 |
 |
||||||||||||
 |
 |
 |
 |
 |
|||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
|
|
||||||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||||
|
|||||||||||||
Food > Meat and Poultry Products > Manual of Procedures > Chapter 4 Chapter 4 - Inspection procedures, dispositions, monitoring and controlsDisposition of animals, blood, dressed carcasses and parts is dealt with in Sections 19, 53, 54, 68, 69, 70, 71, 84, 85, 86, 87 and 88 of the Meat Inspection Regulations, 1990. More detailed information regarding recognition of specific diseases is provided in the appropriate training modules. A list of diseases and conditions requiring specific dispositions is provided below, together with the appropriate disposition in a coded and summarized form for reference purposes. This list is divided into three subsections: the first one deals with diseases and conditions that can be diagnosed in slaughterhouses, based on the organoleptic examination (visual, tactile and olfactory) of carcasses; diagnoses in the second subsection are made by veterinarians at slaughter based on laboratory results. It is understood that in some cases, because of past experiences with a similar condition, a veterinarian can pose such diagnoses without a lab report; and finally, in the third subsection, reportable diseases that can be seen at slaughter are listed. In some instances where disposition does not lend itself easily to summarization, or when more specific procedures are required, more detailed information is given in 4.7.4. Please forward to the Director, Food of Animal Origin Division, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, any concerns or suggestions with regard to this list of diseases and conditions. A complete list of diseases and their codes are provided on page 47 of Chapter 12. Details for the disposal and utilization of condemned meat products are provided in Chapter 6. Section 2(1) of the Meat Inspection Regulations defines animal food as a product for use as food for fish or for an animal that is a pet, is kept in a zoo or is raised for fur. The following diseases are designated as reportable by the Health of Animals Act:
In addition to the reportable diseases, any suspected case of exotic disease must be reported to the appropriate Network Director. Any animal or carcass suspected of having either a reportable or an exotic disease, should be held pending the arrival of an Animal Health veterinarian. (See also Chapter 9) |
||
| 4.7.1 Disposition codes Antemortem
Postmortem
Reference to training modules A-10 Basic Postmortem Pathology (Beef & Veal)
|
4.7.2 Red Meat Species
4.7.2.3 Reportable diseases (Red Meat Species)
4.7.4 Specific Postmortem/Antemortem Conditions (1) Caseous Lymphadenitis
Point 4 above reflects the view that an abscess in a body lymph node is a normal sequel to the introduction of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis (Cysticercus ovis) into the body via skin wounds, e.g. during shearing, docking, etc. Following further examination of the area drained by the affected lymph node, if other abscesses are not observed, then it may be assumed that the lymph system has functioned satisfactorily to sequester the offending organism. Condemnation of a quarter due to the presence of an abscessed lymph node is therefore not acceptable. Extensive involvement of many tissues is suggestive of hematogenous spread and therefore warrants condemnation. The special handling of carcasses considered to be "thin" reflects the possibility that this thinness is related to the extent of infection, e.g. that the infection had a detrimental effect on the general health status of the affected animal. The following definition of "marked involvement" is included to assist in uniform application. "Marked involvement" may be defined as the presence of:
(2) Bovine Cysticercosis (a) Index Case: If on routine examination, one or more carcasses are found to be affected with lesions suggestive of Cysticercus bovis, all affected carcasses and their offal shall be held pending laboratory confirmation. As bovine cysticercosis is a reportable disease under the Health of Animals Act, the identity of the owner and the origin of the cattle must be established. To assist in this endeavour, as soon as a probable lesion is detected, the inspector should record all pertinent information which would assist in identifying the origin of the carcass(es), e.g. ear tags, brands, etc. The regional office shall be informed that a suspect Cysticercus bovis lesion was detected and submitted for laboratory examination. (b) Laboratory Confirmation: Appropriate lesions from affected carcasses shall be excised with surrounding tissue, preserved in formalin, and forwarded to the appropriate laboratory for confirmation of the diagnosis. Indicate on the laboratory submission form that the sample originates from an index case and therefore the carcass is being held pending laboratory confirmation. Also provide the phone number of the regional office for laboratory personnel to report their findings. Laboratory reports will reflect the results of histological examination of the submitted lesions and will consist of one of three possible options:
