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Abella, Irving; Troper, Harold. (1991).
None is Too Many: Canada and the Jews of Europe, 1933-1948.
Toronto. Lester Publishing Limited.
1-895555-06-X
"Like the other western liberal democracies, Canada cared little and did less. When confronted with the Jewish problem, the response of the government, the civil service and, indeed, much of the public wavered somewhere between indifference and hostility. In the prewar years, as the government cemented barriers to immigration, especially of Jews, Immigration authorities barely concealed their contempt for those pleading for rescue. There was no groundswell of opposition, no humanitarian appeal for a more open policy." (p. 280).
This archival account of the relationship between Canada and the Jews of Europe between the years 1933-1948 operates to explode the myth that Canada served as a refuge to Jews during and after the war. This through account of the Canadian government's policies towards Jews focusses on the attempt to open up immigration legislation before and during the war to save Jews from the Holocaust. The author takes the position that Canada was in a position to aid Jewish people during this time-period, and despite their knowledge of the Holocaust and the extensive lobbying from the small Jewish contigent in Canada, refused to take any steps to aid the Jewish populations in peril. The author also presents an overview of Canada's actions after the War, and the continued reluctance to admit Jewish refugees into Canada.
Alexander, Ken; Glaze, Avis. (1996).
Towards Freedom. The African-Canadian Experience
Toronto. Umbrella Press.
1-895642-20-5.
"For centuries, in Canada and elsewhere, black skin was viewed as a badge of inferiority. Many maintain that it is still so considered, and that, as such, the historic drive for true democracy is yet to be realized. Overcoming this negative stigma has formed a large part of the African -Canadian narrative. If Canadians look closely at this narrative they will discover an important truth: the ingenuity, intelligence, talent and determination of black people has, and continues, to help shape Canadian style democracy." (p. 18).
This book traces the four hundred year Black struggle for freedom, justice, peace, and equality in Canada. It includes biographies of important personalities, chronicles of great achievements in the Black/African-Canadian community and a historical and contemporary overview. It compares the history and contemporary issues with a backdrop of Canadian democracy and "nation-building". With this in mind, "Towards Freedom" demonstrates the importance of the Black/African-Canadian experience to the definition of Canadian democracy. Although this book is informative and historical in nature, one of its main objectives is to ignite opinions and prompt discussions, especially when used within a classroom setting.
Anctil, Pierre & Caldwell, Gary (eds.). (1984).
Juifs et réalités juives au Québec.
Saint-Pierre (QC). Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture (IQRC).
2-89224-043-3
«... il nous reste la conviction fermement ancrée que les Juifs, à travers tout leur vécu et toute leur expérience propre à ce coin de pays, contribuent à éclairer singulièrement ce en quoi réside la condition québécoise elle-même. Tant pour avoir été une des minorités ethniques les plus marquantes de Montréal que parce qu'ils ont atteint une profondeur historique de près de deux siècles au Québec, les Juifs, d'ici montrent à quel point se pose d'une façon toujours renouvelée la question de l'identité québécoise et comment celle-ci s'est elle-même formée au creuset de plusieurs influences disparates et en apparence irréconciliables.» ( p. 13).
Les auteurs de cet ouvrage désirent créer un portrait à la fois historique et contemporain de la deuxième plus grande communauté ethnoculturelle québécoise, soit la communauté juive. Les auteurs estiment qu?elle est constituée d?au-delà de 100,000 membres dont la majorité vivent à Montréal. Ce texte vise avant tout, à décrire leur milieu et leurs expériences de vie au Québec. Au cours de ce survol historique, Anctil et Caldwell traitent de l'immigration, la démographie, l?économie, les structures sociales, les idéologies sous-jacentes et dominantes (surtout en ce qui trait de la communauté ashkénaze), la religion, et les contributions artistiques incluant celles des écrivains. Aussi, les auteurs abordent l'image des Juifs telle que représentée et perpétuée par le roman québécois contemporain et ils adressent aussi l'antisémitisme de façon générale. L'identité juive est discutée en profondeur et située dans le contexte du projet nationaliste. À cette fin, les auteurs tentent de dégager et d?analyser les effets des changements politiques au Québec sur la constitution et l?identité de cette communauté minoritaire.
