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![]() Informing Canadians on Pollution 2002Highlights of the 2000 National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI)National Library of Canada cataloguing in publication data National Pollutant Release Inventory (Canada) Informing Canadians on pollution : highlights of the 2000 National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) Issued also in French under title: Renseigner les Canadiens sur la pollution.
1. Pollutants – Canada – Statistics.
The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) Registry Number is the property of the American Chemical Society, and any use or redistribution, except as required in supporting regulatory requirements and/or for reports to the government when the information and the reports are required by law or administrative policy, is not permitted without the prior, written permission of the American Chemical Society. Additional information can be obtained at Environment Canada’s Web site at
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Environment Canada) 2002 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWritten By:Environment Canada’s Pollution Data Branch in collaboration with:
Design & Production By:
TABLE OF CONTENTSINTRODUCTIONThe National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) provides Canadians with access to information on industrial pollution in their communities. It is the only national, legislated, publicly accessible inventory of its kind in Canada. Established in 1992 and mandated under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999), the NPRI requires companies to report information on releases and transfers of pollutants to the Government of Canada on an annual basis. Environment Canada makes the information on pollutant releases and transfers available to Canadians in an annual public report, as well as by maintaining a detailed inventory that can be accessed and searched through an on-line database. By learning more about pollution in our communities, we will be better equipped to make informed decisions on the environment, health and sustainable development. Canada’s objectives for clean air and clean water, as well as other important issues, will be easier to achieve using information from the NPRI on the sources and quantities of pollutants entering our environment. The NPRI is a major starting point for identifying and monitoring sources of industrial pollution in Canada. Public access to this type of information can motivate industry to prevent or reduce pollution. The NPRI helps the Government of Canada track progress in pollution prevention, evaluate releases and transfers of substances of concern, identify and take action on environmental priorities, and implement policy initiatives and risk management measures. It is an important consideration in managing risks to the environment and human health, as well as in monitoring indicators of the quality of our air, land and water and corporate environmental performance for companies with industrial and commercial facilities. The NPRI does not present a complete picture of pollution in Canada. Only facilities that meet established reporting criteria are required to report to the NPRI. Pollutants from mobile sources such as trucks and cars, households, facilities that release pollutants on a smaller scale and certain sector activities, such as agriculture and education and some mining activities, are not included in the NPRI. Informing Canadians 2002: Highlights of the 2000 National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI) provides a snapshot of pollution from industrial and commercial companies in Canada in 2000. It also highlights trends in specific industrial and commercial sectors and provides information on recycling and the treatment and disposal of pollutants. It also features special sections on toxic substances. The NPRI data analysis presented in this report is based on data that was publicly available in the NPRI database as of December 15, 2001. Detailed technical analysis of the 2000 NPRI can be found in the companion document, Overview 2000: National Pollutant Release Inventory. Additional information about the NPRI and a searchable on-line database are available on the NPRI website at http://www.ec.gc.ca/npri. SECTION 1: THE NPRI AND YOUFrom managing risks to our environment and our health to making investment choices, knowledge about the sources, trends, types and quantities of pollution in our communities can help us make many important decisions.
You can use the NPRI as a starting point to:
– purchasing alternative products that are cleaner and greener; – considering a company’s environmental performance as an investment factor and a shareholder concern; – reducing your use and/or consumption of certain products.
