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37. Ibid.

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39. Eisenberg, J. "Your role in fall prevention." Review of optometry, 15 Dec. 2004, pp. 46-50.

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43. Ibid.

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45. American Geriatrics Society; British Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. "Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons." Journal of the American geriatrics society, Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 664-72.

46. Speechley, M. "Risk factors for falling among Canadian veterans and their caregivers." Canadian journal on aging, 2005. (Publication pending)

47. Gallagher, E. M.; M. Hunter and V. J. Scott. "Nature of falling among community dwelling seniors." Canadian journal on aging, Vol. 18, No. 3, Fall 1999, pp. 348-62.

48. American Geriatrics Society; British Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. "Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons." Journal of the American geriatrics society, Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 664-72.

49. Petrella, R. J. et al. "Physical function and fear of falling after hip fracture rehabilitation in the elderly." American journal of physical medical rehabilitation, Vol. 26, 2000, pp. 483-86.

50. Clemson, L.; A. Cusick and C. Fozzard. "Managing risk and exerting control: Determining follow through with falls prevention." Disability and rehabilitation, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1999, pp. 531-41.

51. F/P/T Ministers Responsible for Seniors. A best practices guide for the prevention of falls among seniors living in the community. 2001.

52. Gallagher, E. and H. Brunt. "Head over heels: A clinical trial to reduce falls among the elderly." Canadian journal on aging, Vol. 15, 1996, pp. 84-96.

53. Castles, S. "Factors influencing falls among nursing home residents." Paper presented at the Canadian Association on Gerontology's pre-conference workshop. Victoria, B.C.: 2004.

54. Ibid.

55. Miller, L. G. "Selected clinical considerations focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions." ARCH intern med, Vol. 158, 1998.

56. Scott V.; S. Peck and P. Kendall. Prevention of falls and injuries among the elderly: A special report from the Office of the Provincial Health Officer. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Health Planning, 2004.

57. Cumming, R. "Epidemiology of medication-related falls and fractures in the elderly." Drugs and aging, Vol. 12, No. 1, 1998, pp. 43-53.

58. Zagaria, M. Senior care: Pharmacist intervention can prevent falls. 2005. Online: www.uspharmacist.com 

59. Mukamal, K. et al. "Self-reported alcohol consumption and falls in older adults: Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the cardiovascular health study." Journal of the American geriatrics society, Vol. 52, 2004, pp. 1174-86.

60. Ibid.

61. Gallagher, E. and H. Brunt. "Head over heels: A clinical trial to reduce falls among the elderly." Canadian journal on aging, Vol. 15, 1996, pp. 84-96.

62. Ibid.

63. Ibid.

64. Bateni, H. et al. "Resolving conflicts in task demands during balance recovery: Does holding an object inhibit compensatory grasping?" Experimental brain research, Vol. 157, 2004, pp. 49-58.

65. Rubenstein, L. et al. Best practice interventions for fall prevention. 2003. Prepared for the California Blueprint for Fall Prevention Conference, January 2005.

66. Howland, J. and E. Peterson. "Fear of falling among the community-dwelling elderly." Journal of aging and health, Vol. 5, No. 2, 1993, pp. 229-43.

67. Gagnon, N. and A. Flint. "Fear of falling in the elderly." Geriatrics and aging, Vol. 6, No. 7, 2003, pp. 15-17.

68. Ibid.

69. Kong, K. et al. "Psychosocial consequences of falling: The perspective of the older Hong Kong Chinese who had experienced recent falls." Journal of advanced nursing, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2002, pp. 234-42.
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70. Maki, B. E. "Gait changes in older adults: Predictors of falls or indicators of fear." Journal of the American geriatrics society, Vol. 45, 1997, pp. 313-20.

71. Adkin, A. et al. "Fear of falling modifies anticipatory postural control." Experimental brain research, Vol. 143, 2002, pp. 160-70.
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72. Maki, B. E.; P. J. Holliday and A. K. Topper. "Fear of falling and postural performance in the elderly." Journal of gerontology, Vol. 46, 1991, pp. M123-M131.

