Environmental Scan — June 2002

Policing & Security

Summary

As with other sections many trends and pressure points highlighted in the policing and security section have been reported in the past. The key observations of this section are three fold:

• first - very fluid highly technologized and sophisticated trans national organized crime groups including terrorists continue to pose the primary threat to public safety and security in the developed world
• second - a future target area of these groups will be e crime or cyber crime
• third - the events of Sept 11 have accelerated trends in law enforcement governance toward fuller integration and interoperability

In this section

• weapons of mass destruction primary threat to global and NA hemispheric security
• globalization presenting new opportunities for economic crime and corruption to rise significantly
• law enforcement security governance dominated by shifting power structures accelerated pace toward integration and interoperability
• human resource and skill shortages are a serious looming challenge

Policing & Security — Global

• major security threats
  — weapons of mass destruction (nuclear biological chemical) delivered by non - missile means - primary threat to global and North American hemispheric security
  
  — long term trajectory a serious and increasing threat - with expanding availability of technology and information according to US National Security Council
  - most likely smuggled on a ship or a truck, or delivered on a plane
  - most likely biological attacks and attacks against information systems and infrastructure - financial institutions, electrical power grids, water systems etc.
  — as the number of disaffected people continues to rise adversaries are diverse, widespread and often unknown - small governments or individuals
  — international crime and drug trafficking integrating with extremism

We are now placing an extraordinary premium on being able to attribute…the kinds of threats that might occur from terrorist groups or other non state actors to exactly who's doing it where it is coming from and tracing it back to the ultimate source This will become a major objective I would predict between now and the next 15 years
~John Gannon
Former Director, National Security Council
ABC News Nightline, January 17 2001

Globalization…will significantly increase interaction among terrorists narcotraffickers weapons proliferators and organized criminals…Chemical and biological threats to the United States will become more widespread…Between now and 2015 terrorist tactics will become increasingly sophisticated and designed to achieve mass casualties
~Global Trends 2015
National Security Council, Dec 2000

— key threat areas:
- more and more, smaller countries are collaborating and pooling technological knowledge - no longer having to rely on a big power sponsors such as Russia or China

Iraq
— estimated to have invested up to $10B over a decade in producing weapons grade fissionable material
— although IAEA inspectors tracked down parts of nuclear program, a pool of trained scientists remains
— has hung on to key elements of its biological program, including production of potent biological agents and toxins, e.g., anthrax and smallpox virus
— failed to account for 17 tonnes of biological growth medium

Iran
— believed to have weapon stocks and production facilities since 1980s, although it declares to have none
— accused by US of illegally producing biological agents and turning them into weapons
— most grave concern is over nuclear weapons ambitions - building civilian nuclear - power reactors that could mask a clandestine weapons program with Russian assistance
— may be offering missile assistance to Syria and Libya

North Korea
— according to US and Russian estimates, houses large stocks of chemical weapons and nerve agents
— caught producing more plutonium than has admitted to; will not allow inspectors in to investigate
— has a well - developed biological weapons research program
— has an advanced missile program - for which sales flourish

India
— could have up to 95 nuclear warheads
— thought to have a military research program - may be tempted to sell military knowledge for profit
— has medium range missile capability

Pakistan
— could have as many as 50 nuclear warheads
— thought to have a military research program - may be tempted to sell military knowledge for profit
— greater proliferation concern because of primitive export controls and suspicion of assisting possible bomb seekers such as North Korea and Saudi Arabia
— has medium range missile capability

Sudan
— has a biological research program
— thought to have chemical weapons

Syria
— has a biological research program
— has dabbled in nuclear research
— thought to have chemical weapons

Libya
— has dabbled in nuclear research
— has a biological research program
— thought to have chemical weapons
— has demonstrated keen interest in developing ballistic missiles with ranges that could threaten Israel and parts of Europe

