It's Your Turn
Canada - Singapore - Free Trade Agreement Negotiations
Initial Environmental Assessment Report of the Proposed Canada-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
May 14, 2004
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1. In October 2001, then Prime Minister Chrétien announced
the launch of negotiations towards a Canada-Singapore Free Trade
Agreement (CSFTA). In accordance with the 1999 Cabinet Directive
on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals,
an environmental assessment (EA) is being conducted to assist Canada's
negotiators in addressing potential environmental issues pertaining
to this proposed bilateral free trade initiative.
2. Economic relations between Canada and Singapore are modest in
absolute terms. In 2003, exports and imports accounted for approximately
0.12 percent ($438 million1) and 0.31
percent ($1 billion) respectively of Canada’s total trade
in goods. Canada’s services exports to Singapore were $280
million (0.48 percent of total), and imports $683 million (1.02
percent of total) in 2001, the latest year for which this data is
available. In 2002, the stock of Canadian foreign direct investment
(FDI) in Singapore totalled $5.1 billion (0.58 percent of Canadian
outward holdings), while the stock of Singaporean FDI in Canada
was valued at $116 million (0.13 percent of the stock of inward
investment in Canada).
3. The anticipated modest new economic activity resulting from
the trade agreement is expected to yield meaningful economic benefits
to Canada through improved market access into Singapore for Canadian
goods, services and investment. A bilateral agreement with Singapore
also has the potential to yield meaningful strategic benefits. Singapore
is a dynamic and innovative country, a preeminent hub for finance
and high technology in Southeast Asia, and a gateway into the region.
Given Singapore's free port status (i.e. virtually 100 percent of
Canadian exports already enter Singapore duty-free), economic gains
to Canada will be concentrated in the areas of investment and services.
Benefit could also be realised through an increase in trade that
usually occurs as a result of an increase in profile of the bilateral
relationship pursuant to the signing of a free trade agreement.
There are potentially significant opportunities for Canadian business
in the financial services, information technology, biotechnology,
environmental industries, and aerospace and defence equipment sectors.
4. This environmental assessment, which is in its “Initial”
phase, focuses on potential environmental impacts on Canada. Consistent
with the 2001 Framework for Environmental Assessment of Trade
Negotiations that outlines the process for conducting EAs,
impacts on Singapore and elsewhere are not included in the scope
of analysis. The Initial EA examines the coverage of negotiations
and the overall economic relevance in the Canadian context. It identifies
the likely environmental impacts (positive and negative)
on Canada, if any, of trade-induced economic and regulatory changes,
and assesses their significance. The EA then identifies
mitigation and/or enhancement measures, as appropriate.
5. The Initial EA takes into account the fact that Canada currently
has in place a framework of policies and legislation for the protection
of the environment. Canada will ensure that it preserves its ability
to set environmental policy consistent with our other domestic and
international obligations.
6. The analysis performed for this Initial EA suggests that, in
the aggregate, no significant environmental impact in Canada is
expected from potential increases in trade or in investment with
Singapore as a result of the proposed bilateral free trade agreement.
This finding is due, in part, to one or a combination of the following
factors: (1) incremental trade liberalisation resulting from the
CSFTA affects only a small proportion of Canada's trade (the bulk
already being subject to NAFTA and other bilateral free trade agreements);
(2) certain aspects of the negotiations seek to create a rules-based
trading system, which will facilitate trade by creating a consistent
international framework in which to conduct trade, but may not directly
translate into increased production or trade; and, (3) any potential
adverse environmental impacts are likely to be mitigated, or prevented,
through existing federal and provincial environmental legislation.
7. In addition, separate but parallel labour and environmental
cooperation instruments are being pursued in conjunction with the
Canada-Singapore FTA. In the environmental context specifically,
the intention is to foster protection and improvement of the environment
in the territories of Canada and Singapore, and to promote sustainable
development based on co-operation and mutually-supportive environmental
and economic policies. The FTA and environmental cooperation agreement,
inter alia, also offer excellent potential for strengthened
cooperation between our two countries to combat the global illegal
trade in endangered species.
2. OVERVIEW OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT
PROCESS 8. Pursuant to the 1999 Cabinet Directive
on the Environmental Assessment of Policy, Plan and Program Proposals,
and in accordance with the 2001 Framework for Environmental
Assessment of Trade Negotiations (the “Framework”)
an environmental assessment is being conducted to inform the negotiators
and the public of the potential environmental effects of a Canada-Singapore
Free Trade Agreement (CSFTA) on Canada. The Framework establishes
a systematic process and analytical requirements for conducting
EAs of trade negotiations. It was developed to improve coherence
of trade and environmental policies within and among Canadian federal
departments, while supporting the Government’s commitment
to sustainable development.
9. Environmental assessments of trade negotiations have two key
objectives:
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to assist Canadian negotiators in integrating environmental
considerations into the negotiating process by providing information
on the likely and significant environmental impacts of an initiative,
as well as possible options to mitigate adverse effects or to
enhance positive effects; and,
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to provide a means of addressing public concerns about environmental
factors during the negotiation of trade agreements.
10. An interdepartmental steering committee, co-ordinated by Foreign
Affairs Canada, is responsible for ensuring that assessments are
conducted for all new trade negotiations in accordance with these
objectives. An EA Committee is established for each trade negotiation
and includes representatives from Foreign Affairs, International
Trade Canada, Environment Canada, the Canadian Environmental Assessment
Agency, and other relevant federal departments depending on the
nature of the negotiations. The Framework also provides for opportunities
for input from the provinces and territories, the Canadian public,
and the Sectoral Advisory Groups on International Trade (SAGITs)
that advise the Minister of International Trade on trade-related
issues.
11. The EA process has three main phases – Initial, Draft,
and Final – designed to expand the scope and depth of analysis
with each successive phase. The Initial EA, carried out for all
negotiations of new free trade agreements is a scoping exercise
aiming to identify the main environmental issues likely to arise
as a result of the proposed trade agreement. The Draft EA phase
elaborates on the Initial EA by providing a more thorough examination
and assessment of environmental impacts of the prospective trade
negotiation. The Final EA, released after the conclusion of the
negotiations, details the outcome of the negotiations as related
to the EA process, as well as any new information related to the
EA or to trade negotiations. A report is produced and released to
the public at the conclusion of each phase.
