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Hepatitis C: Nutrition Care
Canadian Guidelines for Health Care Providers

References and Resources

References by Chapter

Introduction References

  1. National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement Management of Hepatitis C: 2002, NIH: June 10-12, 2002 (Final Statement September 12, 2002) <consensus.nih.gov;/cons/116/091202116cdc_statement.htm> or <consensus.nih.gov;/cons/116/Hepc091202.pdf>  

  2. National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases: Chronic Hepatitis C: Current Disease Management, NIH, September 2002 <www.niddk.nih.gov;/health/digest/pubs/chrnhepc/chrnhepc.htm>

  3. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada: Hepatitis C - prevention and control: a public health consensus. Canada Communicable Disease Report Supplement 1999; 25S2:1-22

  4. Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver: The Management of Viral Hepatitis: Proceedings of the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Management of Viral Hepatitis. CASL, Montreal, Quebec, March 1999 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hpb/lcdc/bid/bbp/caslacef/pdf/hep-casl.pdf>

  5. Health and Welfare Canada: Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990

  6. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). [prepublication version] Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002 <www.nap.edu;/catalog/10490.html>

  7. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 29: Liver Disease)

  8. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 41: Liver Transplant)

  9. McCullough AJ, Teran JC, Bugianesi E: Guidelines for nutritional therapy in liver disease. In Klein ES (ed): ASPEN Nutritional Support Practice Manual. Silver Springs, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1998:12.1-12.11

  10. Teran FC, McCullough AF: Nutrition in liver diseases. In Gottschlich MM (ed), The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support: A Case-Based Core Curriculum. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. 2001:537-552

  11. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J et al: ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. [Consensus statement] Clin Nutr 1997; 16:43-55

  12. Wendland BE: Nutritional guidelines for persons infected with the hepatitis C virus: a review of the literature. [Review] Can J Diet Pract Res 2001; 62(1):7-15

  13. Dietitians of Canada: Needs Assessment of Nutritional Guidelines for Persons Infected with the Hepatitis C Virus. Feedback from healthcare professionals, associations, and persons infected with HCV. Health Canada, March 2000

  14. Joint Steering Committee Responsible for Development of a National Nutrition Plan for Canada: Nutrition for Health: An Agenda for Action. Ottawa: Joint Steering Committee, 1996 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hpfb-dgpsa/onpp-bppn/nutrition_health_agenda_e.html>

Chapter 1 References

  1. National Institutes of Health: NIH Consensus Development Conference, Management of Hepatitis C, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, March 1997

  2. Laboratory Centre for Disease Control, Health Canada: Hepatitis C - prevention and control: a public health consensus. Canada Communicable Disease Report Supplement 1999; 25S2:1-22

  3. National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement Management of Hepatitis C: 2002, NIH: June 10-12, 2002 (Final Statement September 12, 2002) <consensus.nih.gov;/cons/116/091202116cdc_statement.htm> or <consensus.nih.gov;/cons/116/Hepc091202.pdf>

  4. National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases: Chronic Hepatitis C: Current Disease Management, NIH, September 2002 <www.niddk.nih.gov;/health/digest/pubs/chrnhepc/chrnhepc.htm>

  5. Zou S, Tepper M, Giulivi A: Current status of hepatitis C in Canada. Can J Public Health 2000; 91(1):S10-S15

  6. Zou S, Tepper M, El Saadany S: Prediction of hepatitis C burden in Canada. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14(7):575-580

  7. Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver: The Management of Viral Hepatitis: Proceedings of the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Management of Viral Hepatitis. CASL, Montreal, Quebec, March 1999 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hpb/lcdc/bid/bbp/caslacef/pdf/hep-casl.pdf>  

  8. World Health Organization: Hepatitis C. Fact Sheet No. 164, Revised October 2000 <www.who.int;/inf-fs/en/fact164.html>

  9. Williams I: Epidemiology of hepatitis C in the United States. Am J Med 1999; 107(6B):2S-9S

  10. Remis R, Hogg R, Krahn MD et al: Estimating the Number of Blood Transfusion Recipients Infected by Hepatitis C Virus in Canada, 1960-85 and 1990-92. Report to Health Canada, 1998

  11. Gully PR, Tepper ML: Hepatitis C. Can Med Assoc J 1997; 156(10):1427-1428

  12. Sherlock S, Dooley J: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 10th ed. London: Blackwell Scientific, 1997:265-435

  13. Schiff ER: Schiff's Diseases of the Liver, 8th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1998

  14. Herrine SK: Approach to the patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136(10):747-757

  15. Patrick DM, Buxton JA, Bigham M et al: Public health and hepatitis C. Can J Public Health 2000; 91(1):S18-S21

  16. Canadian Liver Foundation National Hepatitis C Education Program: Hepatitis C: medical information update. Can J Public Health 2000; 91(1):S4-S9

  17. College of Family Physicians of Canada, Health Canada: Primary Care Management of Hep C (Physician Desk Reference), 2002 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hppb/hepatitis_c/pdf/EnglishDeskRef.pdf>

  18. Conry-Cantilena C, VanRaden M, Gibble J et al: Routes of infection, viremia and liver disease in blood donors found to have hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 1996; 334(26):1691-1696

  19. Fried MW: Management of hepatitis C in the hemophilia patient. Am J Med 1999; 107(6B):85S-89S

  20. Fried MW, Shiffman ML, Reddy KR et al: Peginterferon alfa-2a plus ribavirin for chronic hepatitis C virus infection. N Engl J Med 2002; 347(13):975-982

  21. Manns MP, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC et al: Peginterferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin compared with interferon alfa-2b plus ribavirin for initial treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomised trial. Lancet 2001; 358(9286):958-965