• emerging crime trends and consolidating patterns
  — accelerating hemispheric (North & South America) integration likely to expose new crime threats and need for international standardization
  - north/south economic disparity to exacerbate economic crime
  - Caribbean particularly hard-hit - region's total GDP only a fraction of larger American countries,
  - "have-nots" - Haiti, Cuba - continue to experience severe poverty and extreme underdevelopment
  potential for drug trafficking to increase with advancing integration
  - tight security along US - Mexico border will encourage growth of Caribbean smuggling corridors
  political, economic instability in South American opening new doors for corruption
  - recent examples - Argentinean economic collapse, Venezuelan power struggles
  - Colombia, Central American political instability - remain "wildcard" regions
  
  — soaring economic/white collar crime
  - e-commerce and Internet fraud effect sales figures
  - corporations reject up to 7% of all Internet-based sales transactions due to suspicious activity
  - more than 1% of all web-based sales were fraudulent in 2001 - losses could reach US $700M
  - traditional sales fraud - 0.06% of all transactions
  - credit card companies exploring new tools - prevent sales slippage, bring fraudulent use into more "acceptable" range
  - US - white collar and internet fraud is growing rapidly - April 2002 Internet Fraud Complaint Centre (IFCC), FBI and the National White Collar Crime Centre (NW3C)
  - IFCC expects number of complaints to rise from 1000/week to 1000/day - complaint areas
  » non - deliverable merchandise and non - payment
  » Nigerian letter fraud
  » credit/debit card fraud
  » identity theft
  » investment fraud
  
• increasing pressure to attract, retain and develop personnel with expertise in complex white collar, money-laundering investigations
  - Germany - total recorded crime steadily falling for last 8 years - business crime soared 50%
  - corruption the norm in waste disposal, building, property management and pharmaceuticals
  - 2000 - police investigated 1,243 cases of possible bribery related to public contracts
  terrorism, drug trade/organized crime make money laundering second largest global industry
  - "dirty" money is estimated at $3 trillion world wide
  
  — cases of cyber-crime/e-crime rising exponentially
  - CIA predicts criminal network/terrorist organizations will use wealth/expertise to attack world's financial and computer networks
  - 2002 CSI/FBI Computer Crime Security Survey - 7 year trend trajectory confirming
  - increasing threat from computer crime and other information security breaches - rising financial toll
  - more illegal and unauthorized activity in cyberspace than corporations admit or report
  - 90% of large corporations government agencies detected computer breaches within last 12 months
  - 80% experience financial losses due to breaches
  » 44% were willing to quantify their losses estimated at $450M
  » most serious occurred though theft of proprietary information and financial fraud
  » only 34% reported intrusions to law enforcement
  » 40% detected system penetration from outside
  » 78% detected employee abuse of internet access privileges
  » 85% detected computer viruses

The United States' increasing dependency on information technology to manage and operate our nation's critical infrastructures provides a prime target to would be cyber-terrorists. Now, more than ever, the government and private sector need to work together to share information and be more cognitive of information security so that our nation's critical infrastructures are protected.
~Bruce J Gebhardt
Executive Assistant Director, EAD FBI

[The] perils of cyber-technology are so significant that they stagger the imagination and convert vanity to prayer…Cyber-technology arrived without a legal framework to deal with the threats it could create. The public sector should take care of the security and privacy with respect to government cyber networks and the private sector should take care of security with respect to private networks. But they must work together because law enforcement can't do the job alone.
~Janet Reno, Former US Attorney General
Address to Terrorism Conference
Whistler, BC, April 29 2002

• challenge of e-crime for law enforcement:
  — rapid advance of technology - law enforcement needs to be on the leading-edge of new technologies / tools to counteract
  — constant challenge developing/retaining expertise to implement new technologies - as the demand for "hot" technology skills increases
  — e-crime rings are borderless - require interoperable, integrated, and collaborative approaches across international jurisdictions
  
• technology/e-crime challenging law enforcement to be integrated, multi-skilled
  — highly-sophisticated crime enterprises use leading edge technology - holograms, microprinting phony credit cards, extensive knowledge of targets
  — geographically distributed enterprises supported by secure servers, networks
  
• intelligence-led approach to understand full potential of on-line crime
  
• some major achievements for law enforcement in 2002
  — international credit card fraud ring broken up by coordinated RCMP, US Secret Service, provincial forces - responsible for up to 80% of credit card fraud in Canada
  — child pornography ring broken up in US, Canada - involved 7,000 individuals
  