12. In the event that the Initial EA does not identify likely and
significant environmental impacts, the full EA process is not required.
In such a circumstance, the findings of the Initial EA would be
documented and publicised, and the public would be invited to comment.
In addition, environmental factors would continue to be considered
on an ongoing basis throughout the course of the negotiations. No
further EA reporting action would be pursued, however, unless warranted
by new information.
13. The environmental assessment for the Canada-Singapore free
trade negotiations is in the Initial phase, and the Government of
Canada welcomes comments on the information contained in this report.
Feedback on the analysis of the issues identified as likely to be
economically significant as a result of the negotiations, and the
preliminary assessment of the likelihood and significance of resulting
environmental impacts are especially welcome. In addition, the EA
Committee would appreciate any views on the options to mitigate
potential negative environmental impacts or those to enhance potential
positive effects. Comments on this document may be sent by email,
mail or fax to:
Initial Environmental Assessment of the Canada-Singapore
Free Trade Negotiations
Trade Policy Consultations Liaison Division (EBC)
International Trade Canada
Lester B. Pearson Building
125 Sussex Drive
Ottawa, Ontario
K1A 0G2
Fax: (613) 944-7981
Email: consultations@dfait-maeci.gc.ca
3. ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 14.
Pursuant to the EA Framework, this Initial environmental assessment
is being conducted in an ex ante fashion (before the negotiations
are completed). It must be underscored that this is a strategic
assessment and is intended to inform the decision-making process
as the proposed free trade agreement (FTA) is being negotiated.
Consequently, there is a fair degree of uncertainty associated with
identifying likely economic and environmental impacts. The Initial
EA is, therefore, more of a 'forecasting' or 'anticipatory' exercise.
Nevertheless, the analysis allows for the early clarification of
national goals and priorities with respect to trade and environmental
interests, as well as for any mitigation and enhancement options
that can be taken into account while the trade negotiations are
underway.
15. Consistent with the methodology prescribed in the Framework,
this assessment explores the link between trade rules and regulatory
policy and focuses on the incremental economic and the
potential environmental impacts of the prospective Canada-Singapore
FTA on Canada - that is, the effects of new trade that may result
directly from the proposed trade agreement. Transboundary, regional
and global environmental impacts of the CSFTA are considered insofar
as they have a direct impact on the Canadian environment. In addition,
EAs are being conducted on Canada's other international trade negotiations,
such as the World Trade Organization (WTO) and the Free Trade Areas
of the Americas (FTAA) process, and are available online at http://www.dfait
maeci.gc.ca/tna nac/menu en.asp.
16. The analytical steps of this study are as follows.
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Identification of likely economic effects for Canada
that will result from the proposed trade agreement.
The purpose of this stage is to identify the trade liberalisation
activity of the agreement under negotiation. This stage will
examine what the potential agreement would entail, the changes
or new trade activity that could result, and the overall economic
relevance to Canada. This will help to determine the scope of
analysis required for the environmental assessment and to prioritise
the issues to be assessed.
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Identification of likely environmental effects (both
positive and negative) within Canada. Once the economic
effects of the proposed trade agreement have been identified
and characterised, the likely environmental impacts of such
changes will be addressed. There are two main factors that contribute
to likelihood: exposure and probability. For the purpose of
this EA, “environment” refers to the components
of the Earth – which includes land, water, and air (all
layers of the atmosphere); all organic and inorganic matter;
living organisms; and, the interacting natural systems that
include components of the foregoing. Please note that the EA
is intended to highlight the likely incremental impacts
only on Canada.
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Assessment of the significance of the likely environmental
effects identified. The likely environmental impacts
that are identified are then assessed as to their significance.
The Framework outlines a number of criteria in determining significance,
including frequency, duration, permanency, geographical scope
and magnitude, level of risk, irreversibility of the impacts,
and possible synergies among the impacts. This study uses the
following scale in relation to the criteria outlined above to
describe significance: none, minimal, moderate, high and extreme.
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Identification of enhancement/mitigation options for
any positive/negative environmental impacts to inform the negotiations.
In the Initial EA, this step is intended to identify, in a preliminary
fashion, the possible policy options or actions to address negative
impacts and/or to enhance positive impacts that may occur as
a result of the proposed free trade agreement.
4.0 BACKGROUND 17. Following
Singapore’s proposal to Canada to pursue the negotiation of
a bilateral free trade agreement, then Canadian International Trade
Minister Pierre Pettigrew and Singapore’s Trade and Industry
Minister George Yeo announced on June 5, 2000, that the two countries
would begin exploring such a possibility. Canadian and Singaporean
officials met twice to discuss the potential scope of an agreement,
and the Government of Canada launched a comprehensive domestic consultations
process.
18. On October 21, 2001, on the margins of the Asia-Pacific Economic
Co-operation (APEC) Economic Leaders Meeting in China, former Prime
Minister Jean Chrétien and his Singaporean counterpart, Prime
Minister Goh Chok Tong, announced the official launch of negotiations
towards a bilateral free trade agreement. Formal negotiations commenced
in January 2002, and a number of rounds have subsequently been held.
19. Singapore represents one of Asia’s most dramatic economic
success stories. A city-state at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula,
Singapore consists of the island of Singapore and 54 adjacent islets
covering an area of 626 square kilometres (slightly larger than
Montreal). Singapore has a population of four million, of which
approximately 750,000 are expatriates or foreign workers, of which
there are an estimated 8,000 Canadians. Canada and Singapore have
enjoyed a longstanding bilateral friendship, which has been further
strengthened by co-operation in multilateral fora, such as the Commonwealth,
the World Trade Organization, APEC, and the ASEAN (Association of
Southeast Asian Nations) Regional Forum. A growing number and variety
of links exist between Canada and Singapore in commerce, science
and technology, education, culture and the arts, entertainment,
and law and security.
20. A bilateral trade agreement with Singapore has the potential
to yield meaningful economic and strategic benefits. A gateway into
Asia, Singapore is a strategically placed trading partner for Canada.
This agreement will be an important factor in contributing to Canada's
efforts in solidifying links in the Asia-Pacific region. Moreover,
it will be a step forward in achieving APEC's “Bogor Goals”
of free and open trade and investment in the region by 2010 for
developed economies and by 2020 for developing economies (http://www.apec.org).
