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Animals > Animal Diseases > Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Risk Assessment on Bovine Spongiform
Encephalopathy in Cattle in Canada
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1. | INTRODUCTION | |
2. | ASSUMPTIONS AND METHODS | |
2.1 Assumptions | ||
2.2.Methods | ||
3. | DEMOGRAPHICS AND INDUSTRY CHARACTERISTICS | |
3.1. Population and Distribution of Dairy and Beef Cattle | ||
3.2. The Canadian Dairy Sector | ||
3.3. The Canadian Beef Sector | ||
3.4. SUMMARY - DEMOGRAPHICS AND STRUCTURE | ||
4. | LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY AND VETERINARY INFRASTRUCTURE | |
4.1. Legislative Authority | ||
4.1.1. Health of Animals Act and Regulations | ||
4.1.2. The Health of Animals Regulations | ||
4.1.3. Reportable Diseases Regulations | ||
4.1.4. Compensation for Destroyed Animals Regulations | ||
4.1.5. Meat Inspection Act and Regulations | ||
4.1.6. Feeds Act and Regulations | ||
4.1.7. Agriculture and Agri-Food Administrative Monetary Penalties Act and Regulations | ||
4.2. Veterinary Infrastructure | ||
4.2.1. Organization and Structure of Canadian National Veterinary Services | ||
4.2.1.2. Material (including financial) Resources | ||
4.2.1.3. Human Resources | ||
4.2.1.4. Laboratory Services | ||
4.2.1.5. Provincial Veterinary Services | ||
4.3 SUMMARY - LEGISLATIVE AUTHORITY AND VETERINARY INFRASTRUCTURE | ||
5. | IMPORT | |
5.1. Import Policies | ||
5.1.1. Overview of Import Policies and Legislation | ||
5.1.2. Current BSE Import Policies | ||
5.1.3. Country Evaluations and Designated Countries | ||
5.1.4. Previous BSE Import Policies | ||
5.2. Compliance and Enforcement | ||
5.3. Live Ruminants from BSE-Free Countries that Subsequently Report Cases of BSE | ||
5.3.1. Imports of Live Ruminants from Countries Reporting BSE | ||
5.3.1.1. Disposition of Cattle Imported from the U.K. and Ireland (19821990) | ||
5.3.1.2. Disposition of Ruminants Imported from BSE-Infected Countries Other Than the U.K. and Ireland | ||
5.3.1.3. Imports and Disposition of Other Ruminants from BSE-Affected Countries | ||
5.3.2. Imports of Sheep from Countries Reporting Scrapie | ||
5.3.3. Imports of Cervids from Countries Reporting Chronic Wasting Disease | ||
5.4. Ruminant Embryos | ||
5.5. Meat-and-Bone Meal (MBM) | ||
5.6. Other Products | ||
5.7 SUMMARY - IMPORT | ||
6. | SLAUGHTER AND DISPOSITION | |
6.1. Inspection Systems | ||
6.2. Ante-Mortem and Post-Mortem Inspection | ||
6.3. Disposition of Condemned and Inedible Offal | ||
6.4. Stunning Methods | ||
6.5. Compliance and Enforcement | ||
6.6. SUMMARY - SLAUGHTER AND DISPOSITION | ||
7. | RENDERING | |
7.1. Legislative Framework and Policies | ||
7.2. Industry Profile | ||
7.3. Voluntary Industry Ban | ||
7.4. Structure of the Rendering Industry | ||
7.5. Processing Techniques | ||
7.6. Compliance and Enforcement | ||
7.7. SUMMARY - RENDERING | ||
8. | FEED | |
8.1. Regulation of Feed | ||
8.1.1. Feed Ban | ||
8.2. Feed Production | ||
8.2.1. Feed Industry Profile | ||
8.2.2. Risk Reduction Practices for BSE in the Feed Industry | ||
8.2.3. Sources of Proteins in Livestock Feeds | ||
8.3. Feeding Practices | ||
8.3.1. Dairy Cattle | ||
8.3.1.1. Use of Milk Replacers in Dairy and Veal Calves | ||
8.3.2. Beef Cattle | ||
8.3.3. Alternative Feed Sources | ||
8.4. Compliance and Enforcement | ||
8.4.1. Inspection Program | ||
8.4.2. Results of the Inspection Program | ||
8.5. Education and Awareness | ||
8.6. SUMMARY - FEED | ||
REFERENCES |
Table 1: | Total Cattle Inventory, 20002001 |
Table 2: | Slaughter Cattle - Number Slaughtered in Federally Inspected Establishments in Canada |
Table 3: | Slaughter Cattle - Number Slaughtered in Provincially Inspected Establishments in Canada |
Table 4: | Countries Infected with BSE |
Table 5: | Live Animal Imports of Concern |
Table 6: | Disposition of Cattle Imported from the U.K. (19821990) |
Table 7: | Disposition of Cattle Imported from Ireland (19821990) |
Table 8: | Infection Status of Farms of Origin and Birth Cohorts of Cattle Imported from the U.K. (1982 1990) that were Slaughtered or Died |