SECTION 2: OVERVIEW OF THE NPRI
2.1 Reporting to the NPRIMany manufacturing, processing and production operations generate pollutants. These pollutants are often captured before their release to the environment and recovered, recycled or reused on-site. In some cases, pollutants are released on-site or transferred off-site for final disposal, with or without pretreatment. Pollutants can also be transferred offsite for recovery, reuse or recycling elsewhere. Companies in Canada must report to Environment Canada, on an annual basis, their on-site releases of pollutants to air, land and water, as well as their off-site pollutant transfers, for each of their facilities that meets the criteria for reporting to the NPRI. Most of these companies are large companies in Canada. A list of substances for which reports are required is published annually, along with the reporting requirements and thresholds for each substance. Reporting criteria vary depending on the substance, but are generally based on a combination of three factors:
Changes to the NPRI are considered on an annual basis. Environment Canada has established a working group of stakeholders that addresses proposed changes to the NPRI. This working group includes representatives from industry, nongovernmental organizations, and the federal, provincial and territorial governments. The following questions are considered when proposed changes to the NPRI are reviewed:
For the 2000 NPRI, changes were made to increase the number of municipal wastewater facilities reporting to the NPRI and to obtain more data on heavy metals (reporting thresholds were lowered). The NPRI is a key information source on pollution from industrial and commercial companies in Canada, but it does not provide a total picture of pollution in Canada for several reasons, including the following:
![]() 2.2 The Big Picture ResultsIn 2000, 2419 facilities reported to the NPRI, up from 2211 facilities in 1999. There were 268 reportable substances listed on the NPRI substance list in 2000, compared with 245 in 1999. A breakdown of releases and transfers of pollutants in 2000 is shown in Figures 1 and 2. Further details are provided in Sections 4 and 5. The NPRI covers approximately 100 sectors of industrial and commercial activity, ranging from electric power generation to leather tanneries. A comparison of the releases in 1999 and 2000 for the five sectors reporting the largest total amounts of on-site releases of NPRI-listed substances in 2000 is shown in Figure 2.
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SECTION 3: MANAGING POLLUTION IN CANADA
3.1 The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999)The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA 1999) is designed to protect the environment and human health and to promote sustainable development. CEPA 1999 includes information-gathering provisions, including some that allow the Minister of the Environment to require information on certain substances to be submitted to the Minister. The provisions also require the Minister to establish and publish a national inventory of releases of pollutants. These provisions under CEPA 1999 form the primary legislative basis for the NPRI. The NPRI helps the Government of Canada, and all Canadians, track progress on pollution prevention, pollution reduction, the release and transfer of substances of concern, and the implementation of measures designed to protect the environment and human health from the effects of toxic substances. These measures are developed in consultation with industry, provincial/territorial and aboriginal governments, municipal governments, other federal departments and non-governmental organizations (environmental, health, academia, youth, etc.). These measures include:
3.2 About Pollution PreventionPollution prevention is “the use of processes, practices, materials, products, substances or energy that avoid or minimize the creation of pollutants and waste and reduce the overall risk to the environment or human health.” Pollution prevention is the cornerstone of CEPA 1999 and helps to lessen the risks to the environment and human health by preventing pollution or waste before it is created (Figure 3). Other methods of environmental protection focus on managing waste and pollution after they have been created. By adopting a preventive approach, we help protect the quality of our air, land, water, ecosystems and nature and can better manage risks to human health.
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Pollution prevention can also have a significant positive impact on bottom line results, since waste in the manufacturing process increases costs. The U.S. National Academy of Engineering estimates that 93% of the materials that go into the production of consumer goods end up as waste before the goods are even sold. Reporting on pollution prevention activities has been a mandatory requirement in the NPRI since 1997. Under the 2000 NPRI reporting requirements, facilities are required to report on the following types of activities employed at their facilities:
Approximately 33% of all pollution prevention activity reported to the 2000 NPRI was in the form of “good operating practices or training.” “Spill or leak prevention” was the second most popular approach, at 18%.
SECTION 4: TRENDS ON RELEASES OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES (ON-SITE)4.1 Understanding Toxic SubstancesThe NPRI is a major resource for identifying sources of pollution in Canada and managing the potential risks they pose to the environment and human health. This section highlights trends for on-site releases of toxic substances to air, water and land from industrial and commercial facilities that report to the NPRI. The use of the term “toxic substance” in this document refers to a substance or member of a class of substances that has been determined by Environment Canada and Health Canada to meet the definition of “toxic” under Section 64 of CEPA 1999. On December 15, 2001, 58 toxic substances were reportable to the 2000 NPRI. These NPRI substances are listed in Appendix A. It should be noted that not all toxic substances are reportable to the NPRI. Also, since December 15, 2001, additional substances or classes of substances have been found to be toxic under CEPA 1999; some of these were on the 2000 NPRI list of substances. 4.2 Tracking Toxic Substances, 1997–2000Calcium fluoride, lead 1, hydrogen fluoride, asbestos (friable form) and dichloromethane were the five toxic substances released in the largest quantities on-site in 2000 by facilities reporting to the NPRI. Hydrogen fluoride, asbestos, dichloromethane, arsenic and benzene topped the list in 1997 (see Table 1). With the exception of calcium fluoride, trends in on-site releases of these substances for 1997–2000 are shown in Figure 4. Calcium fluoride is not included in Figure 4, since it was not reportable to the NPRI prior to 1999. For more information on the substances referred to in Table 1, see the substance guide in Section 4.23. The trends for total on-site releases for 17 toxic substances reported to the NPRI for 1997–2000 are shown in Figure 5. The substances on this list are identified in Appendix A and are part of a matched data set. The NPRI reporting requirements are reviewed on a regular basis to identify areas for improvement— including adding or changing requirements for toxic substances.