Finally, a free trade agreement with Singapore will provide momentum
to advancing multilateral negotiations at the WTO.
21. Given Singapore's free port status - nearly all of Canadian
exports enter Singapore duty-free – economic gains for Canada
would be concentrated in investment and services. High-growth, knowledge-intensive,
export-oriented Canadian service sectors, such as financial and
professional services, would stand to benefit the most from an FTA
by taking advantage of Singapore's strengths as a pre-eminent hub
for financial, commercial, high technology, distribution, and investment
services in the Southeast Asia region. Other opportunities for Canadian
businesses exist in the information technology, biotechnology, environmental
industries, aerospace and defence equipment sectors.
22. The Canada-Singapore FTA negotiations cover a wide range of
topics, including: trade in goods, trade in services, financial
services, investment, government procurement, dispute settlement
and competition policy. The CSFTA will not impact on Canada's ability
to regulate in the public interest in sectors such as health, public
education, social services and culture. Canada will also maintain
its right to protect the Canadian environment.
23. In addition, Canada is seeking to address environmental and
labour considerations both in the trade agreement, as appropriate,
and in co-operation agreements that are being negotiated in parallel
with the FTA. These agreements are intended to help ensure that
trade and investment liberalisation is not achieved at the expense
of good labour and environmental practices. In the environmental
context specifically, the objectives of the agreement are to foster
protection and improvement of the environment in the territories
of Canada and Singapore, and to promote sustainable development
based on co-operation and mutually-supportive environmental and
economic policies.
4.1 Overview of the Trade
and Investment Relationship Between Canada and Singapore
24. As a small economy with few natural resources, Singapore is
heavily reliant on trade. Between 1997 and 2001, in its role of
entrepôt for the region, Singapore re-exported 40 to 48 percent
of its imports2. Over the past few
years, the output of its manufacturing industry has changed to higher
value-added and less labour-intensive products, and services have
become a more significant contributor to growth. Canada’s
trade and investment relationship with Singapore has traditionally
been small in absolute terms.
Trade in Goods
25. In 2003, Canada’s exports of goods to Singapore were
approximately $438 million, representing 0.12 percent of Canada’s
total goods exports. For the same year, imports from Singapore valued
about $1 billion, or 0.31 percent of Canada’s total imports.
Aggregate two-way trade between Canada and Singapore has grown only
very slightly during the past decade, whereas Canada’s total
exports and imports have experienced steady and remarkable growth.
In 2003, key Canadian exports to Singapore included electronics
and integrated circuits, electrical apparatus, and aircraft and
machinery parts (see Table 1 in the Appendix). The principal Canadian
imports from Singapore during that year consisted of computers,
computer parts and peripheral equipment, and electronics and integrated
circuits (see Table 2 in the Appendix).
Trade in Services
26. Canada's exports of services to Singapore amounted to $280
million in 2001 (the last year for which statistics are available)
– with transportation services being the key contributor.
During the same year, Canada’s services imports from Singapore
were valued at $683 million (preponderantly in international transportation
services). Canada's trade in services with Singapore is summarised
in Table 3 of the Appendix for the years 1992 to 2001.
27. Singapore is one of the leading financial centres in Asia with
some 700 local and foreign financial institutions offering a wide
range of financial services and products. Financial services account
for about 11 percent of Singapore's gross domestic product (GDP3).
Canadian financial institutions are very active in Singapore –
four of Canada’s major banks, and a few insurance and mutual
fund companies are established there. Collectively, they account
for the majority of the Canadian direct services investment in Singapore,
making financial services Canada's most important services "export"
interest in that country.
Foreign Direct Investment
28. Canadian foreign direct investment (FDI) in Singapore has slowly
but steadily climbed over the past ten years, totalling $5.1 billion
in 2002. An estimated 70 Canadian businesses have established operations
in Singapore. While most of the Canadian investment in Singapore
is in the form of regional offices in services sectors such as banking
and insurance, Canadian firms in the information and communications
technology, aerospace, tourism, environmental and retail sectors
also have a presence. Singapore is an important capital exporter
(it had a total stock of investment abroad of $220 billion in 2001),
but its FDI holdings in Canada were only valued at $130 million
that year. Canada-Singapore FDI activity since 1993 can be found
in Table 4 of the Appendix.
5.0 FINDINGS OF THE INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL
ASSESSMENT
5.1 Expected Economic Effects
29. The purpose of this section is to identify the expected economic
impacts for Canada that will likely result from the proposed trade
agreement with Singapore. This section establishes what the trade
agreement will likely entail and the overall economic relevance
of the agreement to Canada. It seeks to anticipate likely increases
or decreases of imports, exports and investment; whether the economic
effects are likely to be concentrated in any particular region of
Canada; and, whether changes in domestic economic policy or regulations
may be required as a result of the agreement. This will help to
determine the scope of analysis required for this environmental
assessment and to prioritise the issues to be assessed.
Trade in Goods
30. The proposed FTA will seek to eliminate remaining tariffs and
associated non-tariff measures between Canada and Singapore. Canadian
negotiators will work at increasing co-operation with Singapore
to make trade procedures more efficient, including through trade
facilitation measures and customs procedures designed to provide
certainty, transparency and effective verification. Rules of origin
that are transparent, predictable and consistent in application
will be developed to ensure that the benefits negotiated under the
trade agreement accrue only to its Parties.
31. With respect to goods trade, a useful way to predict where
there may be changes in economic activity as a result of the FTA
is to examine the current tariff levels and trade patterns between
the trading partners. Virtually all imports into Singapore (except
beer, samsoo, and stout) enjoy tariff-free access, given the country’s
free port status. While some Singaporean exports are not currently
subject to Canadian tariffs, one purpose of the FTA will be to bring
almost all tariff rates to zero over time. However, since Canada’s
goods trade with Singapore represents a small percentage of our
total - the impact of the elimination of tariffs associated with
the FTA is expected to be very modest in the aggregate.
32. Canada continues to maintain significant duties on certain
industrial products for which Singapore has strong domestic capability,
include cotton apparel and ships, dutiable at 18 percent and up
to 25 percent respectively. For certain other products (e.g. furniture,
plastics, certain chemicals, industrial machinery), where Canada
maintains moderate tariffs, Singapore is highly competitive in petrochemicals.
