Production of this resource has been made possible through a financial
contribution by Health Canada prior to the announcement of the establishment
of the Public
Health Agency of Canada on September 24, 2004. Any reference to
Health Canada should be assumed to be to the Public Health Agency of
Canada. |
Reducing Health Disparities - Roles of the Health Sector: Discussion Paper
Reducing Health Disparities - Roles of the Health Sector: Recommended Policy Directions and Activities
Canadians are among the healthiest people in the world, but major health disparities exist; the most important relate to socio-economic status (SES), aboriginal identity, gender and geographic location.
Two reports from the former Federal, Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health and Health Security (ACPHHS) provide important tools to engage decision-makers and researchers in an informed discussion about health disparities in Canada and options for addressing them.
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The discussion paper focuses on (1) the state of health disparities in Canada and their consequences and (2) current roles and activities of the health sector in Canada and elsewhere to address health disparities.
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The policy report provides the health sector with opportunities for action in areas within its span of direct control and through influencing partnerships with other sectors.
Social
Determinants of Health: Canadian Perspectives
Uniting top academics and high profile experts from across the country,
this contributed volume is the first of its kind published in Canada. It
summarizes how socio-economic factors affect the health of Canadians,
surveys the current state of eleven social determinants of health across
Canada, and provides an analysis of how these determinants affect
Canadians’ health. In each case, the book explores what policy options
would contribute to better health outcomes, and how to ensure that these
options are pursued.
Eleven critical areas are investigated: Aboriginal status, early life,
education, employment and working conditions, food security, health care
services, housing, income and its distribution, social safety net, social
exclusion, as well as unemployment and employment security. Gender, and
how
its meaning is constructed within Canadian society, is another important
social determinant of health. All contributors systematically consider how
it impacts upon and interacts with their specific social determinant of
health to influence health.
The
Tides of Change: Addressing Inequity and Chronic Disease in Atlantic Canada
This paper looks at the relationship between chronic disease and inequity
in the context of the particular social and economic patterns that influence
health in Atlantic Canada. It will be of interest to anyone working on either
chronic disease prevention or equity issues. It includes an examination
of the three pathways by which social determinants of health may result
in increased
chronic disease: the materialistic, psychosocial, and political/economic
pathways. Policy implications are also examined and a number of recommendations
for action are proposed.
The Social Determinants of Health: An Overview of the Implications for
Policy and the Role of the Health Sector
In late 2002, 400 social and health policy experts, community representatives,
and health researchers met at York University at a conference entitled "Social
Determinants of Health Across the Life-Span". The purpose of the conference
was to consider the state of key social determinants of health (SDOH) across
Canada, explore the implications for the health of Canadians, and discuss
policy directions to strengthen these social determinants of health. Summaries of a series of research papers and presentations on the nine
SDOH below were produced by Health Canada, including an overview
paper that
ties all of the issues together under a population health approach.
Improving the Health of Canadians, 2004
Improving the Health of Canadians focuses on why some Canadians are healthy
and others are not; and underscores some of the choices communities face
in creating more equal opportunities for good health. It is the first in
a biennial report series produced by the Canadian Population Health Initiative
and builds on earlier reports on the health of Canadians from the Federal,
Provincial and Territorial Advisory Committee on Population Health. The 2004
Report explores in-depth four key issues: income, early childhood development,
Aboriginal Peoples' health and obesity.
Social
determinants of health. The solid facts (2003)
Edited by Richard Wilkinson and Michael Marmot
This second edition relies on the most up-to-date sources in its selection
and description of the main social determinants of health in our society
today. It then looks at the role that public policy can play in shaping a
social environment that is more conducive to better health.