  22. Di Bisceglie AM, Hoofnagle JH: Optimal therapy of hepatitis C. Hepatology 2002;36(5 Suppl 1):S121-S127

  23. Di Bisceglie AM, McHutchison J, Rice CM: New therapeutic strategies for hepatitis C. [Review] Hepatology 2002; 35(1):224-231

  24. Wright TL: Treatment of patients with hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Hepatology 2002; 36(5 Suppl 1):S185-194

  25. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 1998; 47:1-39

  26. Fattovich G, Giustina G, Degos F et al: Morbidity and mortality in compensated cirrhosis type C: a retrospective follow-up study of 384 patients. Gastro 1997; 112:463-472

  27. Raup SM, Kaproth P: Hepatic failure. In Matarese LE, Gottschlich MM (eds): Contemporary Nutrition Support Practice. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company, 1998:441-446

  28. Zeman FJ: Liver disease and alcoholism. In Zeman FJ (ed): Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991:517-553

  29. Shronts E, Fish J: Hepatic failure. In Gottschlich MM, Matarese LE, Shronts EP (eds): Nutrition Support Dietetics: Core Curriculum, 2nd ed. Silver Springs, MD: ASPEN Publishers, 1993:311-326

  30. Lieber CS: Nutrition in liver disorders. In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (eds): Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1999:1177-1189

  31. Korsten MA, Lieber CS: Nutrition in pancreatic and liver disorders. In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (eds): Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1994:1066-1080

  32. McCullough AJ, Teran JC, Bugianesi E: Guidelines for nutritional therapy in liver disease. In Klein ES (ed): ASPEN Nutritional Support Practice Manual. Silver Springs, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition; 1998:12.1-12.11

  33. Teran FC, McCullough AF: Nutrition in liver diseases. In Gottschlich MM (ed): The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support: A Case-Based Core Curriculum. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2001:537-552

  34. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J et al: ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. [Consensus Statement] Clin Nutr 1997;16:43-55

Chapter 2 References

  1. Dietitians of Canada: Needs Assessment of Nutritional Guidelines for Persons Infected with the Hepatitis C Virus. Feedback from Healthcare Professionals, Associations, and Persons Infected with HCV. Health Canada, March 2000

  2. Everson GT, Weinberg H: Living with Hepatitis C: A Survivor's Guide. New York: Hatherleigh Press, 1999

  3. Heathcote J, Yim C, Thai Q et al: Hepatitis C: Everything You Need to Know. Canadian Medical Association, 2001

  4. Health and Welfare Canada: Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990

  5. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). [prepublication version], Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002 <www.nap.edu;/catalog/10490.html>

  6. Fields-Gardner C, Ayoob KT: Nutrition intervention in the care of persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100(6):708-717

  7. Teran FC, McCullough AF: Nutrition in liver diseases. In Gottschlich MM (ed): The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support: A Case-Based Core Curriculum. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2001:537-552

  8. Wendland BE: Nutritional guidelines for persons infected with the hepatitis C virus: a review of the literature. [Review] Can J Diet Pract Res 2001; 62(1):7-15

  9. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 10: Vegetarian Nutrition)

  10. McCullough AJ, Falck-Ytter Y: Body composition and hepatic steatosis as precursors for fibrotic liver disease. [Editorial] Hepatology 1999; 29(4):1328-1330

  11. Andersen T, Gluud C, Franzmann MB et al: Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. J Hepatol 1991; 12(2):224-229

  12. Degos F: Hepatitis C and alcohol. [Review] J Hepatol 1999; 31(Suppl 1):113-118

  13. National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement Management of Hepatitis C: 2002, NIH: June 10-12, 2002 (Final Statement September 12, 2002) <odp.od.nih.gov;/consensus/cons/116/116cdc_intro.htm> or <consensus.nih.gov;/cons/116/Hepc091202.pdf>

  14. Sherlock S, Dooley J: Diseases of the Liver and Biliary System, 10th ed. London: Blackwell Scientific, 1997:265-435

  15. Schiff ER: Schiff's Diseases of the Liver, 8th ed. New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 1998

  16. Schiff ER: The alcoholic patient with hepatitis C virus infection. Am J Med 1999; 107(6B):95S-99S

  17. Lieber CS: Alcohol and Hepatitis C. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, 2002 <www.niaaa.nih.gov;/publications/arh25-4/245-254-text.htm>

  18. Lieber CS: Liver diseases by alcohol and hepatitis C: early detection and new insights in pathogenesis lead to improved treatment. [Review] Am J Addict 2001; 10(suppl):29-50

  19. Alberti A, Chemello L, Benvegnu L: Natural history of hepatitis C. [Review] J Hepatol 1999; 31(Suppl 1):17-24

  20. Levy MT, Chen JJ, McGuinness PH et al: Liver transplantation for hepatitis C-associated cirrhosis in a single Australian centre: referral patterns and transplant outcomes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1997; 12(6):453-459

  21. Frieden TR, Ozick L, McCord C et al: Chronic liver disease in central Harlem: the role of alcohol and viral hepatitis. Hepatology 1999; 29(3):883-888

  22. Loguercio C, Di Pierro M, Di Marino MP et al: Drinking habits of subjects with hepatitis C virus-related chronic liver disease: prevalence and effect on clinical, virological and pathological aspects. Alcohol & Alcoholism 2000; 35(3):296-301

  23. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 45: Chemical Dependency)

  24. Health and Welfare Canada: Promoting Healthy Weights: A Discussion Paper. Cat. No. H39-131/1998E. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1998

  25. Hickman IJ, Clouston AD, Macdonald GA et al: Effect of weight reduction on liver histology and biochemistry in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Gut 2002; 51(1):89-94

