    3. CCAC Guidelines on Acceptable Immunological Procedures


  16. Journals Held by CCAC

  17. Glossary

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