In the case of (ii) or (iii 3) above, the carcass(es) shall be considered infested and disposed of appropriately. The laboratory will telephone the results of the examination directly to the regional office. The regional office will be responsible for transmitting this information to the Veterinarian-in-Charge. N.B. When at least one carcass from a lot of cattle is considered to be infested, all carcasses which originate from that lot and which exhibit gross lesions suggestive of Cysticercus bovis shall also be considered to be infested. (c) Postmortem Judgement: Any carcass (and offal) considered to be infested with Cysticercus bovis shall be condemned if the infestation is considered extensive. Infestation shall be considered extensive where cysts are found in at least two of the following sites during routine primary inspection (heart, tongue, muscles of mastication, diaphragm and its pillars, esophagus and musculature that is exposed during dressing operations) and in at least two of the sites exposed by incision into the rounds and forelimbs. If on examination an inspector finds one or more lesions of Cysticercus bovis but the infestation is found to be of a lesser degree than described above, the carcass shall be considered slightly infested. Carcasses considered to be slightly infested shall be treated as follows:
(d) Subsequent lots from the same premises: Subsequent lots of cattle which originate from infested premises and which are sent to slaughter under licence shall be subjected to a more detailed examination, including thorough slicing of the heart, the external and internal muscles of mastication, the muscular portion of the diaphragm, the tongue and the esophagus and musculature exposed during the dressing operations of the carcass. All carcasses exhibiting gross lesions suggestive of Cysticercus bovis shall be considered infested and disposed of accordingly. Laboratory confirmation is not required for this action. N.B. Refer to item (c) "Postmortem Judgement" for the criteria used in judging these carcasses. (e) Compensation: Under the Health of Animals Act and its Regulations, compensation is paid for carcasses which are licenced to slaughter and subsequently condemned or treated due to Cysticercosis. To implement this policy, the following procedures shall be followed: Cattle licenced to be slaughtered at an establishment should be accompanied by a copy of form CFIA 1509 (licence to remove cattle from1# infected premises) and be appropriately identified. On arrival at the establishment, the animals shall be segregated from other cattle until slaughtered at a time which is mutually acceptable to plant management and the Veterinarian-in-Charge. The Veterinarian-in-Charge of the establishment shall fill out CFIA 1431 (inspection report on cattle) immediately after the slaughter of the licenced cattle. Each carcass and its disposition shall be recorded on the CFIA 1431. Depending on the basis of payment at the abattoir, the Veterinarian-in-Charge shall provide the Director, Food Inspection, with the live weight of the animals or the dressed weight and grade of the carcasses, for all licensed animals. To assist in the estimation of the value lost as a result of condemnation or freezing, infested carcasses may be held until they have been graded. Appropriate action will be taken to ensure that infested carcasses are graded as soon after slaughter as feasible. In addition, the Veterinarian-in-Charge shall provide the Director, Food Inspection, with details regarding the total amount of money paid to the producer by the plant management, supported by a copy of the invoice under which the payment was made. (3) Bovine Squamous Cell Carcinoma Antemortem Inspection:
Postmortem Inspection:
(4) Abnormal Odour Any carcass which exhibits an abnormal odour at the time of postmortem inspection shall be held for veterinary inspection. If, in the opinion of the veterinarian, the odour is excessively pronounced, the carcass shall be condemned. Where odour is not considered excessive and not indicative of exposure to toxic materials, affected carcasses may be chilled in an attempt to dissipate the odour. In cases of abnormal odours where the veterinarian cannot identify the source, it would be appropriate to make arrangements with the Animal Pathology Laboratory in Saskatoon to determine the source of the odour. If at the end of the chilling period, the odor has dissipated, the carcass may be approved without restriction. In many cases, residual odour can still be detected following chilling by incision into deeper tissues. In cases where there is residual but not excessive odour following chilling, it will be acceptable to approve the carcass with the restriction that meat from the carcass may only be permitted for inclusion into spiced meat products. The amount of this meat permitted in the mixture will depend on the severity of the condition, however in no case shall the odour be detectable in the finished product. When carcasses and/or meat affected by abnormal odour are processed in an establishment, controls must be in place which prevent their accidental release. Carcasses and/or meat being shipped to another registered establishment must be identified as having abnormal odour. Since affected carcasses have been held on postmortem, meat and meat products derived from these carcasses are not permitted to enter the export market. The above applies to abnormal odours detected in all species except for sexual odour in swine. The handling of sexual odour in swine is described below. (4.1) Swine Carcasses Affected with Pronounced Sexual Odour Any swine carcass found to exhibit a pronounced