The following questions and answers are frequently-requested
information about Canadian geography. The sources cited for
answers are Web sites maintained by the Government of Canada
and its agencies. These sites are the preferred source for
information for responding to Atlas of Canada queries as they
give data that is official for their particular subject and
that is national in scope. As well, these sites are well-maintained.
Two sites that will be referred to often are the following:
- This (Atlas of Canada) site. References will always be
to entries on its homepage.
- The main Government
of Canada Web site. In its own right, it has a lot
of information. This site is equally useful as
a very convenient way to link to all the sites of federal
government departments and agencies.
Although the Web is probably the best source of up-to-date
factual information, the answers often list non-Web material
("published material"). As well, published sources
may give more detail, and are easier to read at leisure.
The published materials should be available at larger libraries
throughout Canada. For users from outside Canada, one's
best available sources for information on Canada are probably
major atlases, encyclopedias, almanacs, and, of course,
the Web.
These notes will be regularly updated, but Natural Resources
Canada should not be held responsible for changes in addresses
or data contents that occur to any of the materials cited
below.
1. Where can I get a general reference
map of Canada?
On the Web, the best source is probably this (Atlas of Canada)
site. General maps of Canada are available from a number of
links on its home page:
- Select "Reference Maps" (on the left menu panel). There
are several options.
- "National". This leads to several maps, including: a political
map, a relief map, and a map showing Canada's national
parks. The maps are in colour.
- "Provincial and Territorial", "Provincial and Territorial
Outline", and "Provincial and Territorial Relief" includes
at least one map for each of the 13 provinces and
territories, either as a political map, or as a relief
map.
- "Canada Outline" are black-and-white outline maps
of Canada with varying levels of detail. There are
also outline maps for other parts of the world.
All of the maps in "Reference Maps" are designed to fit
on an 8 ½ by 11 inch page (216 millimetres by 279 millimetres).
- Select "Free Data" (on the left menu panel). This links
to the GeoGratis site where users can access
geographical data sets about Canada free of charge.
Maps of small regions of Canada, and detailed data for individual
cities can also be found on the Statistics
Canada site. On the home page, go to the top menus and
choose "Community Profiles". Once you have chosen a place,
zoom in. As you zoom in, additional types of information (such
as roads) will appear.
The Atlas of Canada has also recently published a series
of wall maps of Canada. These maps and their ordering code
(the MCR number) are as follows:
- Canada [MCR 102] is a bilingual map which shows
each province and territory in a separate colour as of
2000. It also contains larger scale local maps of Vancouver,
Toronto, Ottawa and Montréal.
- Canada [MCR 105] is larger version of this map,
but without the insets. MCR 105, which is at a scale of
1: 4 000 000, is designed to be a wall map for classrooms.
This map was published in 2001.
- Relief Map of Canada [MCR 101] shows Canada with
shaded relief, and has many prominent mountains shown
on it. The map has no urban insets, but instead has small
insets of all of Canada showing drainage basins and physiographic
regions.
These maps can be obtained at map dealers. To obtain the
name of a map dealer, users can consult "Maps" in the local
yellow pages, or call the Canada Map Office at 1-800-465-6277
(Canada and the United States) for the address of a map
dealer. The Canada
Map Office information is also available on its Web
site.
Two other sources of published maps showing all or part of
Canada are the following:
- North American road atlases. There are at least three
annually-updated versions (by the American Automobile Association,
National Geographic, and Rand McNally).
- Provincial and Territorial road maps. These can be obtained
from the appropriate tourism ministry. Go to the Government
of Canada site , click the "Provinces and Territories"
option to get the home page for each province and territory.
2. Where can I find population and other
statistical data for Canada?
Statistics
Canada is the source of most statistical data on Canada.
Among the entries on its home page, the following focus particularly
on nation-wide data:
- "The Daily". The Daily is the place where Statistics
Canada announces data releases, and also provides some
of the summary tables from new releases. Users can also
access back issues of The Daily at this site.
- "Census". Canada holds a census every five years (the
latest being in 2001). This entry lets users access summary
data of the Census of Population for the provinces and territories
and also for larger urban areas. The first detailed results
of the 2001 Census were released on March 12, 2002. There
is an icon on the Statistics Canada homepage for 2001 Census
data. There is also data from the 2001 Census of Agriculture.
- "Community Profiles" provides detailed information on
5600 individual cities, towns and equivalents.
- "Canadian Statistics". This entry has a wide variety
of summary statistics from the 2001 Census, such as official
languages and immigration. Data is provided for the provinces,
territories and census metropolitan areas.
- "Our products and services" has a list of electronic publications.
Some are priced, but there are also many which can be downloaded
from the Web for free.
For the 2001 Census, Statistics Canada published relatively
few publications in hard-copy format. However, two that were
published are very useful basic reference books:
- A National Overview (Catalogue 93-360-XPB). This
publication has population and area statistics for all
5600 census subdivisions and for a number of other area
types used in the Census of Population such as census
metropolitan areas.
- Standard Geographical Classification SGC 2001; Volume
2: Reference Maps (Catalogue 12-572-XPB). This is
the atlas showing the location, number and name of
all the geographical units used by Statistics Canada
down to the census subdivision level.