Davies, Alan (ed.). (1992).
Antisemitism in Canada: History and Interpretation.
Waterloo. Wilfred Laurier University Press.
0-88920-221-4.
"Jews, and other minorities following their example, have organized themselves as pressure groups in order to influence the political process- tactics that involve coalition and compromise. Old-world antagonisms, rooted in differing historical narratives, as well as genuine grievances, may never disappear, but with domestication, their hard edges soften." (p. 296).
This collection of essays by various authors presents an overview of the history of anti-semitism in Canada. Written chronologically, this book covers Pre- and Post-World War II anti-semite hate incidents and activities. Topics included in the anthology are pre-confederation Canada, Antisemitism in French Canada between Confederation and World War I, Antisemitism in Ontario in this century, Antisemitism in Alberta between 1880-1950, Ukrainian-Jewish relations and the Keegstra and Zundel affairs.The main purpose of this book is to provide a historical basis in an attempt to understand the current anti-semitic behaviour in Canada.
Helly, Denise. (1987).
Les Chinois à Montréal, 1877-1951.
Québec. Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture (IQRC).
2-89224-084-0
« Le racisme anti-asiatique ne prend pas seulement la forme des vexations quotidiennes que les racistes infligent aux Cantonais, ni celle de l'imposition de taxes discriminatoires et d'autres mesures similaires. Il prend aussi la forme d'une exploitation de la main-d'oeuvre chinoise. À compétence égale, les ouvriers blancs obtiennent des salaires souvent deux fois supérieurs à ceux des ouvriers chinois. À la fin des années 1860, ceux travaillant dans les mines de charbon reçoivent 1 $ par jour, alors que le salaire minimal d'un Blanc est de 2,50 $ (?) Face à cette discrimination, les Cantonais adoptent des stratégies d'évitement. Dès qu'ils le peuvent, ils délaissent les emplois industriels auprès des patrons blancs et deviennent leurs propres employeurs ou les employés de leurs compatriotes: ils gagnent les villes où ils ouvrent des boutiques (restaurants, cordonneries, boucheries, salons de barbiers, buanderies, petits ateliers de tailleurs, épiceries.) » (p. 43).
L'auteure retrace l'histoire du cheminement des Chinois qui sont venus essentiellement de la Colombie-Britannique et de la Chine du Sud pour s'installer à Montréal. Elle remonte à leur arrivée et à leur percée commerciale (surtout par l'établissement de buanderies, de restaurants et des magasins) afin de mieux comprendre comment les Chinois Montréalais ont pu former une enclave ethnique cantonaise si endogame, malgré la présence de profonds clivages confessionnels et linguistiques. Pour aboutir à une conclusion elle explore le thème du racisme anti-asiatique, ainsi que le rôle des Églises chrétiennes, des associations, des clubs et des partis politiques dans un processus d'exclusion des Cantonais de la société montréalaise, qui s'articule d'ailleurs dès leur première arrivée au pays.
Iacovetta, Franca; Draper, Paula; Ventresca, Robert (eds.). (1998).
A Nation of Immigrants: Women, Workers, and Communities in Canadian History, 1840s-1960s.
Toronto. University of Toronto Press.
0-8020-7482-0
"The issue of slavery dominated public debate in the United States during the 1850's, dividing the nation. There was no accompanying difference of opinion over race, however. With few exceptions whites from both sections subscribed to what George Fredrickson has called, 'herrenvolk egalitarianism', a belief that black subservience was a precondition for white equality." (Michael Wayne, p. 68).
This book, through contributions by 20 authors, presents an overview of issues effecting newcomers to Canada, throughout history. The three over-arching themes of women, workers and communities, each contain a social history of these particular immigrants. In addressing this social history, the authors present both pre-immigration traditions, as well as Canadian experiences, specifically in relation to work, family, culture and politics. The eight main sub-categories which are explored in detail, from the period of the nineteenth century to the present time are: 1) Irish Canadians; 2) "Black" Canadians; 3) Ukrainian Canadians; 4) Women workers; 5) Bachelor Workers; 6)Labour activists; 7) State Actions; 8) Regulating minorities in war time.
Knowles, Valerie. (1997).