Canada’s remaining tariff rates are modest. The proposed FTA
may enhance the competitiveness of Singaporean products in these
sectors, as well as lower the cost of certain consumer products
and industrial inputs for Canadians. It is expected that any increases
in imports, however, will be minimal. Since there will be only a
handful of tariff reductions by Singapore pursuant to an agreement,
there is unlikely to be a significant trade creation, although there
is usually some increase in trade as the bilateral relationship
is enhanced pursuant to the signing of an FTA, and also little or
no trade diversion from existing Canadian export markets as there
will be no change in relative prices.
33. Information Technology: Components for information
technology (IT) and telecommunications equipment are, by far, the
most significant imports from Singapore. A large number of these
products already enter Canada duty-free under the WTO Information
Technology Agreement (ITA), to which both Canada and Singapore are
signatories. Globally, Singapore is the third largest exporter and
importer of IT and telecommunications equipment. The FTA can be
expected to provide some modest stimulus for enhanced trade in those
IT sectors for which there are remaining tariffs. Discussions are
continuing as to possible approaches to further trade in products
incorporating high technology.
34. Textiles/Apparel: In a free trade agreement
with Singapore, apparel products would be more affected than textiles,
as the ratio of our current imports between these two sectors is
over 9:1. Singapore has not been very active in using its Canadian
quota in clothing, utilising only around 10 percent in 2003; it
did not use any of its quota in textiles for the same year. Quotas
in clothing and textile products are, in any case, to be phased
out under the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing by the end
of 2004. In 2003, textile and apparel imports from Singapore represented
a modest $19.8 million out of total Canadian textile and apparel
imports of $11.4 billion (approximately 0.17 percent). With tariff
removal, imports from Singapore would be expected to increase somewhat,
particularly for certain higher value apparel products. While Singapore
is not known as a major apparel producer, concern has been expressed
by the industry as to the possibility of illegal transhipment. Verification
and enforcement of the agreement will be important to ensuring that
the rules of origin of the agreement are respected. Canada has also
taken a clear position that it will not extend preferential access
under the agreement to textile and apparel goods produced outside
the territory of Singapore.
35. Agricultural Products: The exception to Singapore’s
free port status is on a few agricultural tariff lines: beer, stout
and samsoo liquor incur a per litre rate of duty. Canadian exports
of these specific products have in the past been variable and account
for a small share of our overall agri-food exports to Singapore.
Canadian beer, however, might benefit to a certain degree in Singapore
from a duty-free advantage over other foreign competitors as a result
of this FTA – although existing Singaporean FTAs with a number
of countries (e.g. New Zealand, Australia, Japan and the United
States) mean that beers from those countries already benefit from
tariff-free entry into Singapore.
36. Fish products: The value and quantity of fish
and seafood products exported to Singapore is not expected to increase
as a result of a free-trade agreement with Singapore. Canada’s
fish and seafood products already enter Singapore duty-free. In
addition, only a negligible share of Canada's total fish and seafood
exports are currently destined to Singapore.
37. Rules of Origin and Customs Procedures: The
economic analysis within this section is based on the assumption
that Canada will not depart substantively from rules of origin developed
in its recent FTAs. The rules of origin in Canada’s existing
FTAs are designed to ensure that the benefits of the FTA are extended
only to its Parties. This is important in the case of the Canada-Singapore
negotiations, as Singapore has been seeking means to cover its interests
concerning outward processing, or in other words, is seeking duty
exemptions on the value content of goods sent abroad for further
processing or assembly. A number of Canadian industries and organisations
are also concerned about illegal transhipment through Singapore
of products that are manufactured in other countries or that are
environmentally protected. In either the case of outward processing
or illegal transhipment, however, Canadian negotiators are giving
careful consideration to ensuring that the integrity of the FTA
is preserved – through clear rules of origin based on our
existing models, and through effective customs procedures, particularly
with respect to verification and enforcement.
Trade in Services
38. While trade in services is not subject to traditional trade
barriers like tariffs, non-tariff or regulatory barriers still exist
and their removal or reduction is one of the objectives of the FTA.
Some of these restrictions involve citizenship or residency requirements,
licensing or registration requirements, local partner requirements,
and ownership or management limitations.
39. High-growth, knowledge-intensive, export-oriented Canadian
services sectors, such as financial and professional services, would
stand to benefit most from an FTA with Singapore. Some Singaporean
service sectors of export interest to Canada are professional services,
telecommunications services, environmental services, financial services
and transport services. Canada’s objective in the FTA is the
removal of the existing barriers to its trade in services to Singapore
market. However, it is unlikely that Canadian exports of services
to Singapore will significantly increase in the short to medium
term as a result of the FTA. Canada’s overall trade in services
with Singapore is relatively small and is not likely to increase
in any significant manner as a result of the FTA.
40. No domestic regulatory changes are anticipated as a result
of an FTA with Singapore. The Canadian government will preserve
its ability to regulate in the public interest in sectors such as
health, public education, social services and culture. Canada will
also maintain its right to protect the Canadian environment.
Investment
41. The investment relationship between Canada and Singapore has
been largely positive, even though Singapore maintains foreign ownership
restrictions in the form of investment ceilings, in certain key
sectors, including financial services and energy. An FTA with Singapore
will provide more certainty and predictability for businesses and
would enable Canada to press Singapore for better access to the
Singaporean market for Canadian firms, including in the area of
financial services. The negotiations will take into account Canada’s
experience with existing trade and investment agreements. The resulting
agreement will not require any changes to existing domestic legislation.
42. Investment from Singapore represents only a very small proportion
of total foreign investment in Canada. In view of the current trend,
even a significant economic change in investment from Singapore
would be small in scale compared to the overall level of investment
in Canada, and any environmental impact is expected to be minor.
43. Nonetheless, environmental concerns have been expressed regarding
the inclusion of rules on investment in Canada’s FTAs. Principally,
concerns have been raised regarding the language in recent international
investment agreements governing the relationship between investors
and the states that are Parties to the agreements. Criticism has
been focussed on investment dispute-settlement provisions, which,
it is argued, incorporate the principle that entities other than
the signatories to the agreement can be granted rights but are not
bound by any obligations, including obligations to protect the environment.