Table 9: | Infection Status of Farms of Origin and Birth Cohorts of Cattle Imported from Ireland (19821990) that were Slaughtered or Died |
Table 10: | Imports of Breeding Sheep from Countries not Recognized Free of Scrapie (1988July 2001) |
Table 11: | Imports of Cervids from the United States |
Table 12: | Imports of Bovine Embryos from European Countries |
Table 13: | Imports of Ovine Embryos from European Countries |
Table 14: | Imports of Caprine Embryos from European Countries |
Table 15: | Canadian Imports (all countries) of Flours, Meal and Pellets, of Meat or Meat Offal, Nes, Unfit for Human Consumption; Greaves (HS code 2301.100090), for the Period 19882001 |
Table 16: | Canadian Imports (all countries) of Bone Meal for the Manufacture of Livestock Feeds (HS code 0506.90010), for the Period 19882001 |
Table 17: | MBM Imports (tonnes). Shading indicates period of different risk that exports carried the agent, 19861990 being the period of highest risk for U.K. imports, while 19941999 U.K. exports are assumed to have been safer than exports from other BSE-affected countries. Sources: C = Completed country questionnaire, E = Eurostat |
Table 18: | Number of Cattle Slaughtered in Federally and Provincially Inspected Establishments in Canada |
Table 19: | Production of MBM and Other Protein Meals (excluding blood and feather meal) Before and After the Feed Ban |
Table 20: | Geographic Distribution of Rendering Facilities and Permit Types (December 2001) |
Table 21: | Infectivity Reduction Achieved by Different Types of Rendering Systems |
Table 22: | The Geographic Distribution of Feed Mills and Feed Production in Canada (1997) |
Table 23: | Price Differential Between Protein of Animal Origin and Vegetable Origin |
Table 24: | Feed Mill Compliance with the Health of Animals Regulations, Part XIV- Mammalian-to-Ruminant Feeding Ban |
Figure 1 | Risk Pathways for BSE in Canada |
Figure 2 | Distribution of Cattle in Canada |
Figure 3 | Population Distribution of Cattle in Canada by Province |
Figure 4 | The Organizational Structure of the Canadian Food Inspection Agency |
Section 2 | ||
Appendix 1 | Chronology of Canadian Government Actions Related to the Emergence of BSE | |
Appendix 2 | TSE Table of Assumptions, Draft Revision 2, August 30, 2001 | |
Section 4 | ||
Appendix 3 | The Health of Animals Act | |
Appendix 4 | The Health of Animals Regulations | |
Appendix 5 | Veterinarians in Canada by Province | |
Appendix 6 | CFIA Accredited Laboratories | |
Section 5 | ||
Appendix 7 | Canadian BSE Import Policies, Last Revised March 2, 2001 | |
Appendix 8 | Veterinary Biologics Memorandum 2002-01, January 14, 2002 | |
Appendix 9 | Questionnaire to Assess BSE Country Freedom | |
Appendix 10 | Animal Disease and Protection Act and Regulations, June 1981 | |
Appendix 11 | Import Policy for Inedible Meat and Other Animal Products, October 1988 | |
Appendix 12 | Rationale for Canadas Import Policies Pertaining to BSE (implemented December 31, 1996) | |
Appendix 13 | Policy for Importation of Rendered Products into Canada, September 12, 1997 | |
Appendix 14 | Canadian BSE Import Policies, April 1998 | |
Appendix 15 | Canadian BSE Import Policies, December 1998 | |
Appendix 16 | Animal Health Import Directive, Rendered Products, AH-REN-EQU-01, December 12, 1996 | |
Appendix 17 | Memorandum to Import Service Centres, Program Network Directors, Animal Health Program Managers and Import Officers, December 7, 2000. | |
Appendix 18 | Veterinary Biologics and Biotechnology Memorandum No. 2, July 26, 1990 | |
Appendix 19 | Report on the Investigation of Commodities Imported from Europe 1990-2000 | |
Appendix 20 | BSE Report based on the following countries: EU, Japan and Russia for the Period of January 1, 2001 to October 19, 2001 | |
Section 7 | ||
Appendix 21 | Details on Rendering Facilities in Canada | |
Appendix 22 | Letters from Rendering Companies and CFIA Position | |
Appendix 23 | Rendering Good Manufacturing Practices | |
Appendix 24 | Non-Dedicated Facilities with Non-Dedicated Lines | |
