Table A1
Descriptive Statistics at the Child Level of Analysis for Physical Aggression
(2-11 Years Old)
|
Mean
|
Standard Deviation
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
Physical Aggression (2-11)
|
1.02 |
1.22 |
0 |
6 |
Female |
0.49 |
0.50 |
0 |
1 |
Child's Age |
6.49 |
2.87 |
2 |
11 |
Hostile/Punitive Parenting |
13.90 |
5.25 |
0 |
37 |
Positive Interaction |
13.47 |
3.28 |
1 |
20 |
Consistent Parenting |
14.71 |
3.48 |
0 |
20 |
Exposure to Violence in the Home |
1.11 |
0.38 |
1 |
4 |
Household socioeconomic Status |
-0.04 |
0.78 |
-3.16 |
2.82 |
Recent Immigrant (past 4 years) |
0.02 |
0.15 |
0 |
1 |
Immigrant (5-9 years) |
0.04 |
0.19 |
0 |
1 |
Blended Family |
0.05 |
0.21 |
0 |
1 |
Single Parent Family |
0.15 |
0.35 |
0 |
1 |
Two Biological Parents Family |
0.80 |
0.40 |
0 |
1 |
Years Lived at Current Address |
5.83 |
5.09 |
0 |
48 |
Home Ownership |
0.75 |
0.44 |
0 |
1 |
Residential Crowding |
1.38 |
0.41 |
0 |
6 |
Number of Siblings |
1.38 |
1.01 |
0 |
11 |
Biological Mother's Age at First Birth |
28.15 |
4.96 |
14 |
54 |
PMK Level of Depression |
4.75 |
5.60 |
0 |
35 |
EA Type
|
|
|
|
|
Low Adult Employment, Low Income, Low |
|
|
|
|
Education |
0.01 |
0.12 |
0 |
1 |
Low Youth Employment, Low Education |
0.04 |
0.20 |
0 |
1 |
High % Single Parents and Immigrants, Low |
|
|
|
|
Income, Low Employment |
0.06 |
0.24 |
0 |
1 |
High % Single Parents and Immigrants |
0.09 |
0.28 |
0 |
1 |
Lower Middle Class |
0.29 |
0.46 |
0 |
1 |
Middle Class |
0.19 |
0.40 |
0 |
1 |
Upper Middle Class |
0.25 |
0.43 |
0 |
1 |
Very High socioeconomic Status |
0.06 |
0.23 |
0 |
1 |
PMK Perceived Problems in the Neighbourhood
|
1.31 |
1.67 |
0 |
10 |
Census (EA) Percentage Home Owners |
71.40 |
22.62 |
0 |
100 |
Census (EA) Percentage Immigrant |
14.70 |
13.77 |
0 |
91 |
Census (EA) Concentrated Advantage |
0.58 |
2.03 |
-3 |
10 |
Census (EA) Concentrated Disadvantage |
-0.35 |
2.81 |
-6 |
20 |
Census (EA) Adult/ Child Ratio |
2.57 |
1.14 |
1 |
37 |
Census (EA) Neighbourhood Density |
2.90 |
0.44 |
1 |
7 |
PMK: Neighbours Score |
10.70 |
2.78 |
0 |
15 |
PMK: Neighbourhood Safety |
4.30 |
1.28 |
0 |
6 |
Table A2
Descriptive Statistics at the Child Level of Analysis for Indirect Aggression Analyses
(2-11 Years Old)
|
Mean
|
Standard Deviation
|
Minimum
|
Maximum
|
Indirect Aggression
|
1.20 |
1.68 |
0 |
10 |
Female |
0.49 |
0.50 |
0 |
1 |
Child's Age |
7.47 |
2.29 |
4 |
11 |
Hostile/Punitive Parenting |
13.73 |
5.20 |
0 |
36 |
Positive Interaction |
12.80 |
3.05 |
1 |
20 |
Consistent Parenting |
14.82 |
3.47 |
0 |
20 |
Exposure to Violence in the Home |
1.11 |
0.40 |
1 |
4 |
Household socioeconomic Status |
-0.04 |
0.78 |
-3.16 |
2.82 |
Recent Immigrant (past 4 years) |
0.02 |
0.15 |
0 |
1 |
Immigrant (5-9 years) |
0.04 |
0.19 |
0 |
1 |
Blended Two Parent Family |
0.06 |
0.23 |
0 |
1 |
Single Parent Family |
0.15 |
0.35 |
0 |
1 |
Two Biological Parents Family |
0.79 |
0.40 |
0 |
1 |
Years Lived at Current Address |
6.21 |
5.24 |
0 |
48 |
Home Ownership |
0.75 |
0.43 |
0 |
1 |
Residential Crowding |
1.38 |
0.41 |
0 |
6 |
Number of Siblings |
1.45 |
1.01 |
0 |
11 |
Biological Mother's Age at First Birth |
27.92 |
4.88 |
14 |
54 |
PMK Level of Depression |
4.67 |
5.63 |
0 |
35 |
EA Type
|
|
|
|
|
Low Adult Employment, Low Income, Low |
|
|
|
|
Education |
0.01 |
0.12 |
0 |
1 |
Low Youth Employment, Low Education |
0.04 |
0.20 |
0 |
1 |
High % Single Parents and Immigrants, Low |
|
|
|
|
Income, Low Employment |
0.06 |
0.23 |
0 |
1 |
High % Single Parents and Immigrants |
0.09 |
0.28 |
0 |
1 |
Lower Middle Class |
0.30 |
0.46 |
0 |
1 |