1 And its compounds. The list may change due to the addition or deletion of substances or changes in the release or transfer thresholds and levels. To compensate for these changes, a set of “matched data” is used for trend analysis. The matched data cover a common set of substances and reporting criteria over a specific period, allowing for valid comparisons. In the 2000 NPRI, total releases of these 17 toxic substances were up slightly (4.5%) compared with 1997 levels. Of these 17 substances, releases decreased for 5 and increased for 7, with the remainder experiencing changes of less than 10% over the time period. 4.3 Substance GuideThis section contains additional information on the toxic substances named in the previous section of this report. Arsenic2On-site releases of arsenic, a toxic substance and a known carcinogen3, declined 86% between 1997 and 2000. This is largely due to the closure of a large gold mine in 2000—the largest source of on-site releases of arsenic in 1999. The mine closed in September of that year, accounting for a 78% drop in on-site releases of arsenic between 1999 and 2000. Discounting the contribution of this mine, compared with 1999, on-site air emissions of arsenic decreased nearly 7%, while releases to surface waters decreased 77% and releases to land increased 39%.
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The highest concentrations of arsenic and its inorganic compounds in the Canadian environment occur near active and abandoned gold and base metal mining and ore processing facilities and in areas affected by the use of pesticides containing arsenic. Canadians are exposed to inorganic arsenic in food, drinking water, soil and ambient air, with food representing the major source of intake. Exposure to arsenic may be elevated in communities that are near industrial and geological sources of arsenic. The Metal Mining Effluent Regulations, published in Canada Gazette, Part II, on June 19, 2002, require limits on the releases of arsenic from mines. AsbestosOn-site releases of asbestos (friable form) varied greatly between 1997 and 2000, including an 82% increase between 1999 and 2000 yet overall 2000 release levels were less than 3% higher than 1997 levels. This form of asbestos was commonly used as an insulating material in plants and buildings and is a toxic substance. The increase between 1999 and 2000 was due primarily to the disposal of asbestos in landfills as facilities removed it to replace it with alternative substances—reducing the risk of exposure to this toxic substance and known carcinogen.
![]() BenzeneBenzene is a toxic substance and a known carcinogen. Total on-site releases of benzene reported to the NPRI exhibited a downward trend (29%) between 1997 and 2000. The steel, chemical and oil refinery industries were the primary sources of these emission reductions. The Benzene in Gasoline Regulations took effect in July 1999 and prohibit the supply of gasoline containing more than 1% benzene by volume. The regulations also prohibit the sale of gasoline that contains benzene at a concentration that exceeds 1.5% by volume. The levels of benzene in gasoline in 2000 were reduced by about 50% compared with 1994 levels, based on reports by primary gasoline suppliers. In addition, the Gasoline and Gasoline Blend Dispensing Flow-Rate Regulations, which came into effect on February 1, 2001, prohibit the dispensing of fuel beyond a maximum flow rate of 38 litres per minute. Benzene emissions will be reduced as a result of this restriction. The primary steel sector reduced emissions of benzene by 38% between 1997 and 2000. A Canada-wide Standard for benzene called for a 30% reduction in air emissions by 2000. Based on reported data (December 2001 report), benzene emissions decreased by 39% between 1995 and 1999. Calcium fluorideCalcium fluoride was the toxic substance released on-site in the largest quantity in 2000. Reporting to the NPRI on releases and transfers of calcium fluoride is a relatively new phenomenon, as the chemical was added to the NPRI only in 1999. On-site releases in 2000 were down approximately 10% compared with 1999 levels. Most of this substance was generated during the production of aluminum and was disposed of via landfill. DichloromethaneOn-site releases of dichloromethane in 2000 were down 9.7% compared with 1997 levels. Dichloromethane is a toxic substance and is also classified as a substance that is probably carcinogenic to humans under certain conditions. In Canada, dichloromethane is used in paint removal applications, as a blowing agent in foam production and as a component in aerosols. During its use, most dichloromethane is released to the atmosphere. More than 99% of the dichloromethane releases reported to the 2000 NPRI were air emissions. A proposed pollution prevention planning notice for users of dichloromethane was published in Canada Gazette, Part I, in August 2002. In addition, Environment Canada is developing a code of practice for the use of paint stripping products containing dichloromethane. Hydrogen fluorideOn-site releases of this substance changed little compared with 1999 (up 1.7%), but were up about 14% comparing 2000 levels to 1997 levels.