73. Lawrence, R. et al. "Intensity and correlates of fear of falling and hurting oneself in the next year: Baseline findings from a Royal Center fear of falling intervention." Journal of aging and health, Vol. 10, No. 3, 1998, pp. 267-86.

74. Gallagher, E. and H. Brunt. "Head over heels: A clinical trial to reduce falls among the elderly." Canadian journal on aging, Vol. 15, 1996, pp. 84-96.

75. Edwards, N. et al. "Stair study: Stair use and stair safety among community living seniors." (In press)

76. Maki, B. E. and W. E. McIlroy. "Change-in-support balance reactions in older persons: An emerging research area of clinical importance." In J. Furman (ed.), Neurologic clinics of North America. Philadelphia: Elsevier. (In press)
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77. Pauls, J. "Stair safety and accessibility: Standards development in the building and housing industry." In G. Gutman (ed.), Technology and innovation for an aging society: Blending research, public and private sectors. Vancouver: Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, 1998, pp. 111-29.

78. Public Health Agency of Canada. The safe living guide: A guide to home safety for seniors. 2005. Online: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/seniors-aines/pubs/safelive/

79. Gallagher, E. and V. Scott. "The STEPS project: A collaborative study to reduce falls in public places among seniors and persons with disabilities." Canadian journal of public health, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1997, pp. 129-33.

80. Bateni, H. et al. "Can use of walking frames or canes impede lateral compensatory stepping movements?" Gait posture, Vol. 20, 2004, pp. 74-83.
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81. Gallagher, E. et al. Final report: Laying the groundwork for improved knowledge and use of assistive devices among Canadian veterans and seniors. Report to Health Canada, 2002.

82. Speechley, M. "Risk factors for falling among Canadian veterans and their caregivers." Canadian journal on aging, 2005. (Publication pending)

83. Registered Nurses Association of Ontario. Prevention of falls and fall injuries in the older adult. 2002 (revised in 2005).

84. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 21: The assessment and prevention of falls in older people. 2004. Online: www.nice.org.uk 

85. National Electronic Library for Health. Online: www.nelh.nhs.uk/nsf/olderpeople.asp  (as viewed July 2005).

86. Queensland State Government, Australia. Falls prevention: Best practice guidelines for public hospitals and state government residential aged care facilities. Queensland Health, 2003.

87. Australian Government. An analysis of research on preventing falls and falls injury in older people: Community, residential care and hospital settings. Department of Health and Ageing, 2004.

88. American Geriatrics Society; British Geriatrics Society and American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons Panel on Falls Prevention. "Guideline for the prevention of falls in older persons." Journal of the American geriatrics society, Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 664-72.

89. Speechley, M. "Risk factors for falling among Canadian veterans and their caregivers." Canadian journal on aging, 2005. (Publication pending)

90. Hotchkiss, A. et al. "Convergent and predictive validity of three scales related to falls in the elderly." American journal of occupational therapy, Vol. 58, No. 1, 2004, pp. 100-3.

91. National Institute for Clinical Excellence. Clinical guideline 21: The assessment and prevention of falls in older people. 2004. Online: www.nice.org.uk 

92. Robson, E.; J. Edwards, E. Gallagher and D. Baker. "Steady As You Go (SAYGO): A falls-prevention program for seniors living in the community." Canadian journal on aging, Vol. 22, No. 2, 2003, pp. 207-16.

93. Tinetti, M. E.; M. Speechley and S. F. Ginter. "Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders." Journal of gerontology, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1994, pp. M140-M147.

94. Chang, J. T. et al. "Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials." British medical journal, Vol. 328, No. 7441, 2004, p. 680.

95. Gillespie, L. D. et al. "Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people." (Cochrane Review) The Cochrane library, Vol. 3, 2001.

96. New South Wales Health Department . Preventing injuries from falls in older people: Background information to assist in the planning and evaluation of local area-based strategies in New South Wales. 2001. Online: www.health.nsw.gov.au 

97. Feskanich D.; W. Willett and G. Colditz. "Walking and leisure time activity and risk of hip fracture in post menopausal women." Journal of the American medical association, Vol. 288, 2002, pp. 2300-6.

