Illustrating Options:
Collective Administration of Intellectual Property for Canadian Cultural Heritage Institutions
11. Potential for the Future-Licensing Electronic Rights
The administration of collectives may not have to change substantially
in order to manage electronic rights.41 What will need to be clarified
is the concept of electronic rights and their legal interpretation.
The status of electronic rights as a unique type of right, or as part
of an overall "one-time right" to publish, remains unclear.
Certain freelance publishing agreements have no express provisions granting
electronic rights to publishers, but publishers nevertheless place their
print materials on their respective Internet sites. A court action spearheaded
by a number of writers' associations has recently been launched in Canada
to contest such use.42
Of late, electronic rights have been challenged in a new way in Canada.
The law affecting the copyright status of databases was changed substantially
by a recent decision of the Federal Court of Appeal of Canada. Prior to
the Court's decision, it was generally assumed that copyright subsisted
on databases that held mostly factual information. The threshold test
that determined whether a work was "copyrightable" was much
lower in Canada than in the United States where a certain level of creativity
is required for a database to be copyrighted. The Federal Court of Appeal
in Canada agreed with the creativity requirement in place in the United
States, and raised the threshold requirements for databases in Canada.
Databases now receive copyright protection in Canada only if they can
be considered "intellectual creations."43 The end result of
this decision is that many electronic works once considered copyrightable
no longer enjoy copyright protection.
Collective societies in Canada are now addressing the issue of electronic
rights. As an example, SOCAN has applied to the Copyright Board to obtain
the authority to collect royalties for the use of musical works over the
Internet. A new collective called The Electronic Rights Licensing Agency
(TERLA)44 is being launched to represent the rights of Canadian freelance
writers, photographers, and illustrators. It hopes to provide convenient
rights clearance services to publishers that wish to distribute Canadian
written works electronically.
Another new project is Canadian Artists Represented Online (CAROL), which
will make contemporary visual works of art available for licensing on
an Internet-based system, thereby securing a place for visual artists
in the new technology market. The economic model proposed by the CAROL
project is based on "fair remuneration" for contemporary artists,
including the coverage of overhead costs. The CAROL project is currently
in the test bed stage, working with local collective societies and partners
in the telecommunications industry, and incorporating the latest technologies
in order to control use of its repertoire in an electronic environment.45
Finally, CHIN has embarked on a rights management initiative for its
museum members. CHIN has managed museum databases for twenty-five years,
and has been managing the electronic rights of its museum members since
its inception. Museum members hold copyright on the information in the
CHIN databases, and CHIN has assisted in the protection of its members'
copyright and launched a subscription service to the databases. CHIN has
now launched a site licensing service and is also exploring the possibility
of a more complex rights management program.46