sexual odour is to be held. Recently castrated boars, young boars and ridglings not exhibiting a pronounced odour should be treated as suspect and held pending a heat test. It has been found that chilling of an affected carcass can cause sexual odour to disappear. Therefore, carcasses may be held in a cooler and re-tested periodically. Negative carcasses may then be approved. Any carcass which continue to exhibit a pronounced sexual odour after 48 hours shall be condemned. Since the detection of sexual odour is subjective and there is a large variation in individual ability to detect sexual odour, it is recommended that whenever possible, more than one inspector be involved in the evaluation process. Care should be taken to distinguish odour resulting from urine contamination during dressing. This necessitates trimming of the affected tissue. (5) Tuberculosis/Granulomatous Lymphadenitis Ruminants, Pigs, Horses N.B. The following disposition applies to carcasses of animals presented as part of the regular kill. When lesions similar to those caused by M. bovis are detected in carcasses of animals from premises being depopulated because of Tuberculosis, the carcasses shall be condemned regardless of extent of infection. Entry of the tubercular organism, and organisms which produce granulomatous lesions similar to those caused by M. bovis, is most common via the respiratory or digestive tract. Evidence of infection is therefore expected in three primary areas - the lymph nodes of the head, the lymph nodes of the lungs, and the mesenteric lymph nodes. When granulomatous lesions similar to those caused by M. bovis are detected in more than one of these primary sites, the other body lymph nodes shall be incised and examined for lesions (see 4.6.1(c)). Disposition of affected carcasses reflects both the location and extent of lesions detected. Affected carcasses shall be condemned if: (i) lesions are detected in one or more primary sites and one or more body lymph nodes; or (ii) lesions are detected in any other organ, e.g. lungs, liver, spleen. When carcasses are affected to a lesser extent, the affected lymph node and the corresponding portion of the carcass shall be condemned, e.g. head and tongue, lungs or intestines and stomach(s). The term "granulomatous lymphadenitis" shall be used to report the condemnation of carcasses and portions. In cases where swine carcasses are condemned for granulomatous lymphadenitis, typical lesions shall be sent to Animal Disease Research Institute (Nepean) for examination. Use of the Bovine Tuberculosis Kit is permitted to allow shipment of specimens in both formalin and borate. Specimens are not required from carcasses affected to a lesser extent. Swine carcasses with mandibular and mesenteric lymph nodes affected, which are subsequently approved, must be "held" and stamped four times on each side with the letter "T". Carcasses so stamped shall be held on a designated rail in the cooler. The cutting of such carcasses shall be done at the end of the pork cutting operations. The operator must develop and follow a written procedure indication that, if any further granulomatous lesions are found, the product will be retained for disposition by a government inspector. The inspection staff must approve this written procedure and monitor the cutting operations to insure these procedures are followed and are effective. The cuts may either be sold or processed for domestic trade only (the export of such meat is prohibited). Containers of such cuts and trimmings shall be stamped with the letter "T". The veterinarian in charge may approve alternate procedures which ensure that these products are not exported. Needle point and rubber stamps bearing the letter "T" (at least 5 cm in height) have been issued. (6) Contamination (poultry) (7) Fractures (poultry) (8) Handling of Meat Products Which Have Fallen on the Floor It is not economically acceptable to trim the entire surface of a beef carcass which has fallen on the floor. At the same time, to merely rinse the carcass off without inspectional control is equally unacceptable from an hygienic viewpoint. Therefore, when designing recommendations which consider both economics and principles of good hygiene, certain assumptions must be made. These include:
It must be stressed that the following are guidelines produced with the above in mind. The majority of carcasses (or portions) will fall in areas of the plant considered to be a relatively "clean" environment. There remains an obvious need for professional judgement regarding the disposition of carcasses (or portions) falling into grossly contaminated areas or areas where abnormal types of contaminants exist, e.g. oils, greases, etc. The disposition of these carcasses (or portions) must be left to the discretion of the veterinarian in charge. If salvage of the carcass is not considered practicable, then condemnation may be considered. The procedure used to handle carcasses or portions which have fallen on the floor should be designed to: a) remove the visible contamination in an efficient yet sanitary fashion; b) prevent the spread of contamination to other areas of the carcass or portion; c) address the problem of non-visible contamination; and d) take corrective action to prevent further recurrences. To achieve these objectives, the following general procedure, to be carried out under the supervision of an inspector, has been developed.
