Information
October 2005
Development, Supply and Access to Antivirals and Vaccines
Most scientists agree that the threat of an influenza pandemic is real, whether it emerges from the current avian influenza strain H5N1 circulating throughout South East Asia and parts of Europe, or another emerging strain. A pandemic has the potential to cause significant worldwide illnesses, death, and social disruption. While it is not possible to predict when a pandemic will occur, advance planning and preparation are critical factors in minimizing its impact.
Vaccine readiness and antiviral stockpiles are crucial components of pandemic planning. Vaccines are the most effective line of defence for reducing illness and death in the event of an influenza pandemic because they provide immunity against the influenza virus. However, they cannot be produced until the pandemic strain of influenza virus has emerged. After the strain has emerged and has been identified, it takes about six months to develop and produce an influenza vaccine. Therefore, a vaccine will not be available at the start of a pandemic and may be in short supply during the initial stages.
Antivirals are drugs that are used for the early treatment of influenza. If taken within 48 hours of getting sick, they can reduce symptoms, shorten the length of the illness, and reduce serious influenza complications. There is not sufficient capacity to meet worldwide demand for the current antiviral, oseltamavir.
Some countries have been preparing and rehearsing response plans, securing supplies of antiviral drugs, and developing production capacity for a pandemic vaccine. However, the cost of these activities has created uneven levels of preparedness among various countries.
To enhance the level of pandemic preparedness on a global scale, these key challenges need to be addressed:
- Advancing vaccine research and production, including developing more efficient production methods to create faster access to vaccines;
- Increasing international vaccine production capability;
- Increasing availability and accessibility of antiviral drugs;
- Improving the regulatory approval process, distribution, and delivery mechanisms related to vaccines and antivirals
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