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Reportable Diseases
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1. |
The Reportable Diseases Regulations set out the
diseases prescribed as reportable for the purposes of section 2 of the Health of
Animals Act. |
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2. |
Section 5(2) of the Health of Animals Act requires any
veterinarian who has any suspicion of the existence of reportable disease in Canada to
immediately report such suspicion to a veterinary inspector.
| Reportable Diseases |
Status |
| African horse sickness |
Never occurred |
| African swine fever |
Never occurred |
| Anaplasmosis |
Last occurrence Saskatchewan 2000 |
| Anthrax |
Occasional cases, last occurred Saskatchewan 2004 |
| Bluetongue |
Last occurrence Okanagan Valley, British Columbia 1988 |
| Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
Last positive case April 2006 |
| Bovine tuberculosis (M. bovis) |
Occasional cases, last occurred Ontario 2005 |
| Brucellosis |
Canada declared free in 1985 |
| Chronic wasting disease of cervids |
Last occurrence Saskatchewan 2006 |
| Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia |
Last occurred 1876 |
| Contagious equine metritis |
Never occurred |
| Cysticercosis (under review) |
Last occurrence Quebec 2005 |
| Equine infectious anemia |
69 serological reactors across Canada in 2004 |
| Equine piroplasmosis (B. equi and
B. caballi) |
Last occurrence 1987 |
| Foot and Mouth disease (FMD) |
Last occurrence 1952 |
| Fowl typhoid (Salmonella gallinarum) |
Last occurrence 1983 |
| Highly pathogenic avian influenza |
Last case in 2004 |
| Hog cholera (classical swine fever) |
Last occurrence 1963 |
| Lumpy skin disease |
Never occurred |
| Newcastle disease |
Last occurrence in domestic flocks 1973 |
| Peste des petits ruminants |
Never occurred |
| Pseudorabies (Aujeszky's disease) |
Never occurred |
| Pullorum disease (S. pullorum) |
Last occurrence British Columbia 2001 |
| Rabies |
Laboratory confirmed cases across Canada in 2005 |
| Rift Valley fever |
Never occurred |
| Rinderpest |
Never occurred |
| Scrapie |
Last occurrence Quebec 2005 |
| Sheep and goat pox |
Never occurred |
| Swine vesicular disease |
Never occurred |
| Trichinellosis |
Last occurrence 1996 |
| Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis |
Never occurred |
| Vesicular stomatitis |
Last occurrence 1949 |
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This module describes the surveillance programs in
place in Canada for brucellosis (B. abortus), a disease
listed in the Reportable Diseases Regulations. |
Brucellosis
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1. |
Canada's national cattle herd was declared brucellosis-free on
September 19, 1985. Disease monitoring continues at this time in the form of active
disease surveillance through auction market testing in northern Alberta and B.C., and in
the form of passive surveillance through disease reporting mechanisms and the brucellosis
testing of cattle being qualified for export to countries other than the U.S. Brucellosis
ring testing of milk and cream, as well as the Market Cow Testing of slaughter cattle,
ended on April 1, 1999. |
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2. |
The significance of disease reporting by veterinary
practitioners in the surveillance program is therefore increased. Veterinary practitioners
are encouraged to discuss instances of unexplained bovine abortions with a CFIA district
veterinarian, and to submit convalescent serum to that official wherever possible for
confirmatory negative testing. |
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This module describes the surveillance programs in
place in Canada for tuberculosis (Mycobacterium bovis), a
disease listed in the Reportable Diseases Regulations. |
Tuberculosis
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1. |
Agriculture Canada first conducted on-farm testing of cattle to
detect and control tuberculosis in cattle in 1923. The first General Test, during which
all cattle herds in Canada were tested, was completed in 1961. In the late 1970s, after a
series of General Tests had been conducted across Canada, an abattoir based screening and
trace back program replaced on farm testing as the principal tuberculosis surveillance
procedure. |
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2. |
Tuberculosis has also been diagnosed in various species of
ungulates, particularly cervidae. Regulations restricting the transport of cervidae in
Canada were put into effect to help control tuberculosis. Information regarding the permit
requirements for movement of cervids is available from CFIA district veterinarians. |
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This module describes the disease, the policy, the
tests, the forms and the distribution of the results for equine infectious anemia (EIA). |
Equine Infectious Anemia
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Clinical Disease |
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1. |
EIA is a viral disease of equines characterized by a variable
clinical course, including fever, jaundice, anorexia, depression, muscle weakness and
wasting, edema of the ventral abdomen and legs, lifelong persistence of virus in the
infected animal, and pathological changes which are immunologically mediated. |
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Diagnosis |
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2. |
A tentative diagnosis of the disease may be made on clinical
signs. Confirmation is by means of the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or other
official test. The test is performed on equine serum. |
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Policy |
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3. |
EIA is a reportable disease and was made reportable under the Health
of Animals Act in 1972-the year a reliable test for the disease became available. At
that time the disease was considered to be endemic throughout the northern areas of the
country and the reactor rate was approximately 2.9%. |
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4. |
EIA suspects and reactors must be reported to the CFIA.