Ninety percent of the emissions were generated by the primary metals sector and electric power generating facilities. All reported on-site releases of hydrogen fluoride were air emissions. The electric utilities sector and the primary metals sector were the main sources of these emissions. During the burning of coal to produce electric power and during the manufacture of metals such as aluminum, several air pollutants, including hydrogen fluoride, are produced and may be released to the environment. Hydrogen fluoride gas (air emissions) dissolved in clouds, fog, rain or snow can impact the environment in the form of acid rain. Hydrogen fluoride gas can also impact certain plant species. LeadOf the toxic substances released on-site in 2000, lead was the second most important in terms of the quantity released. On-site releases of lead in 2000 increased 6.6% compared with 1999. Thirteen percent of all on-site releases of lead were emitted to air. More than 82% of these lead releases on-site were placed in landfills by waste treatment and disposal companies. The primary metals sector reported the second largest on-site releases of lead to the 2000 NPRI. Prior to the phase-out of leaded gasoline, on-road vehicles were the primary source of lead emissions, and these were emitted to the air. Exposure to small amounts of lead can be hazardous to human health, especially for infants, young children and pregnant women. SECTION 5: ON-SITE RELEASES TO AIR, WATER AND LAND AND UNDERGROUND INJECTIONThe NPRI is a detailed inventory of on-site releases to air, water and land and underground injection by industrial and commercial companies in Canada. The changes in on-site releases to these media are shown in Figure 6 and discussed along with substance-specific highlights in this section.
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5.1 AirAir emissions accounted for nearly 35% of NPRI on-site releases in 2000. Total emissions to air were up 4.5% from 1999. Methanol, ammonia and hydrochloric acid were the top three air pollutants reported to the NPRI in 2000. Total ammonia and methanol emissions to air reported to the NPRI in 2000 were virtually unchanged from 1999. The pulp and paper sector as well as the chemical and chemical products sector were the primary sources of these emissions. Coal-fired power generating facilities were the primary source of air emissions of hydrochloric acid. Air emissions of hydrochloric acid for the sector were up by 39% in 2000 compared with 1999. 5.2 WaterReleases to water accounted for approximately 12% of NPRI on-site releases in 2000. They were up by 111% from 1999. Ammonia and nitrate ion were the top substances released to water. They increased by more than 110% and 172%, respectively, compared with 1999. New reporting by municipal wastewater facilities, one of the largest sources of pollutant discharges to Canadian waters, accounted for most of this increase. 5.3 LandLand releases, not including underground injection, accounted for approximately 9% of on-site releases in 2000, a decrease of about 20% compared with 1999. A reduction in on-site releases of zinc at a waste disposal facility in Ontario contributed significantly to this change. Releases of asbestos (friable form) to landfill increased by 83% from 1999 because a number of Alberta facilities disposed of it as they moved to replace it with alternative substances, reducing the likelihood of exposure to this toxic substance and known carcinogen. This form of asbestos was commonly used as an insulating material in plants and buildings. 5.4 Underground InjectionUnderground injection is a waste disposal method by which materials are injected into underground wells. It accounted for more than 40% of NPRI on-site releases in 2000, an increase of 14.5% from 1999. Hydrogen sulphide, released as a byproduct of the petroleum and natural gas processing industries, made up 90% of the underground injection total. On-site releases of this substance increased because of higher production levels in these industries, especially in Alberta and British Columbia.