Strangers at Our Gates: Canadian Immigration and Immigration Policy,
Toronto. Dundurn Press.
1-55002-269-5.
"If properly explained and implemented, multiculturalism can do much to help eliminate racism and to forge a Canadian identity and reality in which Canadians of every ethnic and racial origin can see themselves reflected. Indeed, increased racial tensions in various Canadian cities underline the need for effective multicultural policies. And all indications are that this need will grow. For Canada faces and will continue to face a major challenge in finding ways to prevent conflict between different racial and cultural groups as the total number of Third World immigrants and their descendants increases." (p. 204).
The main purpose of this book is to present an overview of both the type and nationality of immigrants who have come to Canada, and the immigration policies which have shaped Canada's identity through time. In analyzing these various immigration policies and attitudes, the text sheds light on the policy-makers and politicians who have influenced both public opinion regarding immigration, and immigration policies themselves. The issue of racism and its impact upon the history of Canada's immigration policies is also addressed, as is the effect, and effectiveness of these policies. The book concludes with a presentation of the reality of immigration in the 1990's, and a description of the current issues and debates regarding Canadian immigration policy.
Labelle, Micheline & Lévy, Joseph, J. (1995).
Ethnicité et enjeux sociaux: Le Québec vu par les leaders de groupes
Montréal. Éditions Liber.
2-921569-17-5
«Les politiques fédérales du multiculturalisme et la gestion gouvernementale de la question ethnique tendent, à travers la catégorisation des groupes ethnoculturels, à 'ethniciser' les rapports sociaux au sein de la société québécoise, affectant la dynamique de l'intégration. Ces formes de sollicitude étatique -- qu'elles soient fédérales ou provinciales -- peuvent apparaître comme des stratégies valables..., mais elles favorisent aussi la multiplication des appareils bureaucratiques de gestion de la diversité ethnoculturelle... qui, par le biais de solutions administratives, tendent à créer, à entretenir et à reproduire les problèmes. A cet égard, ces stratégies pourraient être considérées comme un moyen de marginalisation, 'd'immigrisation', comme le note Martiniello pour la Belgique, ou même de vassalisation des groupes ethniques. Elles ont pour effet de les exclure des sphères du pouvoir politique réel» (p.339)
Au Québec, comme dans la plupart des sociétés industrialisées, les questions d'assimilation, d'intégration et de multiculturalisme sont fortement ancrées et troublantes. Dans cette recherche, les auteurs tentent de présenter la perception de leaders de quatre groupes ethnoculturels fortement représentés au Québec (soit les Italiens, les Juifs, les Haïtiens et les Libanais) du rapport à l'ethnicité de leur groupe ethnoculturel à l'intérieur de la société québécoise. La condition de ces groupes, dont la visibilité est racisée est particulièrement explorée, surtout par rapport à leur capacité d'intégration réelle au sein de la société québécoise, À cette fin ils ont mené une enquête dont le résultat est d'illustrer les perceptions et les expériences vécues de ces leaders, dans toute leur multiplicité et leur ampleur, face au racisme, à l'engagement communautaire ou politique, à l'insertion socio-économique, à l'éducation et à la formation linguistique.
Li, Peter S. (1988).
The Chinese in Canada.
Toronto. Oxford University Press.
0-19-540652-4.
"The emergence of institutional racism against the Chinese, in turn, was not based simply on a phobia of a different culture on the part of white Canadians, but was closely related to the conflicting interests of many groups that benefitted from the racial exclusion of the Chinese. Subjected to many legal and social constraints, the Chinese in Canada before the war were forced to adapt to a hostile environment that offered them limited options." (p. 133).
This book is an examination of the Chinese population in Canada and their resistance to institutional racism throughout history. The title indicates the main premise of the author, that although Chinese populations have been in Canada for over a century, Canadian society continues to alienate them, by not considering them Chinese Canadians. Thus, the title, The Chinese in Canada, is used to stress the alienation that Chinese Canadians continue to feel from Canadian society. The study is divided into three parts: the historical relationship between Canada and Chinese Canadians, the impact of racism on the Chinese community and the occupational achievements and influence of Chinese Canadians in Canadian society. Through each of these main sections the author delineates how institutional racism is the main barrier that Chinese Canadians have encountered throughout their 130 year history in Canada.