It will be permissible to handle carcasses with intact skin, e.g. pork or poultry carcasses, simply by thoroughly rinsing the skin surface with water. Skin contamination which is not removed by rinsing shall be removed by trimming. However, if these carcasses have been opened, e.g. for evisceration and/or splitting, it will be necessary to trim those cut surfaces which are visibly contaminated, followed by a thorough rinsing of both the skin and the cut surfaces. Care should be taken when rinsing the skin that further contamination of the cut surfaces does not occur. Further trimming of the skin may be required to remove any contamination remaining. For the handling of ready-to-eat meat products, please refer to section 10.3.(17) of chapter 4 of the Manual of Procedures. (9) Moribund (a) In red meat species, the term "MORIBUND" should be restricted to antemortem condemnation only. Moribund animals must be condemned on antemortem and all efforts should be made to prevent moribund animals from reaching the kill floor. In red meat species, the presence of moribund animals is usually associated with disease rather than environmental or transportational stress. As such, moribund animals are usually identified at the time of the initial antemortem screening. Signs include recumbency, decreased body temperature (except in some cases where elevated temperature may be noted, e.g. acute infections, sunstroke, etc.), dilated pupils, lack of response to external stimuli, and convulsions or other involuntary movements. It is accepted that some animals may become moribund between the time of antemortem screening and actual slaughter. These animals should be easily recognized by plant personnel, as their recumbency would result in considerable effort required to get these animals to the kill floor. Plant employees must be instructed not to slaughter these animals until an inspection by a veterinarian to determine their suitability for slaughter. (b) For moribund birds, see chapter 19. (10) Loss of Identity In Section 4.6 of the Manual of Procedures, the following statement is made: "It is the responsibility of plant management to ensure that all carcasses and parts be presented for postmortem examination in such a way as to permit proper inspection (e.g. proper presentation of viscera, etc.)...It is the responsibility of the inspection staff to take immediate action if management does not adhere to its responsibilities. Such action could be to demand that the rate of slaughter be slowed down, to temporarily suspend inspection services until management has corrected the situation, etc." The presentation of a carcass with incomplete viscera does affect the ability of the inspector or veterinarian to judge the suitability of the carcass for human consumption. In the case where only a portion of the viscera is missing, the veterinarian or inspector may take into consideration, the organ(s) which is(are) missing, the condition of the carcass and the rest of the viscera as presented, and the disease prevalence in the flock or herd of origin to determine if there is sufficient need to condemn the whole carcass. While this type of dressing defect tends to occur mainly in the poultry species, e.g. missing hearts, the same criteria could be used in the case of red meat species, e.g. missing kidney(s) in pigs. (11) Synovitis, Tenosynovitis, Ruptured Gastrocnemius Tendon, Viral arthritis (12) Emaciation/Leanness/Smallness By definition, emaciation (pathological leanness) is characterized by abnormal retrogression of bodily condition and diminution in the size of the organs, particularly the liver, spleen and muscular tissue. The outstanding feature being the loss of body fat and an alteration of its consistency. Locations carrying fat are shrunken, and remaining fat may have a jelly-like appearance , a viscous feel and a yellow colour. Because of the abnormal intermuscular fat, the muscular tissue has a flabby appearance. There is also an increase in the connective tissue of muscles resulting from atrophy of the actual muscle. An emaciated carcass does not set in the normal manner and has a moist appearance both on its surface and in the body cavities. The changes in the consistency of the fat being well seen around the base of the heart, the mediastinum and the kidney region or between the spinous process of the vertebrae. Carcasses showing evidence of the above mentioned lesions, without any other sign of disease, shall be condemned and reported as emaciated.( See difference from serous atrophy of fat in the training manual) (13) Superficial dermatitis / scabby hip lesions in poultry (14) Young calves presented for slaughter The actual policy considers condemnation of veals of less than two weeks of age for immaturity. According to the present official regulation, veals slaughtered for domestic consumption must be 15 days of age or more. The following criterias may be applied to carcasses slaughtered for exportation. (a) Young calves less than two days of age (immaturity) Special attention must be paid to very young calves presented for slaughter. They must be submitted to a careful ante mortem inspection. At that time, calves presenting the following characteristics must be considered immature:
The above characteristics are consistently found in calves of one to two days of age. The establishment's operator must be made aware that these are very young animals often transported to the slaughterhouse in difficult conditions because of their age, and should not be presented for slaughter. If such animals are presented for slaughter, they should be retained after ante-mortem examination. The plant operator, in collaboration with the veterinarian-in-charge, is responsible for the proper disposition of these animals. It is recognized that in an industrial establishment it is difficult to retain immature calves for any length of time under proper conditions. It is expected that in most cases immature calves will be destroyed right away to prevent further suffering, and that the condemnation would be reported under the veal immaturity category. (b) Calves older than two days of age There are no consistent signs found during ante and postmortem examination to characterize young calves older than two days of age. The condemned veal immaturity category should be used only for animals under two days of age (refer to signs described in the above section). Small calves above two days of age are considered suspects after postmortem examination if there is evidence of a severe nutritional disorder. Severe nutritional disorder is characterized by the serous atrophy of fat surrounding the heart and the kidneys. Only carcasses affected to this extent should be condemned, regardless of fat appearance in other locations. Other findings occasionally include "water-soaked" appearance of the carcass, flabby muscles which perforate easily and serous infiltration between muscle groups. Carcasses affected with severe nutritional disorder should be condemned for emaciation, and the condemnation reported as such. Note: Brown fat is not abnormal in calves, but is high-energy fat normally produced by fetuses. If there are nutritional problems after birth, there is no white fat produced. (15) Cutaneous melanomas in hogs When cutaneous melanoma lesions also affect an internal organ or are accompanied by systemic effects, the carcass and carcass portions must be condemned. If the cutaneous lesions are ulcerated or invasive or if the lymph nodes are involved (either a hypertrophy of the lymph node or a black tar-like pigmentation), the carcass is held after trimming. The appropriate samples must be sent to the laboratory for histopathological examination. When the results confirm the presence of metastases, the carcass and carcass portions must be condemned. In other cases, the carcass is released. The carcass is approved after trimming when the lymph node pigmentation accompanies cutaneous lesions that are regressive on macroscopic examination (without histopathological examination of the lymph nodes). These lesions are said to be regressive when they are fibrosed, non-invasive and there is no tar-like pigment. (16) Malignant lymphoma in hogs and cattle (lymphosarcoma)
A single confirmed lesion of lymphosarcoma in either hogs or cattle implicate the condemnation of the affected carcass and portions, since there is no way of determining whether it is a primary lesion or a metastasis. In hogs, the hypertrophy of a single lymph node is often the only macroscopic lesion of the condition. The mandibular or internal iliac lymph node are often involved. In cattle, some cases can be detected on postmortem examination only by the hypertrophy of a lymph node or spleen, which is generally much larger than normal. Considerable vigilance is therefore required in the routine postmortem examination of hogs and cattle to detect less obvious cases. (17) Marek's disease - cutaneous form (18) Osteomyelitis in turkeys (19) Cellulitis (20) Ascites / right heart failure in poultry (21) Septicemia/toxemia/congestion syndrome This name should be used only for red meat.( Although very rare, this condition is possible in poultry.) It serves to designate carcasses condemned for an infection (septicemia), poisoning (toxemia) or a generalized congestion in which the systemic effects observed cannot be related to a specific primary condition. The antemortem and postmortem inspections will reveal the following:
Only rarely are all of these lesions present on the same carcass. A septicemia-infected carcass must be sent to an authorized inedible rendering plant. A congested carcass may be used for animal food. The two conditions can occur concomitantly. The carcass will always be sent for rendering in such cases. (22) Schwannomas Schwannomas are among the most commonly found neoplasms in cattle. They are multicentric benign tumours affecting primarily the following target organs:
The actual Codex standards prescribe that all abnormal tissues must be removed, and the condemnation of a portion is mandatory when it is impossible to remove abnormalities without destroying the normal tissues. Note that full carcass condemnation on the basis of malignancy will not apply to this tumor as there is no metastasis; all schwannoma tumors develop individually due to genetic programming.There is no human health risk. As much of the carcass as possible therefore can be saved, given that obviously affected tissue is removed. In cases of schwannomas, the difficulty lies with their multicentric character and with the fact that some lesions become visible only after cutting the muscles to visualize the nerves. For lesion identification and tissue condemnation based on the extension of the lesions, we recommend the following protocol in order to standardize the disposition approach. It could also be sufficient to make a reasonable effort to detect the lesions by examining into the axillary area. If other lesions exist, they can be removed during the boning procedure under a HACCP-style QC plan approved by the V/C. The carcass can be tagged and identified as a schwannoma carcass , and the plant management can, under the QC program, handle the cut-down of the carcass and removal of lesions as they are found along the nerve sheaths during processing. This program can be monitored by inspectors in a similar manner to what is already in place for hogs in terms of boars, ridglings and skin conditions, or similarly to the policy for arthrosis in both cattle and hogs.