  — corruption potential exploding with globalization
  - global economic integration grappling with bribery, corruption - interconnected world economy demonstrates need for international business laws, standards
  - many large multinational corporations "sidestepping" anti-corruption laws - capitalizing on lack of inter-jurisdictional cooperation, coordination
  - domestic laws are most effective against corruption by domestic companies
  - 1997 OECD convention on bribery signed by 35 countries - subsidiaries operating in non signatory areas not bound by regulations
  - self regulation among large multinationals failing to provide adequate security measures
  - US Department of Justice estimates bribery in international contract competitions close to US 30B per year from 1994 to 2001
  - bribery by firms operating in some regions increases costs up to 8
  - in 20 years US SEC has pursued only 30 cases involving foreign bribery key challenge is lack of cooperation in other countries
  - research continues to demonstrate reticence among firms to self report instances of bribery
  - business sustainability may be long term answer
  - foreign direct investment is greatest in countries perceived as less corrupt by world standards
  
• it is now widely accepted that corruption has large costs for economic development
  
• across countries there is strong evidence that higher levels of corruption are associated with lower growth and lower levels of per capita income
  ~ World Development Report, World Bank 2001
  
  — eco-terrorism
  - FBI identifies "special interest terrorism" as a serious threat - extremist groups on specific issues versus widespread political change - traditional right wing and left wing terrorism
  - estimates the Animal Liberation Front and Earth -Liberation Front (ALF/ELF) have committed more than 600 criminal acts in US since 1996 - more than $43M in damage
  - acts of sabotage and property destruction target industries perceived to be damaging the natural environment
  — organized crime in South-East Asia - China, Hong Kong, Thailand
  - organized crime strategies - primarily drug trafficking and human smuggling - not well developed by policing agencies
  - capacity building and specialized training increasingly the focus
  - Australia/UN International Drug Control Program (UNDCP) pro-actively responding to training needs
  - Australia invited Canada to attend regional meetings of heads of criminal intelligence of Asian countries
  - opportunity to pass on Canadian intelligence - lead/integrated police strategies
  
  — containers increasingly the vehicles of high crime
  at any moment, 15 million containers are at sea or parked in shipyards - accounting for 90% of world's traded cargo
  - average value of cargo theft increased fivefold - $500,000 from 1970s to1990s
  - "intermodal" travel - on both sea and land - difficult to regulate - at sea under jurisdiction of UN's International Maritime Organization - on land under jurisdiction of national governments
  - only 2% physically inspected - long used to smuggle drugs, contraband, illegal immigrants
  
  — "blood/conflict diamonds" - growing pressure for international transparency in the diamond trade
  - international attention on relationship - diamonds, violence, organized crime and societal destabilization in underdeveloped parts of the world - Sierra Leone, Angola, Congo
  - estimates "blood diamonds" account for 4 to 8% of global diamond industry
  - up to 500,000 people killed in recent years in "diamond wars"
  - international effort for transparency - internationally recognized certification program
  - 18 month negotiation (Kimberly Process) cooperation with industry leaders, government officials and human rights groups
  - 37 county agreement (March 2002) requiring all diamonds to come with certificates of origin
  
• governance responses
  — changing/shifting balance of power - restructuring government enforcement - movement to integration, consolidation/collaboration
  - Interpol launches terrorism initiative - an Interpol Terrorism Watch List in April 2002
  - immediate secure access to information on fugitive and suspected terrorists by Interpol offices and authorized police agencies
  - centralized persons data base of Interpol notices - issued for arrest, location and information
  - to include over 5000 stolen passports reports
  - European Security and Defense Policy/Police ESDP - both military and non - military components
  - autonomous continental capacity to prevent and respond to crises
  - low to mid intensity - Croatia - local police force exists but needs to be trained and advised
  - high intensity - East Timor - no local police or not in compliance with democratic standards
  - deal with public order situations
  - by January 2003, 500 European police officers to replace UN IPTF mission in Kosovo
  - US - restructure enforcement/security agencies - improve responsiveness, coordination, accountability
  - intelligence community - 13 federal organizations, budget of $30B - "turf-conscious"
  - Department of Justice - restructuring FBI
  » 4 business lines - criminal investigations, counterintelligence/counter-terrorism, administration, federal/state coordination
  » simplification of reporting structure - improve communication
  » "super squad" and Office of Intelligence - increase anti-terrorism capacity, intelligence sharing
  - FBI Reform Act focuses on transparency
  » DOJ direct oversight body for internal investigations - regular reports to Congress on operations
  » employee rights - 1989 Whistleblower Act introduced
  - Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) - separate administrative, enforcement functions
  » eliminate management layers / improve field responsiveness - two lines reporting to Commissioner
  » Bureau of Immigration Enforcement - consolidate border operations, investigations, undocumented immigrants, intelligence functions
  