44. The reality is that foreign investors in Canada are bound by
the same environmental regulations that govern the activities of
domestic investors. Canada, as it has done in all previous investment
agreements, fully intends to maintain its right to regulate in the
public interest in sectors such as health, public education, social
services and culture. Canada will also maintain its right to protect
the Canadian environment.
Government Procurement
45. Many large dollar value goods and services procurements of
the Government of Canada are already open to Singaporean companies,
and similarly, Singapore government procurement is open to Canadian
companies under the WTO Agreement on Government Procurement. In
the context of the bilateral FTA negotiations, Canada is seeking
to enhance market access and transparency in government procurement
to facilitate trade in this area. The focus of the FTA will be procurement
incremental to the WTO Agreement to include goods and services of
interest to Canadian suppliers. Thus, in view of the nature of the
existing relationship, the expected economic effects of liberalised
government procurement under the FTA are expected to be modest.
Other Areas
46. Canada is seeking provisions on competition policy, trade remedies,
technical barriers to trade, dispute settlement and institutional
arrangements to provide a transparent and predictable set of principles
governing trade and investment between Canada and Singapore. Since
Canada will not be taking on any commitments that would require
changes to its domestic policy, it is expected that provisions in
the FTA in these areas will not have any significant economic impact
on Canada.
5.2 Assessment of Likely and Significant
Environmental Impacts
47. This section of the EA focuses on the likely environmental
impacts that could stem from the economic effects of the proposed
FTA identified in the preceding section and assesses their significance.
Please note that this analysis is intended to highlight only the
likely and significant incremental environmental impacts on Canada
pursuant to the increased economic activity that flows from the
conclusion of a trade agreement with Singapore.
48. As mentioned in the previous section, Canada's trade (goods
and services) and investment flow with Singapore is relatively modest
(about 0.4 percent of Canada’s total). Even if trade or investment
between Canada and Singapore were to increase substantially as a
result of the FTA, the economic effects on Canada would remain small
in relative terms. As such, any environmental impact on Canada would
be minimal in the overall context.
Trade in Goods
49. Any environmental impacts on Canada stemming from the liberalisation
of trade in goods under the proposed Canada-Singapore FTA are expected
to be minor at most. As virtually all exports already benefit from
duty-free access into Singapore, the FTA is unlikely to lead to
a substantial increase in production of Canadian goods. Similarly,
any economic growth associated with the reduction of tariffs on
Singaporean goods would be negligible in Canada, as any increased
production would mostly take place outside of Canadian territory.
50. In respect of fish products, it is expected that there will
be no environmental impact on the sustainability of Canadian fish
stocks or on Canada’s marine environment as a result of a
trade agreement with Singapore. Given that Singapore does not currently
apply tariffs on Canada’s exports of fish and seafood products,
export levels of farmed and wild product are not expected to increase.
In addition, most Canadian fisheries are subject to a total allowable
catch based on limits that ensure that the total stock is harvested
at a sustainable level, and new aquaculture sites or site expansion
is subject to the Canadian Environmental Assessment Act.
Similarly, Canadian tariff reductions on Singaporean goods are not
likely to increase overall demand significantly because most Singaporean
fish and seafood products already enter Canada duty-free.
51. Rules of Origin and Customs Procedures: While
the ultimate impact of the FTA vis-à-vis rules of origin
is still open to question, Canada is seeking clear rules of origin
and effective customs procedures in order to ensure that the benefits
of the FTA extend only to Canada and Singapore. In terms of potential
impacts on Canada’s environment, by virtue of the volume of
trade through Singapore’s ports and its role as a major regional
transhipment centre, one area of concern is the illegal transhipment
through Singapore of environmentally sensitive goods, including
endangered or protected species.
52. However, Singapore has regulations regarding species listed
with the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species
of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) that meet or exceed those of
other countries, and enforcement is of a good standard. Compliance
with CITES in Singapore is administered by the Agri-Food and Veterinary
Agency (AVA). Singapore became a CITES member in 1987, and in 1989
enacted import and export legislation, also known as the Endangered
Species Act (ESA), which is similar to Canada’s WAPPRIITA
(Wild Animal and Plant Protection and Regulation of International
and Interprovincial Trade Act).
53. From information collected by Canadian officials, it would
appear that Singapore does in fact have adequate regulations to
combat the illicit trade in endangered species and derivatives,
given the volume of traffic, and the resources available to the
AVA. Singapore’s legislation seems equivalent to Canada’s.
Similar to the Canadian Wildlife Service (CWS), the AVA carries
out all enforcement duties without the direct assistance of the
police or Customs, although both have been trained by the AVA and
are empowered to inspect and detain shipments and individuals in
violation of the ESA. AVA officers are trained investigators and
have very broad search powers. The AVA does not have a dedicated
intelligence unit; however, it does team up with Customs to detect
particular high-risk targets.
Trade in Services
54. One of the potential economic impacts for Canada of the proposed
free trade agreement with Singapore may be growth of Canadian services
exports, particularly in the financial services industry. However,
direct and significant environmental impacts in Canada from an increased
presence in the Singaporean financial services market are highly
unlikely. Negative environmental effects could arise indirectly
from increased economic growth in general or services-based sectors
associated with the production of goods – whether through
returns from Canadian services exports or through an increase of
Singaporean services in Canada – as this tends to increase
the consumption of energy and other commodities, and produce more
waste. Due to the levels of trade, however, any environmental impacts
of this sort are expected to be minimal. On the other hand, trade
liberalization could also have a positive impact by promoting the
wealth and efficiencies needed to reduce environmental waste.
Investment
55. An increase in Singapore's foreign direct investment in Canada
could lead to environmental impacts in this country, depending on
the degree of the increase, the areas of investment, and the kinds
of policies in place to protect the environment. Canadian foreign
direct investment in Singapore results in a transfer of funds from
Canada into the Singaporean economy, and as such, any resultant
environmental effects would occur in Singapore, which is outside
the scope of this exercise.
56. In the case of increases or changes to the flow of Singaporean
FDI into Canada stemming from the negotiation of an FTA, it is anticipated
that increases would be relatively minor. Assuming that investment
from Singapore would continue to follow its current pattern and
flow primarily into the areas of financial services, real estate,
and the manufacturing sector, the associated environmental impacts
would be minimal. These are mature, competitive and well-regulated
industries in Canada. Furthermore, considering the much larger overall
investments in these sectors by other sources, even a doubling of
Singaporean investment would not significantly affect any of these
industries – economically or environmentally.