98. Ebrahim, S. et al. "Randomized placebo-controlled trial of brisk walking in prevention of post-menopausal osteoporosis." Age and ageing, Vol. 26, 1997, pp. 253-60.

99. Chang, J. T. et al. "Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials." British medical journal, Vol. 328, No. 7441, 2004, p. 680.

100. New South Wales Health Department. Preventing injuries from falls in older people: Background information to assist in the planning and evaluation of local area-based strategies in New South Wales. 2001. Online: www.health.nsw.gov.au 

101. Ibid.

102. Scott V.; S. Peck and P. Kendall. Prevention of falls and injuries among the elderly: A special report from the Office of the Provincial Health Officer. Victoria, B.C.: Ministry of Health Planning, 2004.

103. Eisenberg, J. "Your role in fall prevention." Review of optometry, 15 Dec. 2004, pp. 46-50.

104. Ibid.

105. Health Canada/Veterans Affairs Canada Falls Prevention Initiative. Assistive device use by seniors and injuries: A recent literature review. Prepared by J. Watzke, 2001.

106. Speechley, M. "Risk factors for falling among Canadian veterans and their caregivers." Canadian journal on aging, 2005. (Publication pending)

107. Maki, B. E. et al. "Effect of facilitation of sensation from plantar foot-surface boundaries on postural stabilization in young and older adults." Journal of gerontololgy, Vol. 54A, 1999, pp. M281-M287.

108. Aminzadeh, F. and N. Edwards. "Exploring seniors' views on the use of assistive devices in fall prevention." Public health nursing, Vol. 15, No. 4, 2001, pp. 297-304.

109. Kraskowsky, L. H. and M. Finlayson. "Factors affecting older adults use of adapted equipment: Review of the literature." American journal of occupational therapy, Vol. 55, No. 3, 2001, pp. 303-10.

110. Health Canada/Veterans Affairs Canada Falls Prevention Initiative. Hip protectors and community-living seniors: A review of the literature. Prepared by H. Sveistrup and D. Lockett, 2003.

111. Van Schoor, N. et al. "Prevention of hip fractures by external hip protectors: A randomized controlled trial." Journal of American medical association, Vol. 289, 2003, pp. 1957-62.

112. Widder, B. "A new device to decrease falls." Geriatric nursing, Vol. 6, 1985, pp. 287-88.

113. New South Wales Health Department. Preventing injuries from falls in older people: Background information to assist in the planning and evaluation of local area-based strategies in New South Wales. 2001. Online: www.health.nsw.gov.au 

114. Ibid.

115. Birschoff-Ferrari, H. "Effect of Vitamin D on falls: A meta-analysis." Journal of the American medical association, Vol. 291, 2004, pp. 1999-2006.

116. Health Canada/Veterans Affairs Canada Falls Prevention Initiative. Evaluating the safe living guide. Prepared by L. Shaw; A. Freeman and K. Cooper, University of Western Ontario, 2004.

117. Public Health Agency of Canada. The safe living guide: A guide to home safety for seniors. 2005. Online: www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/seniors-aines/pubs/safelive/

118. F/P/T Ministers Responsible for Seniors. A best practices guide for the prevention of falls among seniors living in the community. 2001.

119. Cumming, R. G. et al. "Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: A randomized trial of falls prevention." Journal of the American geriatrics society, Vol. 47, No. 12, 1999, pp. 1398-1402.

120. Gallagher, E. and V. Scott. "The STEPS project: A collaborative study to reduce falls in public places among seniors and persons with disabilities." Canadian journal of public health, Vol. 88, No. 2, 1997, pp. 129-33.

121. F/P/T Ministers Responsible for Seniors. Enhancing safety and security for Canadian seniors: Setting the stage for action. 1999.

122. Canadian Standards Association. B659-01: Design for aging. Edmonton: 2001. Available for purchase online: www.csa-intl.org/onlinestore/ISO_Search_Results.asp?
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123. Robinovitch, S. et al. "Strategies for avoiding hip impact during sideways falls." Journal of bone and mineral research, Vol. 18, 2003, pp. 1267-73.