• US intelligence community - current structure, including reporting relationships
  
• demonstrates complexity of the community - the silos between civilian and military intelligence apparatus
  
• considering changes that would civilianize the NRA, NSA and the NIMA under the CIA - new reporting structure in which the DCI would integrate all incoming intelligence - both civilian and military - to the President
  
• new funding for security intelligence community - emphasis on capacity-building
  
  · Australia - overhaul law enforcement environment re 9/11
  - Australian Federal Police (AFP) assume lead role in terrorist and organized crime investigations - closer to FBI model
  - National Crime Authority merging with Australian Bureau of Criminal Intelligence - reconstituted as Australian Crime Commission with criminal intelligence assessment responsibilities - overseen by a board of senior police officers
  - harmonize state law - allow AFP into state offences "incidental to multi jurisdictional crime" - expand capacity for listening devices, electronic surveillance and witness anonymity
  · People's Republic of China - one integrated police force falling under Ministry of Public Security
  - a policy of developing international relations - liaison officers in Ottawa and Washington
  - working with US, Russia, Canada and UK - 2 major international criminal issues - illegal drug trafficking and illegal transiting of aliens & people smuggling
  - seeking assistance from Canada - training senior managers, intelligence analysts, major crime investigators
  · Hong Kong - part of China, but separate police force
  - major crime issues relate to banking money laundering and illegally transiting aliens/people smuggling
  · Thailand - seeking Canadian training assistance for senior police managers, intelligence analysts and major crime investigators

For generations, military, intelligence and law enforcement agents have played their own game of telephone, with important messages misconstrued or sometimes lost. In many cases, players have been stubbornly unwilling to pass on any information, classified or not. Now, as agencies around the globe scramble to find new, even more elusive enemies and stem terrorist acts before they occur, they're encouraged to share their most guarded secrets. They are logging on to databases, making contacts overseas and working with colleagues they have traditionally mistrusted.
~ Susannah Patton
"Putting the Pieces Together"
Darwin Magazine, February 2002

— privatization of policing/security
· exponential growth of private security industry - concerns about safety and risk increasing preoccupations in western world
· emerging debates on changing relationship between public/private policing
· tensions re the balance/structure of policing - fragmentation and "pluralization" include:
- private security increasingly occupying "para-police" role - maintenance of social order and crime control
- "for-profit" policing adopting many of the tactics and functions of the public police, and less distinguishable
- concepts of "communal" space evolution - private parks, shopping malls - resulting in overlapping roles for state and private policing
- potentially conflicting objectives between public police - protecting public good, and private police - generating profit
- internationalization of private policing companies could result in foreign societal values, concepts of justice
- accountability, oversight measures different for public and private security agencies - lack of standardization
· heightened focus on security and increased integration between national police agencies post - 9/11
- growing need for new collaboration mechanisms between sectors

— ethics and accountability key drivers of policing models of the future
· France - public demand for transparency, legitimacy and the advancement of democratic principles challenging existing national security operations - right to silence in interrogation only recently instituted for terrorist suspects
- public debate around the creation of a Home Security Ministry to bring both police forces - the Gendarmerie and the Police National under one accountability structure
· UK - war over public opinion - tensions rise between police and government
- crime rates continue to rise - muggings and robbery have risen by 40% in the last nine months - fewer than 10% of crimes now result in conviction
- Blair Government intent on significant police reform - police charge failure by politicians to reform the criminal justice system at the root of the escalating crime problem
· US - FBI Reform Act introduced to Congress, February 2002
- improve accountability by making the Dept of Justice direct oversight body for internal investigations
- in the past FBI misconduct investigated by FBI Office of Professional Responsibility
» requires Attorney General to table reports to Congress on the FBI's programs and status of information management and technology
- overhauls FBI Senior Executive Service disciplinary procedures
- allows FBI whistle-blowers the same protection given to other US Federal employees - 1989 Whistle-blower Protection Act
- provides periodic lie detector examinations for FBI employees and for contractors who access sensitive information