Middle Class |
0.19 |
0.39 |
0 |
1 |
Upper Middle Class |
0.26 |
0.44 |
0 |
1 |
Very High socioeconomic Status |
0.06 |
0.23 |
0 |
1 |
PMK Perceived Problems in the Neighbourhood
|
1.31 |
1.65 |
0 |
10 |
Census (EA) Percentage Home Owners |
71.86 |
22.20 |
0 |
100 |
Census (EA) Percentage Immigrant |
14.59 |
13.74 |
0 |
90 |
Census (EA) Concentrated Advantage |
0.61 |
2.06 |
-3 |
10 |
Census (EA) Concentrated Disadvantage |
-0.40 |
2.75 |
-6 |
20 |
Census (EA) Adult/ Child Ratio |
2.57 |
1.12 |
1 |
23 |
Census (EA) Neighbourhood Density |
2.91 |
0.44 |
1 |
7 |
PMK: Neighbours Score |
10.75 |
2.77 |
0 |
15 |
PMK: Neighbourhood Safety |
4.33 |
1.27 |
0 |
6 |
Table B.1
Correlations Among Individual, Family, and Neighbourhood Independent Variables with Childhood Aggression
|
Mean
|
Outcomes
|
|
Indirect Aggression (4-11) N=10,971 |
Physical Aggression (2-11) N=14,287 |
Independent Variables
|
|
|
Female |
0.07*** |
-0.12*** |
Child's Age |
0.13*** |
-0.11*** |
Hostile/Punitive Parenting |
0.28*** |
0.39*** |
Positive Interaction |
-0.15*** |
-0.01 |
Consistent Parenting |
-0.14*** |
-0.13*** |
Exposure to Violence in the Home |
0.10*** |
0.13*** |
Household socioeconomic Status |
-0.10*** |
-0.08*** |
Recent Immigrant (past 4 years) |
-0.02* |
-0.04*** |
Immigrant (5-9 years) |
0.03** |
-0.03*** |
Immigrated over 10 years ago |
-0.01 |
-0.07*** |
Blended Family |
0.05*** |
0.02* |
Single Parent Family |
0.10*** |
0.09*** |
Two Biological Parents Family |
-0.12*** |
-0.09*** |
Years Lived at Current Address |
-0.04*** |
-0.08*** |
Home Ownership |
-0.09*** |
-0.07*** |
Residential Crowding |
-0.04*** |
0.01 |
Number of Siblings |
0.00 |
0.05* |
Biological Mother's Age at First Birth |
-0.10*** |
-0.06*** |
PMK Level of Depression |
0.20*** |
0.16*** |
Census EA Type
|
|
|
Low Adult Employment, Income and Education |
0.02* |
-0.00 |
Low Youth Employment and Education |
-0.00 |
-0.01 |
High % Single Parents and Immigrants, Low Income, |
|
|
Low Employment |
0.04*** |
0.01 |
High % Single Parents and Immigrants |
0.00 |
0.02* |
Lower Middle Class |
0.04*** |
0.00 |
Middle Class |
-0.01 |
0.03*** |
Upper Middle Class |
-0.02* |
-0.02 |
Very High socioeconomic Status |
-0.05*** |
-0.05*** |
PMK Perceived Problems in Neighbourhood
|
0.09*** |
0.11*** |
Census (EA) Percentage Home Owners |
-0.04*** |
-0.01 |
Census (EA) Percentage Immigrant |
0.00 |
-0.07*** |
Census (EA) Concentrated Advantage |
-0.06*** |
-0.07*** |
Census (EA) Concentrated Disadvantage |
0.05*** |
0.03*** |
Census (EA) Adult/ Child Ratio |
-0.04*** |
-0.04*** |
Census (EA) Neighbourhood Density |
-0.00 |
-0.03*** |
PMK: Neighbours Score |
-0.09*** |
-0.07*** |
PMK: Neighbourhood Safety |
-0.06*** |
-0.07*** |
Notes: =0.10 (two-tailed tests of statistical significance),
*=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001.
All correlations use a normalized weight to retain the effective sample size
while adjusting for the research design.
|
Table B.2
Correlations Among Census-Tract Level Variables
(96 CT Units)
|
Percentage Low Income Families
|
Census Tract Population
|
Census Tract Level of Collective Efficacy
|
Percentage of Low Income Families per CT |
- |
|
|
CT Population |
-0.04 |
- |
|
CT Level of Collective Efficacya |
0.34*** |
-0.01 |
- |
CT Level of Perceived Neighbourhood Problemsb |
-0.24* |
0.16 |
-0.27** |
*=p<0.05, **=p<0.01, ***=p<0.001
(two-tailed tests of statistical significance), a=coding on this variable
indicate high scores with low levels of collective efficacy,
b=coding on this variable equates low scores with high tract level problems.
|