  26. Heathcote J: Weighty issues in hepatitis C. [Comment] Gut 2002; 51(1):7-8

  27. Monto A, Alonzo J, Watson JJ et al: Steatosis in chronic hepatitis C: relative contributions of obesity, diabetes mellitus and alcohol. Hepatology 2002; 36(3):729-736

  28. Hwang SJ, Luo JC, Chu CW et al: Hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis C virus infection: prevalence and clinical correlation. [Review] J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001; 16(2):190-195

  29. Hourigan LF, Macdonald GA, Purdie D et al: Fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C correlates significantly with body mass index and steatosis. Hepatology 1999; 29(4):1215-1219

  30. Adinolfi LE, Gambardella M, Andreana A et al: Steatosis accelerates the progression of liver damage of chronic hepatitis C patients and correlates with specific HCV genotype and visceral obesity. Hepatology 2001; 33:1358-1364

  31. Health Canada, Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology: Canada's Physical Activity Guide to Healthy Active Living, 1998 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hppb/paguide/activity_enough.html>

  32. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute: 2000 Physical Activity Monitor <www.cflri.ca;/cflri/pa/index.html>

  33. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute: 2001 Physical Activity Monitor <www.cflri.ca;/pdf/e/2001pamrep.pdf>

  34. Berger BG, Owen DR: Relation of low and moderate intensity exercise with acute mood change in college joggers. Perceptual & Motor Skills 1998; 87(2):611-621

  35. Lluch A, Hubert P, King NA et al: Selective effects of acute exercise and breakfast interventions on mood and motivation to eat. Physiol Behav 2000; 68(4):515-520

  36. Oda S, Matsumoto T, Nakagawa K et al: Relaxation effects in humans of underwater exercise of moderated intensity. Eur J Appl Physiol Occupat Physiol 1999; 80(4):253-259

  37. Nehlsen-Cannarella S, Fagoaga O, Folz J et al: Fighting, fleeing and having fun: the immunology of physical activity. Int J Sports Med 1997; 1:S8-S21

  38. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute: 1997 Physical Activity Monitor <www.cflri.ca;/cflri/pa/index.html>

Chapter 3 References

  1. Wendland BE: Nutritional guidelines for persons infected with the hepatitis C virus: a review of the literature. [Review] Can J Diet Pract Res 2001; 62(1):7-15

  2. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 29: Liver Disease)

  3. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 41: Liver Transplant)

  4. McCullough AJ, Teran JC, Bugianesi E: Guidelines for nutritional therapy in liver disease. In Klein ES (ed): ASPEN Nutritional Support Practice Manual. Silver Springs, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1998:12.1-12.11

  5. Teran FC, McCullough AF: Nutrition in liver diseases. In Gottschlich MM (ed): The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support: A Case-Based Core Curriculum. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2001:537-552

  6. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J et al: ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. [Consensus statement] Clin Nutr 1997; 16:43-55

  7. Lochs H, Plauth M: Liver cirrhosis: rationale and modalities for nutritional support: the European Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition consensus and beyond. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 1999; 2(4):345-349

  8. Madill J, Fortier L (co-chairs), Canadian Transplant Dietitians Policy and Practice Council: Liver Transplant Nutritional Guidelines. Unpublished draft, produced for CTDPPC, 2003

  9. Management of Hepatitis C: 2002, NIH: June 10-12, 2002 (Final Statement September 12, 2002) <odp.od.nih.gov;/consensus/cons/116/116cdc_intro.htm> or <consensus.nih.gov;/cons/116/Hepc091202.pdf>

  10. Regev A, Jeffers LJ: Hepatitis C and alcohol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999; 23(9):1543-1551

  11. Shronts E, Fish J: Hepatic failure. In Gottschlich MM, Matarese LE, Shronts EP (eds): Nutrition Support Dietetics: Core Curriculum, 2nd ed. Silver Springs, MD: ASPEN Publishers, 1993:311-326

  12. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 32: HIV/AIDS)

  13. Piche T, Schneider SM, Tran A et al: Resting energy expenditure in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol 2000; 33(4):623-627

  14. Kondrup J, Muller MJ: Energy and protein requirements of patients with chronic liver disease. J Hepatol 1997; 27:239-247

  15. Hasse J, Weseman B, Fuhrman MP et al: Nutrition therapy for end-stage liver disease: a practical approach. Support Line 1997; 19:8-15

  16. Achord JL: Malnutrition and the role of nutritional support in alcoholic liver disease. Gastroenterology 1987; 82:1-7

  17. Vintro AQ, Krasnoff JB, Painter P: Roles of nutrition and physical activity in muscoloskeletal complications before and after liver transplantation. AACN Clin Issues 2002; 13(2):333-347

  18. Donaghy A: Issues of malnutrition and bone disease in patients with cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002; 17(4):462-466

  19. Wong K, Visocan BJ, Fish J: Nutrition management of the adult with liver disease. In Skipper A (ed): Dietitian's Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. Rockville, MD: ASPEN Publishers Inc., 1998

  20. Raup SM, Kaproth P: Hepatic failure. In Matarese LE, Gottschlich MM (eds): Contemporary Nutrition Support Practice. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Company, 1998:441-446

  21. Zeman FJ: Liver disease and alcoholism. In Zeman FJ (ed): Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, 2nd ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1991:517-553

  22. Tajika M, Kato M, Mohri H et al: Prognostic value of energy metabolism in patients with viral liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 2002; 18(3):229-234

  23. Nompleggi DJ, Bonkovsky HL: Nutritional supplementation in cbronic liver disease: an analytical review. Hepatology 1994; 19:518-533

  24. Plevak DJ, Di Cecco SR, Wiesner RH et al: Nutritional support for liver transplantation: identifying caloric and protein requirements. Mayo Clin Proc 1994; 69:225-230