— enhanced oversight - adherence to democratic principles/accountability
· closer relationships between police and security agencies worldwide tax current civilian oversight capacities
· national review and oversight bodies remain fragmented, primarily reactive
· international oversight non-existent
· independent, complaints-driven review processes the norm - UK, Australia, New Zealand
· US - multiple levels of oversight (federal, state, municipal) responsibilities from complaints/ombudsman services to auditing
· oversight capacity often local level - limited inter-agency communication on trends, common challenges
· Northern Ireland Policing Board (NIPB) demonstrates more proactive approach - broadening scope and responsibilities of oversight body to include:
- monitoring police activities, complaints
- undertaking ongoing review of crime trends and challenges
- assessment of policies, procedures, administration of police, including human resources development
- building relationships with public on crime prevention

[the NIPB has been heralded as a new beginning for the police]
There is something quite big appening here - we are actually trying to move a way forward which is out of the past and into the future
~ Dennis Bradley, Vice Chair, NIPB

— fortifying NA's border security now turning to expanding security zone internationally
· US and Canada - Smart Border Accord
· US and Mexico - 22 point "smart border" agreement
· agreements designed to secure infrastructure, the flow of people and goods, as well as to modernize - key elements:
- joint border infrastructure survey to identify bottlenecks
- integrated infrastructure investment - economic competitiveness
- critical infrastructure security assessments re terrorist attack
- identification of individuals who pose threats to NA
- port of entry technology systems facilitate flow of bona-fide travelers
- coordinate efforts deter smuggling of third-country nationals
- U.S. - Mexico Advanced Passenger Information exchange system
- technology systems rapidly exchange customs data
- expand partnerships with the private sector
· NA command zone - Northern Command or Northcom
- military zone across NA, including Canada, US, Mexico and Caribbean
- military operations report to a single headquarters
- based with NORAD at Peterson Air Force Base (Colorado Springs)
· US homeland security increasingly focused on seaports
- controversial strategy to extend borders at the IMO
- security checks at the top ten foreign ports - exclusive gateways to the US, squeezing out smaller, unauthorized ports

Note: National Guard troops deployed to the Northern border until US proposed large increases in border personnel in place

US Border Security Bill, May 02
—requires biometric data to be included on foreign visas/passports
—increases border security technology funding
—raise number border and port inspectors
—allow access to passenger manifests (planes, ships) by US authorities

• US scheme for seaport security would change the trade routes of the world, affecting thousands of companies and global supply chains as well as the focus of security operations globally
  
  — investment in infrastructure and supporting tools
  · US - focus on building information capacity/interoperability
  - Sharing/using information technology to enhance security - federal, state and local governments
  - FBI given $417 million for new computer/data system
  - expected to be operational by early 2003
  » based on computer experts of the Mormon Church who oversee a vast genealogy data bank - Mormons helping FBI developing name recognition programs
  » provide investigators with suspect's using multiple names and change identity
  - pilot project to breakdown information barriers - the Overseas Presence Interagency Collaboration/Knowledge Management System - May 2002
  » overseas offices of 9 federal agencies share data from interoperable IT platform
  » interoperable e-mail, inter-agency directories, real-time video-conferencing, shared capabilities
  