Appendix 25 | Rendering Plants which Produce Mixed MBM | |
Appendix 26 | Compliance Guide for Rendering Plants and Survey | |
Section 8 | ||
Appendix 27 | Feed Mill Inspection Form | |
Appendix 28 | On-Farm Feed Mill Inspection Form | |
Appendix 29 | Education and Awareness | |
Appendix 30 | Other Livestock TSEs - Scrapie, CWD and TME |
AAFC | Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada |
AAFRD | Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development |
ADRI | Animal Diseases Research Institute, Ottawa |
AFSSB | Agri-Food Surveillance Systems Branch |
AHIN | Animal Health Information Network |
AHL | Animal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph |
AIRS | Automated Import Reference System |
AMPs | Administrative Monetary Penalties |
ANAC | Animal Nutrition Association of Canada |
APPI | Animal Protein Producers Industry |
BSE | Bovine spongiform encephalopathy |
CAHNet | Canadian Animal Health Network |
CCA | Canadian Cattlemens Association |
CCIA | Canadian Cattle Identification Agency |
CDN | Canadian Dairy Network |
CFIA | Canadian Food Inspection Agency |
CCRA | Canada Customs and Revenue Agency |
CWD | Chronic wasting disease |
DEFRA | Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs, U.K. |
EU | European Union |
ERM | Edible Residual Materials |
FCEP | Food Safety Enhancement Program |
HACCP | Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point |
IHC | Immunohistochemistry |
MAFF | Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, U.K. |
MAPAQ | Le ministère de lAgriculture, des Pechêries et de lAlimentation |
MIB | Meat Inspection Branch |
NRA | National Renderers Association |
NCFAD | National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg |
OAHSN | Ontario Animal Health Surveillance Network |
OIE | Office International des Épizooties |
OMAFRA | Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs |
OVMA | Ontario Veterinary Medical Association |
TSE | Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy |
USDA | United States Department of Agriculture |
WCVM | Western College of Veterinary Medicine, Saskatoon, Canada |
Input for the generation of the Risk Assessment of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Cattle in Canada was received from many divisions with the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), as well as other federal government departments, provincial departments of agriculture and private organizations. In particular, the authors would like to acknowledge the considerable time and effort expended by CFIA personnel in locating and compiling large amounts of information, and providing valuable input into the draft documents. We would also like to acknowledge the following external contributors: Health Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs and Alberta Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Le ministère de lAgriculture, Pechêries et Alimentation du Québec, the Animal Nutrition Association of Canada and several private rendering companies.
The Risk Assessment has been subjected to an external peer review process. The authors gratefully acknowledge the following individuals whose critical review of a previous draft has contributed significantly to this final document. A summary of the the scientific peer review can found at http://www.inspection.gc.ca/english/sci/ahra/bseris/revexae.shtml.
Danny Matthews
TSE Research and Surveillance Program Manager
Veterinary Laboratories Agency
New Haw, Addlestone
Surrey, United Kingdom
John W. Wilesmith
Head of Epidemiology Department
Veterinary Laboratories Agency
New Haw, Addlestone
Surrey, United Kingdom
Stuart C. MacDiarmid
National Manager (Risk Analysis)
and Adjunct Professor in Veterinary Biosecurity (Massey University)
Biosecurity Authority
Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry
Wellington, New Zealand
William D. Hueston
Director, Centre for Animal Health and Food Safety
University of Minnesota
Andrew Boss Laboratory
St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
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