  25. Corish C: Nutrition and liver disease. Topics Clin Nutr 1997; 55:17-20

  26. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). [prepublication version], Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002 <www.nap.edu;/catalog/10490.html>

  27. Marchesini G, Bianchi G, Rossi B, Brizi M, Melchionda N: Nutritional treatment with branched-chain amino acids in advanced liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 2000; 35(Suppl 12):7-12

  28. Nielson K, Kondrup J, Martinsen L et al: Nutritional assessment and adequacy of dietary intake in hospitalized patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Br J Nutr 1993; 69:665-679

  29. Swart GR, Vandenberg JWO, van Vuure JK et al: Minimum protein requirements in liver cirrhosis determined by nitrogen balance measurements at three levels of protein intake. Clin Nutr 1989; 8:329-336

  30. Morgan MY: Branched-chain amino acids in the management of chronic liver disease-facts and fantasies. Hepatology 1990; 11:133-141

  31. Lieber CS: Nutrition in liver disorders. In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (eds): Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1999:1177-1189

  32. Korsten MA, Lieber CS: Nutrition in pancreatic and liver disorders. In Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M (eds): Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 8th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lea and Febiger, 1994:1066-1080

  33. Amodio P, Caregaro L, Patteno E et al: Vegetarian diets in hepatic encephalopathy: facts or fantasies? [Review] Dig Liver Dis 2001; 33(6):492-500

  34. Bianchi GP, Marchesini G, Fabbri A et al: Vegetable versus animal protein diet in cirrhotic patients with chronic encephalopathy. A randomized cross-over comparison. J Intern Med 1993; 233(5):385-392

  35. Meng WC, Leung KL, Ho RL et al: Prospective randomized control study on the effect of branched-chain amino acids in patients with liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma. Aust N Z J Surg 1999; 69(11):811-815

  36. Chalasani N, Gitlin N: Severe recurrent hepatic encephalopathy that responded to oral branched chain amino acids. [Review] Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91(6):1266-1268

  37. Ichida T, Shibasaki K, Muto Y et al: Clinical study of an enteral branched-chain amino acid solution in decompensated liver cirrhosis with hepatic encephalopathy. Nutrition 1995; 11(2 Suppl):238-244

  38. Mizock BA: Nutritional support in hepatic encephalopathy. [Review] Nutrition 1999; 15(3):220-228

  39. Fabbri A, Magrini N, Bianchi G et al: Overview of randomized clinical trials of oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. [Review] J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1996; 20(2):159-164

  40. Marchesini G, Dioguardi FS, Bianchi GP et al: Long-term oral branched-chain amino acid treatment in chronic hepatic encephalopathy. A randomized double-blind casein-controlled trial. The Italian Multicenter Study Group. J Hepatol 1990; 11:92-101

  41. Plauth M, Egberts E-H, Hamster W et al: Long term treatment of latent porto-systemic encephalopathy with branched chain amino acids. A double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. J Hepatol 1993; 17:308-314

  42. Muller MJ, Lautz HU, Plogmann B et al: Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in patients with cirrhosis: the impact of cause, clinical staging and nutritional state. Hepatology 1992; 15:782-794

  43. Merli M, Riggio O, Romiti A et al: Basal energy production rate and substrate use in stable cirrhotic patients. Hepatology 1990; 12:106-112

  44. Alexander GJM: Association between hepatitis C virus infection and type 2 diabetes mellitus: what is the connection? [Editorial] Ann Intern Med 2000; 133(8):650-652

  45. Petrides AS, Vogt C, Schulzeberge D et al: Pathogenesis of glucose intolerance and diabetes mellitus in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1994;19:616-627

  46. Petrides AS, Schulzeberge D, Vogt C et al: Glucose resistance contributes to diabetes mellitus in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1993; 18:284-291

  47. Petrides AS, Stanley T, Matthews DE et al: Insulin resistance in cirrhosis: prolonged reduction of hyperinsulinemia normalizes insulin sensitivity. Hepatology 1998; 28:141-149

  48. Richardson RA, Davidson HI, Hinds A: Influence of the metabolic sequelae of liver cirrhosis on nutritional intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(2):331-337

  49. Druml W, Fischer M, Pidlich J et al: Fat elimination in chronic hepatic failure: long chain vs medium chain triglycerides. Am J Clin Nutr 1995; 61:812-817

  50. Corrao G, Ferrari PA, Galatola G: Exploring the role of diet in modifying the effect of known disease determinants: application to risk factors of liver cirrhosis. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 142(11):1136-1146

  51. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 62: Long-Chain-Triglyceride-Restricted, Medium-Chain-Triglyceride Diet)

  52. Cabre E, Nunez MC, Gonzalez-Huix F et al: Clinical and nutritional factors predictive of plasma lipid unsaturation deficiency in advanced liver cirrhosis: a logistic regression analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:1738-1743

  53. Cabre E, Abad-Lacruz A, Nunez MC et al: The relationship of plasma polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency with survival in advanced liver cirrhosis: multivariate analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88:718-722

  54. Guarini P, Stanzial AM, Olivieri O et al: Erythrocyte membrane lipids and serum selenium in post-viral and alcoholic cirrhosis. Clin Chim Acta 1998; 270:139-150

  55. Okita M, Sasagawa T, Tomioka K et al: Habitual food intake and polyunsaturated fatty acid deficiency in liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 2002; 18(4):304-308

  56. Kivits G, Ganguli-Swarttouw MA, Christ EJ: The composition of alkanes exhaled air of rats as a result of lipid peroxidation in vivo: effects of dietary fatty acids, vitamin E, and selenium. Biochem Biophys Acta 1981; 665:559-570

  57. Paradis V, Mathurin P, Kollinger M et al: In situ detection of lipid peroxidation in chronic hepatitis C: correlation with pathological features. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50(5):401-406