  — gaps and pressure points
  · knowledge gap
  - despite $30-50B intelligence budget in US - limited investment in understanding "new adversaries"
  - more diffuse, more difficult to identify, and large ethnic, political and ideological gaps
  · human resource pressure points
  - advancing skill requirements/shortages, high work stress, work satisfaction, pay and ethics are key
  » Case 1: NASA - over 60% of workforce eligible for retirement; large proportion in specialized, compartmentalized technical/scientific R&D; key challenge - retain and integrate lessons learned - multi-generational projects - interplanetary exploration - decades-long knowledge development
  » Case 2: National Border Patrol Council Union estimates 1 in 4 INS Border Patrol agents leave low pay/poor satisfaction job to sky marshal positions in new Transportation Security Administration
  - competition for law enforcement security personnel among organizations with overlapping objectives/mandates

Policing & Security — Canada

• national security
  
  — Canada seen by some as an access point for terrorism directed at US
  · terrorists enter Canada - alleged porous refugee system - settle in a safe-house, contribute to organization/cell in several ways
  - providing functional support - forging documents, etc.
  - political lobbying and mounting public campaigns to promote their cause
  » fund-raising - community events/meetings - through illegal means such as drug trafficking and theft
  » identifying and targeting new recruits
  » operations - using Canada as a staging ground for terrorist operations - Air India, Ahmed Ressam
  - pressure campaigns against adversaries - working to silence those who hinder their operations

[in relation to the suggestion that Canada is a safe haven for terrorists] This suggestion is totally without foundation, I have said, as is true of every western democracy including, again, the United States, that some see Canada as a safe haven, some actually seek to find safe haven here, and some may achieve it. I, therefore, also said to the Special Committee that we will maintain our vigilance so as to ensure that terrorists will be prevented from entering Canada, or, if successful, will be identified so that they can be removed.
~Ward Elcock, Director of CSIS
In a letter to Lamar S. Smith, Chairman, Immigration and Claims Subcommittee
U S House of Representatives, January 24, 2000

— key challenges/gaps to Canada's role in hemispheric security
· development of a comprehensive, consolidated national security policy in Canada
- defining Canada's role/responsibility re domestic, continental and global security - addressing Canada's "real" role as a potential staging ground/access point
- integrating a national/continental security policy - framework of foreign policy objectives
» promotion of prosperity and employment
» protection of domestic security, within a stable global framework
» protection of Canadian values and culture
· determining "right" balance between national sovereignty and integrated, continental security framework
- creation of an NA security zone raises many complex issues - impact of/on:
» military co-operation with US on Canada's claim to jurisdiction in the Arctic
» Canada's adherence to a host of international treaties
» Canada's ability to play a leadership role in multilateral organisations like the UN
» how unique Canadian values will be manifested in policy

This draft report explores important issues and poses complicated questions - questions of sovereignty, about how we define our borders and secure our values. There are choices to be made, but this can only happen in an atmosphere of informed, determined and honest dialogue…a move to closer military co-operation - including the possibility of a US-led integrated command - would dramatically reshape fundamental aspects of Canadian sovereignty, identity and foreign policy.
~Dr Lloyd Axworthy, CEO of the Liu Centre for the Study of Global Issues of UBC and Professor Michael Byers, Duke University on the release of the Draft Report, Canadian Armed Forces Under U.S. Command, April 2002

· "intelligence challenge" - terrorist organizations increasingly sophisticated, technologized, educated and security-conscious
- terrorism doesn't fit neatly into legal framework and processes
» potential terrorists are not yet "criminal" - difficult to pursue and prosecute
- understanding how cells operate - al-Qaeda has not been destroyed - its diffuse organizational structure means it has likely changed shape
- foreign-gathered intelligence - less reliable information and/or less palatable practices of foreign intelligence agencies (e. g. torture tactics)
- ensuring balance - ensuring counter terrorism operations do not jeopardize international and domestic operations and intelligence-gathering already underway

• need to invest more in qualitative aspects of surveillance vs. traditional quantitative approach to intelligence gathering - numbers of people and groups in Canada under surveillance from day to day
  