Meintel, Deidre; Piché, Victor; Juteau, Danielle; Fortin, Sylvie. (eds). (1997).
Le quartier Côte-des-Neiges à Montréal: les interfaces de la pluri-ethnicité.
Montréal. L'Hartmattan Inc.
2-7384-5951-X
«Dès qu'il y a plus de dix Noirs dans une zone, on appelle ça un ghetto. Dès qu'il y a plus de dix mille Blancs dans une zone, on appelle ça une ville.» (Dany Laferrière, Chronique de la dérive douce, Montréal, VLB, 1994, p. 50 cité par El Yamani, Myriame et Dupuis, Jocelyne, p. 29).
Cette étude interdisciplinaire analyse les rapports et les caractéristiques pluriethniques qui caractérisent le quartier Côte-des-Neiges à Montréal -- un quartier renommé pour sa diversité et sa criminalité, du moins dans l'imaginaire populaire. Ils abordent les thèmes de l'appropriation territoriale, l'entrepreneurship, les relations policières, l'exclusion et le cloisonnement ethnique, ainsi que la construction médiatique du quartier. Surtout, les auteurs soulignent les points et les lieux de contact qui existent entre les nouveaux arrivants et les anciens ainsi qu'entre les Québécois « de souche » et les immigrants afin de déterminer, en grandes lignes, la réalité des rapports socio-économiques et socio-ethniques qui caractérisent le quartier.
Pachai, Bridglal. (1990).
Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land. The Survival of Nova Scotia's Blacks. Volume II: 1800-1989.2nd volume.
Halifax. Black Educators Association of Nova Scotia.
0-88999-476-5.
"The cruelty inflicted upon blacks by this institution of slavery in Nova Scotia was bad enough while it lasted. What was even worse was the permanent stigma attached to a people for generations to come, making sure that it relegated them to the bottom of the social and economic order. It is this stigmatization rather than the real experience of slavery that is the more damning legacy that has continued to the present." (p. 62).
Written as a teaching resource for educators, this book presents an overview of the history of Black Canadians in the period 1800-1989. The book operates both as a historical account of black Canadians, as well as chronicling the barriers and systemic problems which they have encountered throughout this history. The text develops from an account of the struggles of early pioneers and continues on to recount the trials and tribulations of the Black communities in Canada today .The book is divided into four time periods, 1800-1853; 1854-1918; 1918-1945; and 1945-1989, each with a description of the current conditions of schools, education and the involvement of Black/African Canadians in the military. There is also a focus on Black/African Canadian Women as well as Black/African Canadian involvement in politics and the foundation and develoment of several Black/African Canadian organizations.
Shepard, Bruce R. (1997).
Deemed Unsuitable: Blacks from Oklahoma Move to the Canadian Prairies in Search of Equality in the Early 20th Century Only to Find Racism in their New
Toronto. Umbrella Press.
1-895642-19-1.
"The white English speaking people of the North Atlantic have a long history of racism directed against dark-skinned people. The elements of that racism were present in British society even before the ancestors of Americans and Anglo-Canadians first encountered the peoples of Africa. Through the centuries these elements coalesced into a profound racial bias that ensured that when small groups of African Americans headed to Western Canada to escape its effects, they encountered another variation of the same virus, a disease that continues to plague North American society today." (p. 125).
This book presents a history of the African-American migration to Canada, primarily through a description of the migration of slaves from Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas to the Great Canadian Plains, in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The book reveals the racist situations that enslaved peoples fled in the United States as well as the racism that they encountered upon their attempt to enter Canada. The author reveals that the racism these peoples encountered within Alberta and Saskatchewan communities was as harsh and open as the racism that permeated the immigration system and the Canadian government of the day. The book compares the experiences of these early migrants to the experiences of immigrants in Canada today and in so doing, presents solutions and stategies for a better intercultural and anti-racist Canadian society.
Williams, Dorothy W. (1997).
The Road to Now. A History of Blacks in Montreal.
Montreal. Véhicule Press.
1-55065-065-3.