  58. Pratico D, Iulaino L, Basili S et al: Enhanced lipid peroxidation in hepatic cirrhosis. J Invest Med 1998; 46:51-57

  59. Valtin H: "Drink at least eight glasses of water a day." Really? Is there scientific evidence for "8 x 8"? [Review] Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002; 283(5):R993-1004

  60. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 1: Nutrition Assessment of Adults)

  61. Runyon BA: Management of adult patients with ascites caused by cirrhosis. [Review] Hepatology 1998; 27(1):264-272

  62. Patton KM, Aranda-Michel JA: Nutritional aspects in liver disease and liver transplantation. NCP 2002; 17(6):332-340

  63. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 68: Sodium-Restricted Diet)

  64. Newsome PN, Beldon I, Moussa Y et al: Low serum retinol levels are associated with hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14(10):1295-1301

  65. Ukleja A, Scolapio JS, McConnell JP et al: Nutritional assessment of serum and hepatic vitamin A levels in patients with cirrhosis. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2002; 26(3):184-188

  66. Leo MA, Lieber CS: Alcohol, vitamin A, and beta-carotene: adverse interactions, including hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity. [Review] Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(6):1071-1085

  67. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001 <books.nap.edu;/catalog/10026.html>

  68. Sinclair PR, Gorman N, Shedlofsky SI et al: Ascorbic acid deficiency in porphyria cutanea tarda. J Lab Clin Med 1997; 130(2):197-201

  69. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine: Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2000 <books.nap.edu;/catalog/9810.html>

  70. Von Herbay A, Stahl W, Niederau C et al: Vitamin E improves the aminotransferase status of patients suffering from viral hepatitis C: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Free Rad Res 1997; 27(6):599-605

  71. Marotta PJ, Graziadei IW, Ghent CN: Muscle cramps: a 'complication' of cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14(Suppl D):21D- 25D

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  84. Guyader D, Boucher E, Andre P et al: A pilot study of iron depletion as adjuvant therapy in chronic hepatitis C patients not responding to interferon. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94(6):1696-1698

  85. Herrera JL: Iron depletion is not effective in inducing a virologic response in patients with chronic hepatitis C who failed to respond to interferon therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94(12):3571-3575

  86. Hayashi H, Takikawa T, Nishimura N et al: Improvement of serum aminotransferase levels after phlebotomy in patients with chronic active hepatitis C and excess hepatic iron. Am J Gastroenterol 1994; 89(7):986-988

  87. Beinker NK, Voight MD, Arendse M et al: Threshold effect of liver iron content on hepatic inflammation and fibrosis in hepatitis B and C. J Hepatol 1996; 25(5):633-638

  88. Sartori M, Andorno S, La Terra G et al: Evaluation of iron status in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Ital J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998; 30(4):402-404

  89. Bassett SE, Di Bisceglie AM, Bacon BR et al: Effects of iron loading on pathogenicity in hepatitis C virus-infected chimpanzees. Hepatology 1999; 29(6):1884-1892

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  91. Fargion S, Fracanzani AL, Rossini A et al: Iron reduction and sustained response to interferon-alpha therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C: results of an Italian multicenter randomized study. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97(5):1204-1210

  92. Tsai NC, Zuckerman E, Han SH et al: Effect of iron depletion on long-term response to interferon-alpha in patients with chronic hepatitis C who previously did not respond to interferon therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92(10):1831-1834

  93. Pianko S, McHutchison JG, Gordon SC et al: Hepatic iron concentration does not influence response to therapy with interferon plus ribavirin in chronic HCV infection. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2002; 22(4):483-489

  94. Distante S, Bjoro K, Hellum KB et al: Raised serum ferritin predicts non-response to interferon and ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Liver 2002; 22(3):269-275

  95. Kato J, Kobune M, Nakamura T et al: Normalization of elevated hepatic 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine levels in chronic hepatitis C patients by phlebotomy and low iron diet. Cancer Res 2001; 61(24):8697-8702

  96. Tandon N, Thakur V, Guptan RK et al: Beneficial influence of an indigenous low-iron diet on serum indicators of iron status in patients with chronic liver disease. Br J Nutr 2000; 83(3):235-239

  97. Isawa M, Kaito M, Ikoma J et al: Dietary iron restriction improves aminotransferase levels in chronic hepatitis C patients. Hepatogastroenterology 2002; 49(44):529-531

  98. Hourigan LF, Macdonald GA, Purdie D et al: Fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C correlates significantly with body mass index and steatosis. Hepatology 1999; 29(4): 1215-1219

  99. Baum MK, Miguez-Burbano MJ, Campa A et al: Selenium and interleukins in persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Infect Dis 2000; 182(Suppl 1):S69-S73

  100. Takagi H, Nagamine T, Abe T et al: Zinc supplementation enhances the response to interferon therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Viral Hepat 2001; 8(5):367-371

  101. Marchesini G, Fabbri A, Bianchi G et al: Zinc supplementation and amino acid-nitrogen metabolism in patients with advanced cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996; 23(5):1084-1092

  102. Kugelmas M: Preliminary observation: oral zinc sulfate replacement is effective in treating muscle cramps in cirrhotic patients. J Am Coll Nutr 2000; 19(1):13-15

  103. Yoshida Y, Higashi T, Nouso K et al: Effects of zinc deficiency/zinc supplementation on ammonia metabolism in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis. Acta Med Okayama 2001; 55(6):349-355

  104. Paradis V, Mathurin P, Kollinger M et al: In situ detection of lipid peroxidation in chronic hepatitis C: correlation with pathological features. J Clin Pathol 1997; 50(5):401-406