Social
Disparities and Involvement in Physical Activity: Shaping the Policy Agenda
in Healthy Living to Successfully Influence Population Health
by Lise
Gauvin, Ph.D.,GRIS (Groupe de recherche interdisciplinaire en santé -
Interdisciplinary Research Group on Health), Université de Montréal
The purposes of this paper include:
- To formulate a statement regarding the direction and magnitude of
the relationship between socio-economic disparities and involvement in physical
activity
across different population subgroups
- To explore if socio-economic disparities act as moderators or mediators
of the influence of interventions (psychosocial, community, or otherwise)
on
physical activity
- To explore if interventions designed to reduced socio-economic
disparities may result in changes in the prevalence and distribution of
physical activity
How our Programs Affect Population Health Determinants: A Workbook for
Better Planning and Accountability
June 2003
PDF Version
The Population and Public Health Branch, Manitoba and Saskatchewan Region,
is pleased to release a workbook, "How our programs affect population
health determinants: A workbook for better planning and accountability" that
will assist community programs, funders and other services to know more
about how their health promotion activities contribute to change in population
health determinants.
Elements of the framework developed for this workbook can be used as a
planning tool for the purposes of program development. As well, documenting
each of the elements as the program progresses can be useful to improve
future programming; accounting for existing programs; and demonstrating
that health promotion can make a difference on population health determinants.
Investment in Population Health in Five OECD Countries
OECD
Health Working Papers N-2, 2003
There is growing interest in the potential for preventive interventions
to improve average health status in OECD countries and to tackle remaining
health inequalities. The paper focuses on population health investment in
Australia, Canada, Korea, Sweden and Switzerland. The paper concludes there
are many population health investment activities, which have been shown to
be cost-effective, involving interventions such as health education, community
participation, government regulation and taxation. However, there are also
barriers to population health investments, including the fact that evaluation
of such investments is difficult and evidence of their cost-effectiveness
is generally lacking. Also, it is often difficult to co-ordinate action across
different government agencies when there are multiple risk factors. Some suggestions
are made about carrying forward aspects of the population health agenda in
OECD's future program of work on health.
Social
Capital as a Health Determinant: How is it Defined?
Working Paper Series, Health Canada, 2002
PDF
Version
This report is a summary of social capital research commissioned by the
Policy Research Division, Strategic Policy Directorate, Population and Public
Health Branch, Health Canada. The work attempts to clarify the place of social
capital among the social determinants of health. The report:
- analyzes the documentation on the origins of this concept and its use
in the health field
- sets out four approaches in the area of social determinants of health
(community health, social capital, socio-economic inequality and social cohesion).
Research demonstrating the positive effects of social capital on health is
also presented.
- briefly reviews the various methods used to measure social capital, as
well as the indicators commonly used in research on the subject.
- explores the development of policies aimed at strengthening social capital
The companion report, Social
Capital as a Health Determinant How is it Measured? focusses on the
methodological aspects of social capital research.
Highlights of Our Work : Program Updates | Program Results | Special
Initiatives
POPULATION AND PUBLIC HEALTH BRANCH BRITISH
COLUMBIA
2002- 2003 Annual Summary
This report outlines the Branch's work and results for British Columbians
over the past fiscal year and was developed by staff as a way to inform our
partners and the public about who we are and the programs we deliver. Population
health will only be achieved through all levels of government and communities
working together on the conditions that affect our health and we encourage
you to read the report and identify opportunities for joint initiatives.
Healthy
Living Strategy Website
This site is designed to facilitate the consultation process to inform the
development of the Integrated Pan Canadian Healthy Living Strategy. The consultations
are taking place between January and April 2003. This site serves as an information
hub for the consultation process and provides a central location where the
following can be found:
- an explanation of healthy living
- background information including relevant documents and reports
- reports from the roundtables
- links to relevant websites
- an outline of the consultation process
- the consultation workbook
- FAQs
Economic
Burden of Illness in Canada (EBIC)
EBIC provides valuable information that will contribute to a better understanding
of the cost illness in Canada and its impact on the decision-making process
of health policy and programs. This edition provides costs of illness by province/territory,
as well as by gender and age-group; calculates the cost of over 40 disease
subcategories in addition to the major disease categories; and features an
on-line component enabling the general public to access some of the economic
data used in this report, through the internet (http://ebic-femc.hc-sc.gc.ca).
