The International Cooperation Group

1

Parliamentarians have complete immunity from civil or criminal prosecution when speaking or engaged in a proceeding in Parliament : Joseph Maingot. – Parliamentary Privilege in Canada. – Second edition. – Ottawa, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997. – ISBN 0-7735-1718-9. – At page 6.

2

The Concise Oxford English Dictionary. – 10th edition. – New York, Oxford University Press, 1999. – ISBN 0-19-860259-6. – At page 173.

3

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, section 119.

4

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, paragraph 119(1)(b).

5

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, subsection 119(1).

6

Sommers and Gray v. The Queen. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 25 June 1959 – [1959] Supreme Court Reports, pages 678-690. For an exhaustive description of the events surrounding this trial, see Paddy Sherman, Bennett, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1966, pages 147-178.

7

Paddy Sherman, Bennett, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1966, page 169.

8

Paddy Sherman, Bennett, Toronto, McClelland and Stewart, 1966, page 168.

9

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104.

10

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at pages 98-99.

11

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at page 98.

12

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at page 99.

13

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at page 99.

14

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at pages 101-102.

15

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at page 104.

16

Regina v. Bruneau. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 21 October 1963. – [1964] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 1. – Pages 97-104, at pages 103-104.

17

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, section 41.

18

Canada, House of Commons, Standing Orders of the House of Commons, section 23. Available at www.parl.gc.ca/information/about/process/house/standingorders/chap2-e.htm

19

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, subsection 41(2).

20

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, subsection 121(2).

21

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, paragraph 121(1)(a).

22

R. v. Cogger. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 10 July 1997. – [1997] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 2. – Pages 845-861.

23

R. v. Cogger. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 10 July 1997. – [1997] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 2. – Pages 845-861, at page 848.

24

R. v. Cogger. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 10 July 1997. – [1997] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 2. – Pages 845-861, at page 858.

25

R. v. Cogger. – Decision of the Court of Quebec, Criminal and Penal Division, 2 June 1998. – [1998] Jurisprudence Express 98-1453. – Pages 1-21.

26

Cogger v. R. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal, 17 May 2001. – [2001] Jurisprudence Express 2001-1097. – Pages 1-4.

27

R. v. Montpetit. – Decision of the Court of Quebec, Criminal and Penal Division, 7 August 1998. – unreported.

28

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, paragraphs 121(1)(d) and (e).

29

R. v. Giguère et al. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 24 November 1983. – [1983] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 2. – Pages 448-470, at page 462.

30

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, subsection 121(3).

31

Regina v. Boudreau. – Decision of the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, 14 February 1978. – [1978] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 39 (2nd Series). – Pages 75-85.

32

In the words of the court :
" Those who would corrupt or pretend to have the ability to corrupt those in Government or public service must be given sentences strong enough to alert others who might have similar inclinations that the Courts stand ready to punish severely such type of conduct."
Regina v. Boudreau. – Decision of the Nova Scotia Court of Appeal, 14 February 1978. – [1978] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 39 (2nd Series). – Pages 75-85, at pages 83-84.

33

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, subsection 750(3).

34

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, subsection 750(3).

35

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, subsections 750(4) and (5).

36

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, paragraph 121(1)(c).

37

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196.

38

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at pages 1143-1144.

39

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at pages 1157-1158.

40

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at pages 1158-1159.

41

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at page 1164.

42

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at page 1164.

43

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at page 1162.

44

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at page 1162.

45

Wilful blindness is the deliberate avoidance of knowledge of a crime, especially by failing to make a reasonable inquiry about suspected wrongdoing despite being aware that it is highly probable. Blacks Law Dictionary. – Seventh Edition. – St. Paul (Minnesota), West Group, 1999. – ISBN 0-314-22864-0. – At page 1594.

46

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at pages 1165-1166.

47

R. v. Hinchey. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 12 December 1996. – [1996] Supreme Court Reports, Volume 3. – Pages 1128-1196, at page 1166.

48

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, section 426.

49

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, subsections 16(1) and 41(1).

50

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, subsection 41(2).

51

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, subsection 16(2).

52

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, subsection 41(2).

53

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, section 380.

54

Brian Bergman, "Senator in court : Eric Berntson's fraud trial begins in Regina", in Maclean's, 25 January 1999. – Volume 112, Number 4. – Pages 32-33, at page 32.

55

R. v. Berntson. – Decision of the Saskatchewan Court of Appeal, 28 April 2000. – [2001] Saskatchewan Reports, Volume 199. – Pages 281-323.

56

Martin O'Hanlon, "The rise and fall of Eric Berntson", in The Canadian Press, 25 February 1999.

57

Martin O'Hanlon, "The rise and fall of Eric Berntson", in The Canadian Press, 25 February 1999.

58

R. v. McLaren. – Decision of the Saskatchewan Court of Queen's Bench, 12 September 1995 – [1996] Saskatchewan Reports, Volume 135. – Pages 137-145, at pages 144-145.

59

The details concerning this case have been taken from The Queen v. Lemire. – Decision of the Supreme Court of Canada, 19 November 1964. – [1965] Supreme Court Reports. – Pages 174-195.

60

This sentence was upheld on appeal : The Queen v. Lemire. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Queen's Bench, Appeal side, 8 March 1965. – [1965] Les Rapports judiciaires de Québec. – Pages 438-439, at pages 438-439.

61

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, section 34.

62

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, section 35.

63

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, section 35.

64

Parliament of Canada Act, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter P-1, section 36.

65

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, sections 124 and 125.

66

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, section 124.

67

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, section 125.

68

Rex v. Auger. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Sessions of the Peace, 6 March 1942. – [1942] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 78. – Pages 136-145, at page 144.

69

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended, section 336 is the general provision prohibiting criminal breach of trust.

70

Criminal Code, Revised Statutes of Canada, 1985, chapter C-46, as amended : section 122 provides for a maximum penalty of up to 5 years in jail for public office holders, whereas section 336 provides a maximum of up to 14 years in jail for private citizens.

71

Perreault v. R. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal, 26 June 1992. – [1992] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 75 (3rd Series). – Pages 425-445, at page 442.

72

Perreault v. R. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal, 26 June 1992. – [1992] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 75 (3rd Series). – Pages 425-445, at page 442.

73

The Queen v. Arnoldi. – Decision of the Ontario High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, 15 December 1892. – [1893] Ontario Reports, Volume 23. – Pages 201-213, at page 212.

74

Regina v. Campbell. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 31 January 1967. – [1967] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 3. – Pages 250-258.

75

Regina v. Campbell. – Decision of the Ontario Court of Appeal, 31 January 1967. – [1967] Canadian Criminal Cases, Volume 3. – Pages 250-258, at page 255.

76

R. v. Chrétien. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal, 18 April 1988. – [1988] Jurisprudence Express 88-684. – Pages 1-12.

77

R. v. Chrétien. – Decision of the Quebec Court of Appeal, 18 April 1988. – [1988] Jurisprudence Express 88-683. – Pages 1-5.

78

R. v. Fraser. – Decision of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, 27 May 1983.– [1983] Northwest Territories Reports. – Pages 279-284.

79

R. v. Fraser. – Decision of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, 27 May 1983. – [1983] Northwest Territories Reports. – Pages 279-284, at page 282.

80

R. v. Fraser. – Decision of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, 27 May 1983.– [1983] Northwest Territories Reports. – Pages 279-284, at page 283.

81

R. v. Fraser. – Decision of the Supreme Court of the Northwest Territories, 27 May 1983.– [1983] Northwest Territories Reports. – Pages 279-284, at page 283.