• emerging and/or consolidating crime trends
  — organized crime - increasingly linked to international terrorism
  · continues to be main public safety threat
  · drug trafficking key tool for financing criminal operations - cocaine, marijuana, heroin trafficking and manufacture of synthetic drugs
  · technological infrastructure, networks exploited by organized crime enterprises
  - credit, debit card frauds, Internet scams - cyber-crime paralleling growth of e-business
  - tele-fraud particularly common among East European groups - over 75% targeted toward seniors
  · illegal migrant smuggling, human trafficking serious crime issues - particularly Pacific Rim countries
  - trafficking helping to support sex trade - sexual exploitation of children a sustained challenge
  - Canada continues to be seen as an entry point of for illegal migrants entering US
  · outlaw motorcycle gangs are key component of organized crime
  - Hells Angels the largest, most active group in Canada
  - key threat - use of violence, assault, extortion to promote criminal activities - tobacco, alcohol, firearms, drug smuggling, distribution
  
• use of so-called "club drugs" and "designer" drugs such as Ecstasy is on the rise across North America
  - in 1996, 1,000 Ecstasy pills were seized at Canada's borders
  - by 2000, this number had risen to 1.5M
  - traffic movement in both directions across Canada-US border
• manufacturing, distributing designer club drugs a growing concern
  - at present, production and distribution are illegal, but Canada does not regulate or control sale of many of the ingredients required to concoct "club drugs"
  
  — expanding urban populations leading to rise in crime
  · potential causes - increased cultural tension and marginalization of some groups
  · attacks against persons on the rise - hate crimes could accompany continued urban diversification
  · rise in street gangs in urban centres - but even some growth in isolated communities - youth looking for a "way out"
  - critical rise in street gang violence including homicide in BC (Vancouver)
  · drugs and drug-related violence remains a key threat, particularly in urban centres
  
• Saskatchewan registered highest among provinces for third consecutive year
  - over 12,000 criminal incidents for every 100,000 persons
  · rates were significantly higher in the Territories
  - levels of 20,000 to 30,000 per 100,000
  
• Canada's Youth Criminal Justice Act - new challenges for criminal justice community
  — continued urbanization - increased potential marginalization of socio-economic groups - new "pools" of potential at-risk youth
  — early intervention - crime prevention strategies key component - will raise expectations for early intervention/diversion in community crime prevention program
  — growing need to improve youth crime reporting
  · key challenges - encouraging young people to self-identify when they are a victim of crime
  
• crime in Canada's isolated northern communities continues to outpace national averages
  - overall crime rate - 3 times national average
  - violent crime - 5 times national average
  - rate of sexual assaults - 6 times national average
  
• underdevelopment, long-standing societal challenges - drug, alcohol dependence - root of the problem
  - northern rural areas - 300% the national average of the violent incidents against RCMP members - 77% involve alcohol
  - population growth, increased economic activity - strengthen current trends
  
• governance responses
  — increasing horizontality and integration
  · more responsive security approach for globalized, technologized, terrorized world
  - Canada/US customs forming integrated teams at Vancouver, Montreal, Halifax ports
  - shipping containers important target
  - prevent use of shipping containers to transport/import terrorists, weapons of mass destruction
  » improve inter-agency intelligence-sharing
  » Scrutinize passenger and cargo manifests to target high-risk shipments for inspection
  » "one-stop shopping" inspection for all of North America - over 500,000 containers shipped to US from Canada each year - also attractive to shipping companies, reducing time spent in transit
  - horizontal initiatives funded in federal budget
  » CBRN, marine security, airport security
  - North American Linkages project - horizontal policy research initiative of federal government
  » a collaborative, forward-looking knowledge agenda around public safety and security threats
  - Ontario creates new Ministry of Public Safety and Security - combining Ministry of the Solicitor General and Ministry of Correctional Services

In a world that is more globalized, technologized and "terrorized", we need a new approach to security and law enforcement that necessitates co-operation at all levels. This is what I mean by "global alliance" - integrated policing at its best, where we're connected by technology, by human resources, by financial capital…and we're all working towards common priorities.
~Giuliano Zaccardelli, Commissioner of the RCMP
Address to the OACP/Rotman Executive Forum, April 26, 2002