(23) Arthropathy in hogs and cattle Although joint problems are often identified on ante-mortem, a large number of arthropathies (both septic and degenerative) come to the kill floor without identification of the carcass as being derived from an ante-mortem suspect animal. Whether or not this is the case, the identification of arthropathy in a hog or beef carcass is based mainly on the following three criteria:
Carcass and parts disposition depends on the lesions observed in the articular and/or periarticular areas and the presence of systemic effects. With degenerative arthropathy, carcasses exhibiting only a slight osteochondrosis (little cartilage wear, clear synovial fluid and/or slight hyperemia of the synovial membrane) are accepted as is. When the cartilage is more seriously affected and the synovial villi show a feathery-type hypertrophy, with increased joint fluid, the joint must be condemned. The presence of synovial fluid having a cloudy appearance or containing fibrin combined with a presence of hypertrophied synovial villi resembling polyps also requires condemnation of the joint. Although degenerative arthropathy does occur in hogs, usually due to trauma at some point in the raising of the animal, it is much more common in older cows, due to age, old injuries, breeding stress, etc. In both hogs and cattle, the joints that show the above signs have low to no health risk attached to them, and are usually sterile. If the joint is distended with fluid, it will have to be evaluated. Mild degenerative arthropathy, hygromas and bursitis of the tarsal/metatarsal joints with no hypertrophy of the internal iliac lymph nodes can be removed in a cooler or in the cutting/boning area of the slaughter establishment that has slaughtered the food animal, under the following conditions:
Severe cases of arthropathy, hygromas/bursitis and cases of polyarthritis and/or purulent periarthritis must be removed and condemned during dressing procedures. In these cases, the assumption of infection is made when the joint fluid is greatly increased in amount, varies from serosanguinous to purulent in colour, the joint villi are severely reactive, the relevant lymph nodes are acutely inflamed, and/ or signs of septicemia occur elsewhere in the carcass e.g. acute endocarditis, renal infarcts, pulmonary or uterine infectious foci. Usually the whole carcass will be condemned, unless it is determined that the infection has been localized. In these cases, individual joints might be removed. These types of lesions are more common in hogs than cattle, although they may occur in cows and rarely in young cattle, and must be part of the differential diagnosis . Bacteria involved include Erysipelothrix, Staphilococcus, Streptococcus and Actinomyces. The potential health risk to humans is much higher than for degenerative arthropathy, and more severe control is needed of the carcass, and any fluid or tissues that are associated with it. When arthropathy lesions are accompanied by systemic effects or when it is impossible to perform satisfactory trimming of the lesions, without causing contamination, the entire carcass must be condemned. (24) Incomplete Bleeding Red meat animals that are imperfectly bled should be held for veterinary examination. If only certain portions are insufficiently bled out, and if there is no underlying pathologies and an examination of the wound indicates that the animal was shoulder stuck, the veterinarian may approve well bled out portions and condemn others. Carcasses not meeting the above are condemned. (25) Salpingitis/peritonitis in poultry (26) Dark-coloured carcasses (d.c.c.) / cyanosis in poultry (27) Airsacculitis (28) VARUS/VALGUS deformity 4.7.5 Carcasses rejected by the processing plant operator 4.7.6 Determination of the number of carcasses to examine for in-depth inspection of suspect poultry carcasses |
[ 4.1 |
4.2 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
4.6 |
4.7 |
4.8 |
4.9 |
4.10 |
4.11 |
4.12 |
 Top of Page |
Important Notices |
[