  105. Pratico D, Iulaino L, Basili S et al: Enhanced lipid peroxidation in hepatic cirrhosis. J Invest Med 1998; 46:51-57

  106. Larrea E, Beloqui O, Munoz-Navas MA et al: Superoxide dismutase in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Free Rad Biol & Med 1998; 24(7-8):1235-1241

  107. Hadi Yasa M, Kacmaz M, Serda Ozturk H et al: Antioxidant status of erythrocytes from patients with cirrhosis. Hepato- Gastroent 1999; 46(28):2460-2463

  108. Houglum K, Venkataramani A, Lyche K et al: A pilot study of the effects of d-alpha tocopherol on hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic hepatitis C. Gastroenterology 1997; 113(4):1069-1073

  109. Von Herbay A, Stahl W, Niederau C et al: Diminished plasma levels of vitamin E in patients with severe viral hepatitis. Free Rad Res 1996; 25(6):461-466

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  116. Alberino F, Gatta A, Amodio P et al: Nutrition and survival in patients with liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 2001; 17(6):445-450

  117. Wohl D, Falck-Ytter Y, McCullough AJ: Nutrition in liver disease. Clin Persp in Gastro 1999; September/October: 267-274

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  119. Italian Multicentre Co-operative Project on Nutrition in Liver Cirrhosis: Nutritional status in cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1994; 21:317- 325

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  121. Crawford DHG, Shepherd RW, Halliday JW et al: Body composition in nonalcoholic cirrhosis: the effect of disease etiology and severity on nutritional compartment. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1611-1617

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  125. Chang WK, Chao YC, Tang HS et al: Effects of extra-carbohydrate supplementation in the late evening on energy expenditure and substrate oxidation in patients with liver cirrhosis. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21:96-99

  126. Campillo B, Bories PN, Pornin B et al: Influence of liver failure, ascites, and energy expenditure on the response to oral nutrition in alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Nutrition 1997; 13(7-8):687-688

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  128. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 61: High-Calorie, High-Protein Diet)

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  131. Blei AT, Cordoba J: Hepatic encephalopathy. [Clinical Guidelines] Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96(7):1968-1976

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  135. Corazza GR, Trevisani F, Di Stefano M et al: Early increase of bone resorption in patients with liver cirrhosis secondary to viral hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45(7):1392-1399

  136. Tsuneoka K, Tameda Y, Takase K et al: Osteodystrophy in patients with chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. J Gastroenterol 1996; 31(5):669-678

  137. Shaker JL, Reinus WR, Whyte MP: Hepatitis C associated osteosclerosis: late onset after blood transfusion in an elderly woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84(1):384-385

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  139. Li SD, Lue W, Mobarhan S et al: Nutrition support for individuals with liver failure. Nutr Rev 2000; 58(8):242-247

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  141. AlDosary AA, Ramji AS, Elliott TG et al: Post-liver transplantation diabetes mellitus: an association with hepatitis C. Liver Transpl 2002; 8(4):356-361

  142. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 48: Enteral Nutrition)

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Chapter 4 References

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  2. McCullough AJ, Teran JC, Bugianesi E: Guidelines for nutritional therapy in liver disease. In Klein ES (ed): ASPEN Nutritional Support Practice Manual. Silver Springs, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 1998:12.1-12.11

  3. Teran FC, McCullough AF: Nutrition in liver diseases. In Gottschlich MM (ed): The Science and Practice of Nutrition Support: A Case-Based Core Curriculum. American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company, 2001:537-552

  4. Plauth M, Merli M, Kondrup J et al: ESPEN guidelines for nutrition in liver disease and transplantation. [Consensus Statement] Clin Nutr 1997; 16:43-55

  5. Bashir S, Lipman TO: Nutrition in gastroenterology and hepatology. Prim Care 2001; 28(3):629-645, vii

  6. Lacey SW, Richter JE, Wilcox CM: Acute and chronic hepatitis, fulminant hepatic failure. In Andreoli TE, Bennett CJ, Carpenter CC et al (eds): Cecil Essentials of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co, 1993: chaps 41, 42

  7. Selberg O, Burchert W, Hoff JV et al: Insulin resistance in liver cirrhosis: positron-emission tomography scan analysis of skeletal muscle glucose metabolism. Clin Investig 1993; 91:1897-1902

  8. Munro HN, Fernston JD, Wurtman RJ: Insulin, plasma amino acid imbalance, and hepatic coma. Lancet 1975; 1:722-724

  9. Matos C, Porayko MK, Francisco-Ziller N et al: Nutrition and chronic liver disease. [Review] J Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 35(5):391-397

  10. Scolapio JS, Bowen J, Stoner G et al: Substrate oxidation in patients with cirrhosis: comparison with other nutritional markers. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2000; 24(3):150-153

  11. Shronts E, Fish J: Hepatic failure. In Nutrition Support Dietetics: Core Curriculum. Silver Springs, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition Publishing, 1993:311-325

  12. Detsky AS, McLaughlin JR, Baker JP et al: What is subjective global assessment of nutritional status? J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1987; 11(1):8-13

  13. McCullough AJ, Mullen KD, Kalhan SC: Measurement of total body and extracellular water in cirrhotic patients with and without ascites. Hepatology 1991; 14:1102-1111

  14. Naveau S, Belda E, Borotto E et al: Comparison of clinical judgment and anthropometric parameters for evaluating nutritional status in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol 1995; 23:234-235

  15. Loguercio C, Sava E, Marmo R et al: Malnutrition in cirrhotic patients: anthropometric measurements as a method of assessing nutritional status. Br J Clin Pract 1990; 44(3):98-101

  16. Caregaro L, Alberino F, Amodio P et al: Malnutrition in alcoholic and virus-related cirrhosis. Am J Clin Nutr 1996; 63(4):602- 609