Confirmed reactors are handled in accordance with National Animal Health Program
requirements. A CFIA veterinarian will take appropriate measures in consultation with the
owner of the reactor equine to prevent exposure of other equines to infection. Measures
taken in the case of non-clinical animals are isolation of the equine or destruction with
compensation. Clinically affected equines are required to be destroyed with compensation.
Funding for the National Control Program originates from an industry supported fund
collected as a check-off fee on samples submitted for EIA analysis at accredited
laboratories. |
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5. |
All equines (horse, ass, mule, or zebra) are test eligible,
regardless of age or sex. |
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6. |
Before taking the blood sample, always advise the owner of the
consequences of a positive test. |
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Testing for Domestic Activities and
Export to the U.S. and Mexico |
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7. |
Accredited veterinarians are authorized to collect and submit
blood samples to EIA-accredited laboratories: a) from horses, mules, asses,
and zebras that are tested for export to the U.S. and Mexico;
b) from horses, mules, asses, and zebras that are tested to meet domestic health
requirements such as those established by racetracks, fairs, private stables, zoos, or for
suspected disease.
Note: Although accredited veterinarians may test animals
that are suspected of being exposed to or infected with EIA, any suspicion of its presence
must be reported to a veterinary inspector, which normally would be a CFIA veterinary
inspector as EIA is a reportable disease. |
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Documentation |
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8. |
Form CFIA/ACIA 3937 Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Serum
Test Report and Certificate must be used for each animal being tested except
as noted in the paragraph below. It is essential that the forms be completed entirely and
completely. In the box entitled "owner," enter either the name of the owner or
the person having care or custody of the animal. Complete the diagram and provide a
complete written description of the animal. |
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9. |
If a number of animals are being tested for ‘Domestic
Purposes,' samples from more than one equine may be submitted accompanied by an CFIA/ACIA
4679 Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA) Multiple Serum Test Report, as long as the
equines reside on the same premises, belong to the same owner, and are permanently
and uniquely identified (tattoo, cold brand or electronic implant). The identification
must be recorded on the submission form. Test results reported on this form are not
acceptable for exporting animals. |
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10. |
The top three copies of the forms should accompany the blood
samples. The fourth (dark yellow) copy should be retained for reference by the accredited
veterinarian until the test results are received from the laboratory. Note:
Accredited laboratories will refuse submissions that are not accompanied by the
appropriate documentation (CFIA/ACIA 3937 or CFIA/ACIA 4679). Refer to a
CFIA district veterinarian for examples of completed forms. |
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Distribution of Test Results |
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11. |
In the case of negative test results, CFIA/ACIA
3937 or CFIA/ACIA 4679 will be marked with the test results and signed by
the authorized laboratory personnel. The top copy (owner's) of the laboratory report is
returned to the accredited veterinarian who submitted the sample. A copy is forwarded by
the accredited laboratory to the district office nearest the horse's location. Test
results will not be released by telephone, and a copy of the original will be faxed to the
district office only if requested by the accredited veterinarian. |
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12. |
In the case of non-negative test results, the
Area Office nearest the horse's location will be notified of the result within 24 hours by
the accredited laboratory. The top and second copies of CFIA/ACIA 3937 are
forwarded to the Area Office. The third copy and the remaining serum will be forwarded to
the federal laboratory or centre of expertise to conduct confirmatory testing. This
process will delay the reporting of results. Negative results will be processed as above.
Positive results will be reported to the accredited veterinarian by the district
veterinarian. |
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Testing Suspect Animals |
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13. |
The district veterinarian must to be notified whenever EIA is
suspected, but samples from animals suspected to be infected with EIA may be submitted to
an accredited laboratory for the purpose of confirmation of diagnosis in the same manner
as for non-suspect animals. |
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References Copies of
the CFIA/ACIA 3937 and CFIA/ACIA 4679 forms are available from from your
district veterinarian. |