SECTION 6: OFF-SITE RECYCLING, ENERGY RECOVERY AND DISPOSAL6.1 Off-site Recycling and Energy RecoveryThe long-term goal of environmental protection is to prevent the creation of pollutants and waste and to produce durable, recyclable, less hazardous goods. Off-site reuse and recycling of pollutants and waste are desirable, complementary to pollution prevention and valued methods of environmental protection that can offer environmental and economic benefits. Certain types of energy recovery also yield environmental benefits. Of the pollutants reported to the NPRI, 71% (by weight) were not released to the environment—they were sent off-site for recycling and energy recovery. This is an increase of 4.7% from 1999. The substance recycled in the largest quantity was hydrogen sulphide, primarily from three natural gas processing plants in British Columbia. Hydrogen sulphide accounted for 82% of off-site transfers for recycling and energy recovery in 2000. 6.2 Off-site Disposal with and without TreatmentApproximately 6% of the substances reported to the NPRI were transferred off-site for disposal. About half underwent pretreatment prior to disposal. Treating waste prior to disposal can reduce or eliminate potential harmful effects that the substance may have on the environment and human health. There was a 17% increase in substances transferred off-site for disposal with pretreatment in 2000. Options for pretreatment include physical, chemical and biological processes as well as incineration and treatment at municipal solid waste treatment plants. In 2000, the largest quantities of pollutants were sent to the latter two of these options. Of notable interest is the change seen with biological treatment: 3.5% of the pretreated pollutants underwent biological treatment prior to disposal in 1999, compared with nearly 8% in 2000. Off-site transfers for disposal without further treatment decreased by 58% from 1999 to 2000. This was due primarily to the closure of a large waste facility in Ontario. The top four pollutants transferred off-site for disposal without treatment were zinc (and its compounds), manganese (and its compounds), sulphuric acid and calcium fluoride.
SECTION 7: THE 2000 NPRI AND BEYONDOne new substance (N,N-dimethylformamide) was added to the list of substances reportable to the 2001 NPRI. In response to growing demand from the public for earlier access to NPRI data, Environment Canada released preliminary (unreviewed) NPRI data to the public for the first time. The 2001 inventory data were published on Environment Canada’s website in August 2002. Reviewed data will be made available to the public by the end of January 2003, and detailed analysis and interpretation will follow later in the year.
Beginning in 2003, facilities reports that are submitted to the NPRI will include data on the emissions of the major air pollutants that contribute to smog and other forms of poor air quality. Sulphur oxides, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, particular matter and carbon monoxides were the major air pollutants added for 2002. Requirements to report greenhouse gas emissions to the NPRI and more detailed information on certain air pollutants are currently being considered. Greenhouse gases are generated by many industrial and commercial sectors, including the electric power generation and petroleum industries, the chemical industry, the metal smelting and refining industry, and the transportation and manufacturing sectors. The NPRI continues to grow and provide important pollution information to Canadians. Other improvements include a pilot project for on-line reporting for industry, improved search and on-line database query capabilities, and new tools to help the general public better access, understand and take action on sources of pollution in Canada.
APPENDIX A: TOXIC SUBSTANCES REPORTABLE TO THE 2000 NPRIThe toxic substances1 that were reportable to the 2000 NPRI are listed below. For those pollutants that are members of a class of toxic substances that have been determined to be toxic under CEPA 1999, the name of the class is listed in the middle column. Those substances that are also included in the “matched data” set for 1997–2000 (Figure 4) are so indicated in the third column of the table. For more information regarding “matched data” please refer to the glossary in Appendix B of this report.
APPENDIX B: NPRI NATIONAL AND REGIONAL OFFICE CONTACTS AT ENVIRONMENT CANADANational and Regional NPRI OfficesHeadquarters
Newfoundland and Labrador, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia
Quebec
Ontario
Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Northwest Territories and Nunavut
National Pollutant Release Inventory
National Pollutant Release Inventory
National Pollutant Release Inventory
National Pollutant Release Inventory
British Columbia and Yukon
to March 31, 2003:
after April 1, 2003:
National Pollutant Release Inventory
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Last updated: 2006-02-13
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