  17. Health and Welfare Canada: Nutrition Recommendations: The Report of the Scientific Review Committee. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1990

  18. Richardson RA, Davidson HI, Hinds A: Influence of the metabolic sequelae of liver cirrhosis on nutritional intake. Am J Clin Nutr 1999; 69(2):331-337

  19. Wong K, Visocan BJ, Fish J: Nutrition management of the adult with liver disease. In Skipper A (ed): Dietitian's Handbook of Enteral and Parenteral Nutrition. Rockville, MD: ASPEN Publishers Inc., 1998

  20. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 29: Liver Disease)

  21. Hasse J, Weseman B, Fuhrman MP et al: Nutrition therapy for end-stage liver disease: a practical approach. Support Line 1997; 19:8-15

  22. Nompleggi DJ, Bonkovsky HL: Nutritional supplementation in chronic liver disease: an analytical review. Hepatology 1994; 19:518-533

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  24. Corish C: Nutrition and liver disease. Topics Clin Nutr 1997; 55:17-20

  25. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 41: Liver Transplant)

  26. Fields-Gardner C, Ayoob KT: Nutrition intervention in the care of persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100(6):708-717

Chapter 5 References

  1. Heitkemper M, Jarrett M, Kurashige EM: Chronic hepatitis C. Implications for health-related quality of life. Gastroenterol Nurs 2001; 24(4):169-175

  2. Everson GT, Weinberg H: Living With Hepatitis C: A Survivor's Guide, New York: Hatherleigh Press, 1999

  3. Heathcote J, Yim C, Thai Q et al: Hepatitis C: Everything You Need to Know, Canadian Medical Association, 2001

  4. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Recommendations for prevention and control of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and HCV-related chronic disease. MMWR 1998; 47:1-39

  5. Marotta PJ, Graziadei IW, Ghent CN: Muscle cramps: a 'complication' of cirrhosis. Can J Gastroenterol 2000; 14(Suppl D):21D- 25D

  6. College of Family Physicians of Canada, Health Canada: Primary Care Management of Hep C (Physician Desk Reference), 2002 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hppb/hepatitis_c/pdf/EnglishDeskRef.pdf>

  7. Herrine SK: Approach to the patient with chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Ann Intern Med 2002; 136(10):747-757

  8. American Liver Foundation: Side Effects of Hepatitis C Treatment <64.227.163.135;/cgi-bin/dbs/articles.cgi?db=articles
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  9. Dietitians of Canada: Needs Assessment of Nutritional Guidelines for Persons Infected with the Hepatitis C Virus. Feedback from Healthcare Professionals, Associations, and Persons Infected with HCV. Health Canada, March 2000

Chapter 6 References

  1. Seeff LB, Lindsay KL, Bacon BR et al: Complementary and alternative medicine in chronic liver disease. Hepatology 2001; 34(3):595-603

  2. National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Hepatitis C: Treatment Alternatives, NIH, May 2000 <nccam.nih.gov;/health/hepatitisc/index.htm> or <nccam.nih.gov;/health/hepatitisc/hepatitisc.pdf>

  3. Dietitians of Canada: Needs Assessment of Nutritional Guidelines for Persons Infected with the Hepatitis C Virus. Feedback from Healthcare Professionals, Associations, and Persons Infected with HCV. Health Canada, March 2000

  4. Hodges PJ, Kam PCA: The peri-operative implications of herbal medicines. [Review] Anaesthesia 2002; 57:889-899

  5. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 15: Cancer)

  6. Patrick L: Hepatitis C: epidemiology and review of complementary/alternative medicine treatments. [Review] Alternative Med Rev 1999; 4(4):220-238

  7. Milliman WB, Lamson DW, Brignall MS: Hepatitis C; a restrospective study, literature review and naturopathic protocol. [Review] Alternative Med Rev 2000; 5(4):355-371

  8. Bulger EM, Helton WS: Nutrient antioxidants in gastrointestinal diseases. [Review] Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1998; 27(2):403-419

  9. South Eastern Sydney Area Health Service: Nutrition and Hepatitis C - Information for Health Care Workers, supported by Dietitians Association of Australia, November 2000 <www.sesahs.nsw.gov.au;/albionstcentre/nutrition_hepatitis C.htm>

  10. Heathcote J, Yim C, Thai Q et al: Hepatitis C: Everything You Need to Know, Canadian Medical Association, 2001

  11. Kaplowitz N: Hepatotoxicity of herbal remedies: insights into the intricacies of plant-animal warfare and cell death. Gastroenterology 1997; 113(4):1408-1412

  12. Tyler VE: The Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, 3rd ed. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1993

  13. Health Canada: Health Canada Issues a Stop-Sale Order for All Products Containing Kava, August 21, 2002 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/english/protection/warnings/2002/2002_56e.htm>

  14. O'Hara M, Kiefer D, Farrell K et al: A review of 12 commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med 1998; 7(6):523-536

  15. Tyler VE: Milk Thistle. In The Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, 3rd ed. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1993:209-210

  16. Pepping J: Milk thistle: Silybum marianum. Am J Health Syst Pharm 1999; 56(12):1195-1197

  17. Buzzelli G, Moscarella S, Giusti A et al: A pilot study of the liver protective effect of silybin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB1016) in chronic active hepatitis. Intl J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1993; 31(9):456-460

  18. Werbach MR, Murray MT: Botanical Influences on Illness: A Sourcebook of Clinical Research. Tarzana, CA: Third Line Press, 1994

  19. van Rossum TG, Vulto AG, de Man RA et al: Glycyrrhizin as a potential treatment for chronic hepatitis C. [Review] Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12(3):199-205

  20. Arase Y, Ikeda K, Murashima N et al: The long-term efficacy of glycyrrhizin in chronic hepatitis C patients. Cancer 1997; 79(8):1494-1500