124. Scott, V. et al. Strategies and actions for independent living: Falls prevention training for home support workers (Final report). 2004.

125. Hobson, S. Falls injury management in Canada: Environmental scan and recommended future directions. Ottawa: Canadian Association of Occupational Therapists, 2004.

126. Gagnon, N. and A. Flint. "Fear of falling in the elderly." Geriatrics and aging, Vol. 6, No. 7, 2003, p. 15-17.

127. Ibid.

128. Tennstedt, S.; R. Lawrence and L. Kasten. "Intervention to reduce fear of falling and enhance activity: Who is most likely to benefit?" Educational gerontology, Vol. 27, No. 3, 2001, pp. 227-40.

129. Howland, J. et al. "Covariates of fear of falling and associated activity curtailment." Gerontologist, Vol. 38, No. 5, 1998, pp. 549-55.

130. Tinetti, M. E.; M. Speechley and S. F. Ginter. "Fear of falling and fall-related efficacy in relationship to functioning among community-living elders." Journal of gerontology, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1994, pp. M140-M147.

131. Ray, W. et al. "A randomized trial of a consultation service to reduce falls in nursing homes." Journal of the American medical association, Vol. 278, 1997,
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132. Gallagher, E. et al. Stepping in: Long-term care collaborative falls prevention project. Unpublished final report and manual. 2005.

133. Agostini, J.; D. Baker and S. Bogardus. "Prevention of falls in hospitalized and institutionalized older people." Agency for healthcare research and quality: HRQ evidence reports, No. 1-60, 2004.

134. Ibid.

135. Nevitt, M.; S. Cummings and E. Hudes. "Risk factors for injurious falls." Journal of gerontology, Vol. 46, 1991, pp. M164-M170.
     Campbell, A. et al. "Circumstances and consequences of falls experienced by a community population 70 years and over during a prospective study." Age and ageing, Vol. 19, 1990, pp. 136-41.

136. Edelberg, H. K. "Evaluation and management of fall risk in the older adult." Home health care consultant, Vol. 9, No. 5, 2002, pp. 23-29.

137. Marcantonio, E. R. et al. "Reducing delirium after hip fracture: A randomized trial." Journal of the American geriatric society, Vol. 49, 2001, pp. 516-22.

138. Kempen, G. et al. "The role of depressive symptoms in recovery from injuries to the extremities in older persons: A prospective study." International journal of geriatric psychiatry, Vol. 18, 2003, pp. 14-22.

139. Clemson, L.; A. Cusick and C. Fozzard. "Managing risk and exerting control." Disability and rehabilitation, Vol. 21, No. 12, 1999, pp. 531-41.

140. Miller, J. "Perception and psychological effects of falling of elderly people living in the community." PhD dissertation. University of Illinois at Chicago, Health Sciences Center, 1995.

141. Davis, N. "Elderly women's narratives of falling, fear of falling, the role of physical activity and their impact on autonomy and quality of life." MA Dissertation. University of Ottawa, April 2001.

142. Martin, M. "The construction of the risks of falling in older people: Lay and professional perspectives final report." Scottish health feedback. Edinburgh: 1999.

143. Braun, B. "Knowledge and perception of fall-related risk factors and fall reduction techniques among community-dwelling elderly individuals." Physical therapy, Vol. 78, 1998, pp. 1262-76.

144. Ballinger, C. and S. Payne. "The construction of the risk of falling among and by older people." Ageing and society, Vol. 22, 2002, pp. 305-24.

145. Wright, B. et al. "Frequent fallers: Leading groups to identify psychological factors." Journal of gerontological nursing, Vol. 16, No. 4, 1990, pp. 15-19.

146. Saskatchewan Health. "Fall injuries among Saskatchewan seniors." 2002.

147. Scott., V. et al. Environmental scan: Seniors and veterans falls prevention initiatives in British Columbia. 2005.

148. Health Canada/Veterans Affairs Canada Falls Prevention Initiative. Sustainability of community-based falls prevention programs. Community Health Research Unit, University of Ottawa, 2004.

149. Ibid.

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