"Blacks in Montreal have struggled to create a dynamic community. It is a continuing journey which began over three hundred years ago and which was shaped by slavery, emancipation, Quebec's pioneer economy- alongside the French, and then the English- the railroad, black student activism, and immigration. Our road to now does not end here, it rolls on into our proud future." (p. 174).
This book chronicles the history of Black/African Canadians of Montreal, a history which the author contends has hitherto been ignored and omitted. Williams notes this denial of Black/African history and argues that it constitutes the denial of Quebec history and finally of Canadian history. Included in the book are interviews with people who were directly involved with important historical and contentious events regarding the Black Canadian experience in Montreal. "The Road to Now" explores the various surges of Black/African immigration in Montreal from the North American slaves to Caribbean immigrants to immigrants from Africa and Europe within the context of Quebec's own history.
Beneath the Clouds of the Promised Land. The Survival of Nova Scotia's Blacks. Volume II: 1800-1989.2nd volume.
Halifax. Black Educators Association of Nova Scotia.
0-88999-476-5.
"The cruelty inflicted upon blacks by this institution of slavery in Nova Scotia was bad enough while it lasted. What was even worse was the permanent stigma attached to a people for generations to come, making sure that it relegated them to the bottom of the social and economic order. It is this stigmatization rather than the real experience of slavery that is the more damning legacy that has continued to the present." (p. 62).
Written as a teaching resource for educators, this book presents an overview of the history of Black Canadians in the period 1800-1989. The book operates both as a historical account of black Canadians, as well as chronicling the barriers and systemic problems which they have encountered throughout this history. The text develops from an account of the struggles of early pioneers and continues on to recount the trials and tribulations of the Black communities in Canada today .The book is divided into four time periods, 1800-1853; 1854-1918; 1918-1945; and 1945-1989, each with a description of the current conditions of schools, education and the involvement of Black/African Canadians in the military. There is also a focus on Black/African Canadian Women as well as Black/African Canadian involvement in politics and the foundation and develoment of several Black/African Canadian organizations.
Shepard, Bruce R. (1997).
Deemed Unsuitable: Blacks from Oklahoma Move to the Canadian Prairies in Search of Equality in the Early 20th Century Only to Find Racism in their New
Toronto. Umbrella Press.
1-895642-19-1.
"The white English speaking people of the North Atlantic have a long history of racism directed against dark-skinned people. The elements of that racism were present in British society even before the ancestors of Americans and Anglo-Canadians first encountered the peoples of Africa. Through the centuries these elements coalesced into a profound racial bias that ensured that when small groups of African Americans headed to Western Canada to escape its effects, they encountered another variation of the same virus, a disease that continues to plague North American society today." (p. 125).
This book presents a history of the African-American migration to Canada, primarily through a description of the migration of slaves from Oklahoma, Kansas and Texas to the Great Canadian Plains, in Alberta and Saskatchewan. The book reveals the racist situations that enslaved peoples fled in the United States as well as the racism that they encountered upon their attempt to enter Canada. The author reveals that the racism these peoples encountered within Alberta and Saskatchewan communities was as harsh and open as the racism that permeated the immigration system and the Canadian government of the day. The book compares the experiences of these early migrants to the experiences of immigrants in Canada today and in so doing, presents solutions and stategies for a better intercultural and anti-racist Canadian society.
Williams, Dorothy W. (1997).
The Road to Now. A History of Blacks in Montreal.
Montreal. Véhicule Press.
1-55065-065-3.
"Blacks in Montreal have struggled to create a dynamic community. It is a continuing journey which began over three hundred years ago and which was shaped by slavery, emancipation, Quebec's pioneer economy- alongside the French, and then the English- the railroad, black student activism, and immigration. Our road to now does not end here, it rolls on into our proud future." (p. 174).
This book chronicles the history of Black/African Canadians of Montreal, a history which the author contends has hitherto been ignored and omitted. Williams notes this denial of Black/African history and argues that it constitutes the denial of Quebec history and finally of Canadian history. Included in the book are interviews with people who were directly involved with important historical and contentious events regarding the Black Canadian experience in Montreal. "The Road to Now" explores the various surges of Black/African immigration in Montreal from the North American slaves to Caribbean immigrants to immigrants from Africa and Europe within the context of Quebec's own history.
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