Government Procurement
57. Since Canada will not be taking on any procedural or regulatory
commitments that are different from current federal government practice
and any increases in economic activity would be modest, it is expected
that negotiations on government procurement with Singapore will
not have any environmental impacts.
Other Areas
58. Canada will not be taking on any commitments in the areas of,
competition policy, trade remedies, technical barriers to trade,
dispute settlement and institutional arrangements that would require
changes to its domestic policy. No environmental impact is anticipated
by virtue of the fact that these provisions in the FTA are not expected
to increase or decrease economic activity.
6.0 ENHANCEMENT AND MITIGATION OPTIONS
59. The preceding steps of analysis in this Initial EA have examined
likely and significant economic and environmental impacts of the
proposed Canada-Singapore Free Trade Agreement. This stage is intended
to identify potential policy options or actions that could address
the anticipated negative impacts and enhance the prospective positive
impacts. There are no likely and significant environmental impacts
identified as an outcome of these negotiations, with the one possible
exception involving the potential for illegal transhipment of endangered
species through Singapore to Canada.
60. An FTA with Singapore is not expected to increase the level
of trade – legal or illegal – in endangered or threatened
species. On the contrary, increased co-operation between customs
officials and between the Canadian Wildlife Service and the Singaporean
Ministry of Agriculture and Veterinary Services on best practices
and a joint review of CITES permit potential may reduce the level
of illegal trade. Both the proposed FTA and the proposed Canada-Singapore
Environmental Co-operation Agreement (environmental side agreement)
offer excellent potential for strengthened co-operation between
our two countries to combat the global illegal trade in endangered
species. Indeed, the CWS identifies many areas of mutual benefit
to partnering with Singapore in the fight against the illicit trade
in endangered species, such as information/intelligence-sharing,
best practices and a joint review of CITES permit potential. These
are areas that are being considered for co-operation in the proposed
environmental side agreement with Singapore. Moreover, other Canadian
enforcement authorities will be able to strengthen the contacts
with their counterparts in Singapore and to work together to exchange
intelligence information and to investigate cases that may be brought
to their attention.
7.0 CONCLUSION
61. Believing that trade and environment policies should be mutually
supportive, it is Canada’s practice to pursue the FTA goals
of growth and development through enhanced economic integration
in a manner consistent, among other things, with environmental protection
and conservation. Undertaking environmental assessments is an effective
way to address potential environmental impacts that may result from
the negotiation of a free trade agreement. The EA process is a mechanism
through which the Canadian environment may be better protected in
trade negotiations. It does this by assisting decision-makers in
understanding environmental implications of trade policy and by
improving overall policy coherence at the national level.
62. Our approach from the outset of the trade negotiations with
Singapore has been to ensure that language reflecting environmental
priorities is included as appropriate in the proposed FTA, in particular
in the preamble, objectives, investment, dispute settlement, and
general exceptions provisions of the agreement. A separate but parallel
environmental co-operation instrument is also being pursued. This
instrument is being negotiated in conjunction with the Canada-Singapore
FTA and will be consistent with the focus on strengthening the domestic
environmental management systems found in existing side agreements
to which Canada is a party (including NAFTA, Chile and Costa Rica).
It is envisaged that the instrument will contain commitments to
high levels of environmental protection and effective enforcement
of domestic environmental laws, including through co-operative activities.
63. The conclusion of the Canada-Singapore Free Trade Agreement
will strengthen the already positive relationship enjoyed between
our two countries. In addition, the anticipated modest new economic
activity resulting from the trade agreement is expected to yield
meaningful economic benefits to Canada through improved market access
into Singapore for Canadian goods, services and investment, as well
as provisions that will ground the trading relationship between
Canada and Singapore in a coherent rules-based system, thereby making
it more predictable and secure. These minimal economic effects,
while important, will be modest relative to Canada’s overall
trade activity, and as a consequence, the resultant environmental
impact is not expected to be significant. Therefore, the Initial
environmental assessment of the CSFTA does not anticipate likely
and significant environmental impacts on Canada.
64. In these circumstances, according to the EA Framework, the
full EA process is not required. As a result, this assessment will
not proceed unless new information becomes available that
would warrant further consideration. Indeed, should the negotiations
with Singapore take a path that may lead to environmental effects
not yet explored in this study, steps will be taken to ensure they
are assessed. In addition, the findings of the Initial EA, published
herein, as well as any new public comments received, will continue
to inform Canadian negotiators.