— RCMP developing leadership in integrated policing
· comprehensive strategies required - integrated agencies and networks, enhanced skills
· course for comprehensive response include:
- collection/consolidation/analysis/dissemination of criminal intelligence and risk/threats analysis
» joint implementation of threat assessment tools - identify shared priorities, common targets
» strategic leveraging of resources - all levels and partners
» coordinated investigative, enforcement activities - domestic and global law enforcement community
- strengthening fragmented policing environment - key vulnerabilities:
» leadership gap - integrating criminal intelligence, co-ordinated law enforcement
» strategic targeting - few shared priorities
» investment - technological, skills, research - lack of mechanism to leverage investments across agencies and departments
» occurrence management systems - few interfaces between agencies
- significant joint activities - across policing, security community
» national standards for protective, investigative, enforcement roles
» shared approaches to recruitment, training
» integrated response to national security - broad-based overview/co-ordination function to ensure
- ethics/values based policing focus
» public confidence and trust in policing - ensuring high public approval in new risk environment
» key pillars - transparency, accountability, enhanced citizen oversight, accessibility, implementation of effective policing strategies
· re-focusing strategic priority on terrorist threat while leveraging organized crime capacity
- post-September 11 funding to national security will serve the dual purpose of helping to combat organized crime
» focus on intelligence and investigation capacity
» investment in technology - upgraded technology and information management systems - more information, better analysis and the capacity to share securely
» integrated teams - greater coordination and collaboration among Canada's law enforcement agencies and with international partners

— privatization a growing issue
· significant growth of private security industry
- current ratio of private security employees to public police is reported to be 3 to 1
- predictions that Canadian security sector could grow to American model where armed private security out number police by 8 to1
- assuming responsibilities that place them in situations of some control over the public - quasi policing services in both low-income and affluent neighborhoods
- regulation of private security is a provincial jurisdiction:
» lack of enforceable, harmonized standard framework across the country, insufficient resources to enforce existing standards
- little attention paid to policy questions raised by private security

The coexistence and competition at times between publicly funded forces and private firms is not unique to the security field. However, the public private divide in the world of security presents particular challenges: will the private sector provide security in a way that is compatible with our values of equality and human dignity in a democratic society? How can we be sure? Is the current division of labour between public police and private security the best way to provide policing? These questions must be asked, at a time when we are increasingly concerned about security.
In Search of Security:
The Roles of Public Police and Private Agencies Law Commission of Canada

— enhanced oversight and monitoring by legal and civil liberties community - in response to counter-terrorism legislation
· potential risks to democratic and civil rights:
- new legislation may impact public protest/public order under a broad definition of terrorism
- impact to groups targeted as high-risk - religious/political "profiles"
- preventive detention and surveillance - "reasonableness" parameters
· legal community analysts - ensuring an appropriate balance between rights and security, and maintaining transparency and public confidence, requires:
- effective and independent oversight on an ongoing, proactive basis - Ontario
- comprehensive capacity for review needs across the security community
- effective and extensive training of practitioners - from front-line officers to oversight bodies - on issues of implementation, interpretation and methods of ensuring individual rights

• police demographics
  
  — Canadian Police Association and Canadian Association of Chiefs of Police release strategic human resources analysis of public policing in Canada - 5 priorities identified:
  · attracting next generation of police personnel
  · increasing efficiencies across the policing sector - decreasing jurisdictional barriers
  · improving human resource planning capacity
  · improving labour/management relations
  · review of funding and resources
  
  — police forces across Canada to experience unprecedented turnover
  · in 5 years - 25% of officers, 60% of senior officers, 43% of non-commissioned officers - eligible to retire
  · about 2,000 officers - 4% of sworn officer complement - to retire annually for several years
  · western Canada has highest percentage of senior officers (66%) eligible for retirement in 5 years
  · civilian personnel - retirement eligibility highest among management professionals (19%)
  
  — percentage of females in policing is on the rise
  · by 1999, females made up 13% of all sworn officers - an increase of 9% since 1986
  - smallest increase in senior officer (.2 to 2.8%) - largest in constable (5.4 to 16.2%)
  · upward trend is predicted to continue
  - more women seeking careers in law enforcement and majority of retiring officers are male
  
  — percentage of Aboriginal and visible minority officers remains small
  
  — police population increasingly educated - about 2/3 have some post secondary education
  
• Canadian police forces facing demographic challenges similar to other sectors
  
• diversity in police population lagging behind Canadian population
  - will be exacerbated with growing Aboriginal youth population and increased immigration