Promoting Health in Canada
An Overview of Recent Developments & Initiatives
This document outlines key developments and initiatives in Canada since the
Fifth Global Conference on Health Promotion, in Mexico (June, 2000). It addresses
developments in a some key areas such as knowledge development, exchange and
capacity building; policies and actions; evaluation and accountability; and
considers challenges and opportunities for the future.
PDF Version
Spanish version :
Promoción de la salud en Canadá
Perspectiva general de los avances e iniciativas recientes
Este documento esboza los avances e iniciativas fundamentales realizados en
Canadá desde la Quinta Conferencia Internacional de Promoción
de la Salud, celebrada en México (junio de 2000). El documento trata los avances
en algunas áreas clave como el desarrollo, intercambio y fomento de
la capacidad en materia de conocimientos; las políticas y acciones;
la evaluación y rendición de cuentas; y considera los desafíos
y oportunidades
para el futuro.
PDF
Version
Creative Spice: Learning From Communities
About Putting The Population Health Approach Into Action
This report by the Social Planning and Research Council of BC is a synthesis
and discussion of the lessons learned by participants in eleven voluntary-sector
projects in BC and the Yukon that received funding assistance from Health
Canada's Population Health Fund to put a population health approach into action
at the community level.
This report is intended for:
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communities interested in obtaining a better understanding
of the benefits and challenges of using a population health approach in
promoting the well-being of their communities;
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researchers exploring the implementation of population
health concepts at the community level;
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policy-makers and program workers seeking to refine and
increase the effectiveness of new government programs that are designed
to be implemented by community associations through project funding.
Health
Promotion Effectiveness
Health promotion is a key strategy in a population health approach, one that
involves multiple interventions, often for prolonged periods of time, and
relies on action at several levels and across a number
of sectors. This complexity raises a number of important questions
for example:
- While improved health status is the ultimate aim of health promotion
interventions, what immediate outcomes can be expected?
- What types of indicators and methods can be used to assess whether these
outcomes have been achieved?
- What is the most effective "mix" of interventions?
This issue of the Health Canada Health
Policy Research Bulletin explores these and other challenges and presents
some "real life" examples of how they are being addressed. It also highlights
a major international evaluation initiative, as well as other important initiatives
under way across the country.
An
Assessment of the Methods and Concepts Used to Synthesize the Evidence of
Effectiveness in Health Promotion: A Review of 17 Initiatives
Health promotion presents unique challenges for synthesizing evidence of
effectiveness. These include its use of a mix of strategies and a focus on
populations and communities. The field also applies both qualitative and quantitative
approaches to research and evaluation. This working paper, available on the
website of the Canadian Consortium for Health Promotion Research, examines
how seventeen Canadian and international initiatives synthesized evidence
of effectiveness. The processes are critiqued from a health promotion perspective
and an ideal framework for conducting syntheses is proposed.
Case
Studies of the Regional Mobilization of Population Health
This report presents the findings from six case studies across Canada,
as well as a cross-case analysis, focussing on clusters of lessons learned
in the regional mobilization of population health. This evidence can be used
to inform the practice in the field and to market the population health approach
to key decision makers in health policy and planning.
The
Population Health Template: Key Elements and Actions That Define A Population
Health Approach (2001)
Organizes and consolidates current understandings of population health.
The template outlines the procedures and processes required to implement a
population health approach.
Also see: The Population
Health Template Working Tool and Overview/Handout (colour
version / black
and white version)
Population
Health Newsletter - Fall 2001 Issue
In this issue we profile case studies that demonstrate how population
health has been implemented at the regional, national and international levels.
We are at an exciting stage in our knowledge of population health, with the
availability of a growing number of documented examples of population health
in action to stimulate analysis, learning and further development.
List
of International Conferences
Conference Sites:
The Population and Public Health Branch is pleased to announce publication
of the Population Health Newsletter online.
With an enhanced presentation and new features, the newsletter highlights
the latest information and developments in population health, including a
summary of results from the first research project of the Canadian Population
Health Initiative.
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