APPENDIX: HISTORICAL TRADE DATA BETWEEN CANADA AND SINGAPORE
Table 1: Top 25 Canadian Exports to
Singapore by HS Code
Source: Industry Canada Strategis with data from Statistics
Canada/Report Date:
Report Date: March 29, 2004
|
1994
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
|
Value in Thousands of Canadian Dollars
|
8542 -
electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies
|
2,921
|
6,143
|
16,765
|
16,608
|
19,088
|
13,022
|
15,622
|
17,485
|
147,602
|
37,978
|
8517 -
electrical apparatus for telephonic line use (incl. telephones and modems)
|
7,694
|
20,513
|
22,044
|
15,503
|
13,034
|
8,217
|
18,065
|
14,772
|
22,376
|
26,848
|
8411 -
turbo-jets, turbo-propellers and other gas turbines
|
13,675
|
8,227
|
31,618
|
37,229
|
33,649
|
26,623
|
35,681
|
31,812
|
|
23,682
|
8105 - cobalt
and articles thereof
|
4,652
|
15,172
|
18,423
|
34,471
|
47,263
|
26,464
|
14,879
|
8,973
|
12,644
|
20,715
|
2710 -
preparations of/non-crude petroleum oils and oils obtained from bituminous
minerals
|
16
|
8
|
66
|
190
|
331
|
190
|
483
|
296
|
8,604
|
16,398
|
7502 -
unwrought nickel
|
8,516
|
19,047
|
15,355
|
21,223
|
14,965
|
8,106
|
30,795
|
33,125
|
28,081
|
14,943
|
4801 -
newsprint - in rolls or sheets
|
48,572
|
57,777
|
87,354
|
32,395
|
16,366
|
18,210
|
19,337
|
16,500
|
6,502
|
13,264
|
8473 - parts
and accessories for computers and other office machinery
|
4,522
|
15,003
|
37,379
|
47,935
|
44,333
|
5,856
|
4,723
|
4,979
|
5,161
|
13.102
|
9015 – surveying,
hydrographic, oceanographic, meteorological, or geophysical instruments
|
951
|
312
|
1,066
|
588
|
4,184
|
668
|
710
|
1,126
|
1,411
|
11,384
|
8479 - other
machinery nes
|
6,757
|
5,571
|
5,586
|
5,360
|
4,957
|
7,559
|
4,333
|
4,081
|
9,327
|
9,584
|
8477 - machinery
for working rubber or plastic nes
|
532
|
735
|
879
|
4,304
|
1,723
|
4,470
|
12,092
|
|
10,398
|
8,875
|
5402 -
synthetic filament yarn
|
669
|
330
|
5,627
|
1,171
|
289
|
1,744
|
2,837
|
2,604
|
5,363
|
6,758
|
1201 - soya
beans (whether or not broken)
|
9,831
|
10,670
|
8,904
|
9,744
|
7,261
|
5,468
|
5,326
|
12,141
|
5,488
|
6,699
|
8414 -
air/vacuum pumps, air/gas compressors and fans; ventilating hoods with fans
|
371
|
692
|
1,153
|
298
|
1,103
|
137
|
224
|
116
|
4,882
|
6,671
|
1514 – rape (canola),
colza, or mustard oil and their fractions – not chemically modified
|
1
|
92
|
278
|
3,597
|
591
|
10,747
|
2,332
|
6,408
|
1,394
|
6,571
|
3815 – supported catalysts
and catalytic substances or preparations
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
2,542
|
5,603
|
1,373
|
6,424
|
8529 – parts for radio,
television, radar and other similar apparatus
|
2,759
|
2,354
|
12,109
|
5,394
|
7,589
|
1,105
|
2,326
|
4,016
|
2,549
|
6,395
|
8471 – computers and
computer peripherals
|
5,929
|
7,131
|
9,721
|
19,727
|
7,169
|
4,902
|
5,149
|
6,828
|
4,355
|
6,340
|
8481 - taps,
cocks, valves and similar appliances for pipes, boiler shells, tanks, vats
and the like
|
5,594
|
6,496
|
6,352
|
4,366
|
6,553
|
4,554
|
5,877
|
8,225
|
10,521
|
6,285
|
8431 - parts
for machinery (hs 8425-8430)
|
6,761
|
9,962
|
9,684
|
13,370
|
7,995
|
10,958
|
7,285
|
14,599
|
10,484
|
6,226
|
8426 – derricks; cranes;
mobile lifting frames and other lifting machinery
|
36
|
157
|
--
|
--
|
163
|
3,984
|
1
|
3,956
|
2,510
|
5,623
|
8803 – parts of
helicopters, airplanes, balloons, dirigibles and spacecraft
|
2,947
|
2,851
|
3,998
|
2,118
|
5,288
|
2,593
|
4,543
|
2,434
|
3,926
|
5,183
|
9027 – instruments and
apparatus for physical or chemical analysis
|
473
|
786
|
2,057
|
2,327
|
1,451
|
1,660
|
2,204
|
2,049
|
1,939
|
5,032
|
8710 - tanks
and other motorized armoured fighting vehicles (including parts)
|
4
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
4,678
|
5,138
|
4,831
|
8421 – centrifuges;
filtering or purifying machinery and apparatus for liquids or gases
|
850
|
2,951
|
1,123
|
1,334
|
4,482
|
1,299
|
12,038
|
10,651
|
4,621
|
4,710
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sub-total
|
|
192,979
|
297,540
|
279,251
|
249,827
|
168,536
|
209,404
|
222,124
|
360,658
|
280,519
|
Others
|
249,026
|
307,141
|
275,125
|
268,228
|
174,343
|
219,266
|
163,598
|
173,048
|
215,368
|
157,597
|
Total (all
products)
|
384,056
|
500,121
|
572,665
|
547,479
|
424,170
|
387,802
|
373,002
|
395,172
|
576,026
|
438,116
|
Table 2 - Top 25 Canadian Imports
from Singapore by HS Code
Source: Industry Canada Strategis with data from Statistics
Canada
Report Date: March 29, 2004
|
1994
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
2002
|
2003
|
|
Value in Thousands of Canadian Dollars
|
8471 -
computers and computer peripherals
|
405,159
|
492,553
|
540,634
|
599,918
|
607,726
|
564,701
|
434,651
|
415,465
|
445,201
|
424,943
|
8473 - parts
and accessories for computers and other office machinery
|
258,789
|
282,233
|
209,431
|
192,485
|
161,461
|
149,720
|
151,541
|
130,113
|
120,596
|
127,575
|
8542 -
electronic integrated circuits and microassemblies
|
71,024
|
108,945
|
81,356
|
83,922
|
92,616
|
110,323
|
334,679
|
152,207
|
|
81,046
|
8525 -
transmission apparatus for tv/radio broadcasting
|
1,313
|
2,360
|
4,364
|
9,109
|
7,382
|
14,956
|
30,433
|
30,311
|
13,097
|
32,602
|
2937 -
hormones and their derivatives (incl steroids used primarily as hormones)
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
11,301
|
21,746
|
29,270
|
18,983
|
26,137
|
29,472
|
8527 - radio
receivers (incl combined with cassette recorders); pagers
|
54,681
|
51,580
|
31,422
|
26,147
|