  21. Abe Y, Ueda T, Kato T et al: Effectiveness of Interferon, glycyrrhizin combination therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Nippon Rinsho (Japanese J Clin Med) 1994; 52(7):1817-1822

  22. Okuno T, Arai K, Shindo M: Efficacy of Interferon combined glycyrrhizin therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C resistant to interferon therapy. Nippon Rinsho (Japanese J Clin Med) 1994; 52(7):1823-1827

  23. Tyler VE: Licorice. In The Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, 3rd ed. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1993: 197-199

  24. Davydov VV, Molokovskii DS, Limarenko AI: Efficacy of ginseng drugs in experimental insulin-dependent diabetes and toxic hepatitis. Patologicheskaia Fiziologiia i Eksperimentalnaia Terapiia 1990; (5):49-52

  25. Jeong TC, Kim HJ, Park JI et al: Protective effects of red ginseng saponins against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. Planta Medica 1997; 63(2):136-140

  26. Matsuda H, Samukawa K, Kubo M: Anti-hepatitic activity of ginsenoside ro. Planta Medica 1991; 57(6):523-526

  27. Zuin M, Battezzati, PM, Camisasca M et al: Effects of a preparation containing a standardized ginseng extract combined with trace elements and multivitamins against hepatotoxin-induced chronic liver disease in the elderly. J Intl Med Res 1987; 15(5):276- 281

  28. Tyler VE: Ginseng and related herbs. In The Honest Herbal: A Sensible Guide to the Use of Herbs and Related Remedies, 3rd ed. Binghamton, NY: Pharmaceutical Products Press, 1993:153-158

  29. Philipp M, Kohnen R, Hiller KO: Hypericum extract versus imipramine or placebo in patients with moderate depression: randomised multicentre study of treatment for eight weeks. Br Med J 1999; 319(7224):1534-1539

  30. Liu JP, Manheimer E, Tsutani K et al: Medicinal herbs for hepatitis C virus infection. [Review] Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2001; (4):CD003183
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  31. Stern E: Two cases of hepatitis C treated with herbs and supplements. J Alternat & Complement Med 1997; 3(1):77-82

  32. Kemeny ME, Gruenewald TL: Psychoneuroimmunology update. [Review] Seminars in Gastrointestinal Disease 1999; 10(1):20- 29

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Chapter 7 References

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  2. Dieterich DT: Hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus: clinical issues in co-infection. Am J Med 1999; 107(6B):79S- 84S

  3. Remis RS: Final Report: Estimating the Number of Persons Co-infected with Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in Canada. Hepatitis C Division, Population and Public Health Branch, Health Canada, March 2001

  4. Walmsley S, Heathcote J (panel co-chairs): Management Guidelines for the HCV/HIV Co-Infected Adult: Recommendations of a Multidisciplinary Expert Panel. Health Canada, October 31, 2000 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hppb/hepatitis_c/pdf/careGuideMgmt/index.html>

  5. Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver: The Management of Viral Hepatitis: Proceedings of the Canadian Consensus Conference on the Management of Viral Hepatitis. CASL, Montreal, Quebec, March 1999 <www.hc-sc.gc.ca;/hpb/lcdc/bid/bbp/caslacef/pdf/hep-casl.pdf>

  6. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 32: HIV/AIDS)

  7. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Nutrition intervention in the care of persons with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Position of the American Dietetic Association and Dietitians of Canada. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100:708-717

  8. Fried MW: Management of hepatitis C in the hemophilia patient. Am J Med 1999; 107(6B):85S-89S

  9. Eyster MF, Alter HJ, Aledort LM et al: Heterosexual co-transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency deficiency virus (HIV). Ann Intern Med 1991; 115(10):764-768

  10. Ghany MG, Leissinger C, Lagier R et al: Effect of human immunodeficiency virus infection on hepatitis C virus infection in hemophiliacs. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41:1265-1272

  11. Macias J, Pineda JA, Leal MA et al: Influence of hepatitis C infection on the mortality of anti-retroviral-treated patients with HIV disease. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 17:167-170

  12. Bruno R, Sacchi P, Puoti M et al: HCV chronic hepatitis in patients with HIV: clinical management issues. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97(7):1598-1606

  13. Sulkowski MS, Moore RD, Mehta SH et al: Hepatitis C and progression of HIV disease. JAMA 2002; 288(2):199-206

  14. Rossi SJ, Volberding PA, Wright TL: Does hepatitis C virus infection increase the risk of HIV disease progression? [Comment] JAMA 2002; 288(2):241-243

  15. American Dietetic Association, Dietitians of Canada: Manual of Clinical Dietetics, 6th ed. ADA and DC, October 2000 (Chapter 20: Diabetes Mellitus)

  16. Mason AL, Lau JY, Hoang N et al: Association of diabetes mellitus and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1999; 29(2):328-333

  17. Mehta SH, Strathdee SA, Thomas DL: Association between hepatitis C virus infection and diabetes mellitus. [Review] Epidemiol Rev 2001; 23(2):302-312

  18. Grimbert S, Valensi P, Levy-Marchal C et al: High prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with chronic hepatitis C. A case- control study. Gastroenterologie Clinique et Biologique 1996; 20(6-7):544-548

  19. Fraser GM, Harman I, Meller N et al: Diabetes mellitus is associated with chronic hepatitis C but not chronic hepatitis B infection. Israel J Med Sci 1996; 32(7):568-570

  20. Zein NN, Abdulkarim AS, Wiesner RH: Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with end-stage liver cirrhosis due to hepatitis C, alcohol, or cholestatic disease. J Hepatol 2000; 32(2):209-217

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Date Published: 2003 09 03
Last Modified: 2003 09 03