30,686
|
30,560
|
30,735
|
29,184
|
22,978
|
20,883
|
2930 – organo-sulfur
compounds
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
17,051
|
2933 -
heterocyclic compounds with nitrogen hetero-atom(s) only; nucleic acids and
their salts
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
599
|
1,288
|
25,826
|
23,470
|
|
14,621
|
16,167
|
4901 - printed
books, brochures, directories, leaflets and booklets
|
7,747
|
8,256
|
10,490
|
8,504
|
10,578
|
12,927
|
10,569
|
9,964
|
15,234
|
16,082
|
9021 -
orthopaedic and other appliances which are worn or carried or implanted in
the body
|
194
|
210
|
197
|
27
|
2,158
|
9,864
|
14,634
|
15,582
|
14,309
|
15,745
|
8517 -
electrical apparatus for telephonic line use (incl. telephones and modems)
|
10,392
|
9,258
|
5,726
|
3,154
|
4,641
|
34,107
|
37,688
|
32,159
|
13,655
|
12,911
|
8470 -
calculators, accounting machines, cash registers and other machines with a
calculating device
|
3,607
|
4,490
|
6,432
|
6,042
|
7,773
|
11,023
|
15,332
|
16,220
|
11,657
|
12,044
|
8506 - primary
cells and batteries
|
120
|
235
|
73
|
133
|
128
|
215
|
138
|
104
|
9,725
|
8,872
|
8414 -
air/vacuum pumps, air/gas compressors and fans; ventilating hoods with fans
|
36,734
|
30,239
|
4,470
|
12,255
|
15,009
|
24,209
|
14,984
|
9,314
|
13,407
|
8,305
|
6204 -
womens/girls suits, ensembles, jackets, blazers, dresses, skirts, pants and
shorts - woven
|
2,427
|
1,288
|
895
|
106
|
1,540
|
3,080
|
2,782
|
2,423
|
4,579
|
7,618
|
3004 – medicaments – put
up in measured doses or packed for retail use
|
1,852
|
4,578
|
5,271
|
4,858
|
3,079
|
2,707
|
1,348
|
4,285
|
2,344
|
6,873
|
8413 - pumps
for liquids; liquid elevators
|
1,638
|
503
|
2,071
|
1,942
|
2,976
|
4,265
|
7,664
|
17,472
|
10,362
|
6,417
|
9018 -
instruments and appliances used in medical, surgical or veterinary sciences
|
2,440
|
2,968
|
2,701
|
3,075
|
2,661
|
3,314
|
1,925
|
3,682
|
6,062
|
6,161
|
3811 – anti-knock
preparations; lubricating oil additives and other prepared additives
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
36
|
126
|
3,225
|
2,455
|
5,888
|
9026 -
instruments and apparatus for measuring or checking variables of liquids or
gases
|
16
|
312
|
526
|
1,415
|
1,320
|
1,416
|
2,584
|
3,757
|
4,470
|
5,816
|
1902 - pasta
|
1,884
|
2,570
|
2,959
|
3,122
|
3,410
|
3,220
|
4,221
|
5,139
|
5,867
|
5,762
|
8803 - parts
of helicopters, airplanes, balloons, dirigibles and spacecraft
|
|
507
|
1,344
|
1,576
|
1,059
|
1,695
|
3,348
|
6,894
|
6,214
|
5,754
|
8541 – diodes, transitors
and similar semiconductor devices; mounted piezo-electric crystals
|
2,352
|
3,972
|
4,342
|
6,540
|
6,937
|
6,655
|
13,379
|
12,088
|
2,994
|
5,507
|
3907 – polyethers, poly
carbonates, alkyd resins, polyallyl, esters and other polyesters in primary
forms
|
--
|
--
|
--
|
6
|
4
|
31
|
43
|
15
|
353
|
5,436
|
8521 – video recording or
reproducing apparatus
|
23,627
|
23,590
|
16,863
|
9,860
|
1,349
|
441
|
1,930
|
4,687
|
6,422
|
5,297
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sub-total
|
|
1,030,647
|
931,569
|
974,795
|
977,083
|
1,037,036
|
1,167,473
|
954,182
|
841,630
|
890,226
|
Others
|
265,528
|
279,992
|
260,923
|
199,674
|
203,572
|
215,331
|
232,510
|
183,262
|
147,124
|
153,108
|
Total (all
products)
|
1,152,093
|
1,310,640
|
1,192,493
|
1,174,469
|
1,180,655
|
1,252,367
|
1,399,983
|
1,137,443
|
988,754
|
1,043,334
|
Table 3: Canada’s Services Transactions
with Singapore
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM #376-0036
Report Date: October 17, 2003
|
1992
|
1993
|
1994
|
1995
|
1996
|
1997
|
1998
|
1999
|
2000
|
2001
|
|
Value
in Millions of Canadian Dollars
|
Total Exports of Services
|
163
|
157
|
158
|
207
|
212
|
263
|
208
|
206
|
285
|
280
|
Travel
|
38
|
38
|
33
|
35
|
32
|
35
|
32
|
35
|
42
|
39
|
Commercial Services
|
24
|
25
|
25
|
77
|
76
|
84
|
37
|
34
|
47
|
58
|
Transportation and Government Services
|
101
|
95
|
99
|
95
|
104
|
143
|
139
|
137
|
196
|
183
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Imports of Services
|
218
|
365
|
306
|
368
|
377
|
421
|
455
|
522
|
476
|
683
|
Travel
|
22
|
31
|
23
|
24
|
40
|
30
|
33
|
42
|
33
|
48
|
Commercial Services
|
3
|
3
|
6
|
30
|
80
|
99
|
12
|
21
|
24
|
25
|
Transportation and Government Services
|
193
|
331
|
276
|
314
|
257
|
292
|
410
|
459
|
418
|
610
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Services Trade Balance |
(55)
|
(207)
|
(148)
|
(161)
|
(165)
|
(158)
|
(247)
|
(316)
|
(191)
|
(404)
|
Table 4: Canada’s Foreign Direct
Investment Relations with Singapore
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM #376-0051
Report Date: August 26, 2003
|
1993 |
1994 |
1995 |
1996 |
1997 |
1998
|
1999 |
2000
|
2001
|
2002 |
|
Value in Millions of Canadian Dollars |
Canadian Direct Investment in
Singapore |
2,217 |
2,369 |
2,342 |
2,213 |
2,765 |
3,014 |
2,950 |
3,174 |
4,492 |
5,100 |
Singapore
Investment in Canada |
153 |
201 |
356 |
278 |
273 |
195 |
176 |
146 |
130 |
116 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Investment Balance |
(2064) |
(2168) |
(1986) |
(1935) |
(2492) |
(2819) |
(2774) |
(3028) |
(4362) |
(4984) |
1. All dollar figures
are Canadian currency unless otherwise stated.
2. World Trade Organization, International Trade
Statistics, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002 (Geneva: WTO, 1998-2002).
3.Singapore Department of Statistics, Economic
Survey of Singapore, as posted on February 26, 2004 on the website
of Singapores's Ministry of Trade
and Industry.
|