3. Where can I find data on Canada's National
Parks and equivalent heritage areas?
The agency administering national parks is Parks Canada.
On the Parks
Canada home page, there are links to separate information
pages on, among others, National Parks, National Historic
Sites, and National Marine Conservation Areas. The Atlas
of Canada has worked with Parks Canada to compile a map
of National Parks (see Question
1,
above). The two groups also created a page-size map showing
Canada's World Heritage Sites.
The large-size published reference maps of The Atlas of
Canada (noted in Question
1, above)
all show the outlines and names for all national parks.
4. Where can I get weather and climate
information about Canada?
The Canadian
Meteorological Service (CMS) is the group that collects
Canadian weather data and also publishes climate data. CMS,
which was formerly known as the Atmospheric Environment
Service (or AES), is a part of Environment Canada.
- Weather for a particular place. Use the on-screen
map. If the place of interest is shown, click it, and
you will get a page with the current and five-day forecast
data for it. If you know the place's province or territory,
click in the area of this unit. You will then get a map
of that province or territory. Then click a name on the
new map, or select a place from the list beside the map.
You will get current and five-day forecast data.
- Weather maps. Click "Weather", then click
on the entry "Weather Maps" to get the daily maps of North
American weather.
- Climate data for a particular place. Click on the
entry "Publication" and then click "Climate Data
Centre and Archives". Then click on "Climate Normals and
Averages ". Choose a place using the information given on
the page. The results will be a detailed set of data. Most
of the data is based on the 1971 to 2000 normals, but the
climate extremes listed cover the entire timerange of data
collection for the place.
There are relatively few published books giving detailed
climatic information about Canada. Probably the best is The
Climates of Canada, written by David Phillips, and published
by Environment Canada in 1990. (It is available for purchase
via Canadian
Government Publishing; go to the site, then click for
publications on the environment.)
A Statistics Canada publication with some single-page climate
maps is the recently-published, Human Activity and the
Environment 2000 (Catalogue Number 11-509). This publication
should be available in major libraries, or it can be purchased
from Statistics
Canada. To do this, go to their site, then click "Our
products and services" and use either the title or catalogue
number as required.
5. Where can I find data on Canada's area?
Natural Resources Canada compiles data on the areas of each
province and territory. These data were recalculated in 2000
in order to have statistics for the new territory of Nunavut.
The basis of the data was The Atlas of Canada 1: 1 000 000
hydrology base. The figures shown below lie within +/- 1%
of the true value. This table is available in the Land
and Freshwater Areas section of the Atlas site.
The land plus freshwater area of Canada is 9 984 670 square
kilometres (or 3 855 174 square miles)
6. Where can I get data about Canadian
place names?
The official Canadian Government site for names is
the Geographical
Names Board of Canada (GNBC). On-going to the site's
homepage, users should then click "Querying Canadian Geographical
Names".
The results of a query will give the name's precise location
(in degrees and minutes for both latitude and longitude),
and will give other reference data such as its feature
type and province or territory. The user can also create
a simple map showing the feature's general location in
Canada. (This is recommended if there are several features
with the same name in a single province, such as "Black
Lake"). The data base
used for the names consists of the more than half a million
approved geographical names for Canada.
The homepage lists other features of interest. One of particular
interest is an entry listed under "News and Info"
- "Information for translators" gives details about appropriate
versions of names in Canada's two official languages. One
link goes to the list of 81 names (Pan-Canadian names) that
have versions in both official languages. These are large
features such as major lakes, rivers and islands. Another
link on this page goes to the accepted version of sovereign
country names in the two official languages for use in Canada.
Note that only two populated places of significant size
have official versions of their names in both English and
French. They are Grand Falls, New Brunswick (Grand-Sault
in French), and Greater Sudbury, Ontario (Grand Sudbury).
The GNBC issues data in both digital and hardcopy form. Consult
the "Products and Services" section on the homepage for details.
There are many books on the origins of Canadian place names.
Most of these only cover a single region of Canada. Among
those covering all of Canada, two by Alan Rayburn are useful:
Naming Canada: Stories about Place Names from Canadian
Geographic (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994),
and Dictionary of Canadian Place Names (Toronto:
Oxford University Press, 1997).
7. Where can I get general information
about Canada's system of government?
This is of relevance to the Atlas of Canada as the Atlas
produces hard-copy maps showing political information, such
as the Parliament maps. These maps show the makeup of a particular
Parliament, and also the results of the corresponding federal
election that created part of it.
The Main Government
of Canada Web site has an entry on its home page, "About
Government". When this is clicked, users will link to
several additional sites of interest. Three of these
are the following:
- "Structure of the Government of Canada" which provides
links to Web sites for the Governor General, the Prime
Minister and Parliament. There is also a link to the book, How
Canadians Govern Themselves. Users can download the
entire text of this very readable book by the late Senator
Eugene Forsey, a well-known Canadian constitutional expert.
For users who are unfamiliar with the Canadian system
of government, this is a good starting place. Further
down the "Government at a Glance" page are links to various
parts of the federal government, notably the Parliament
of Canada, a page giving details on the federal cabinet
and the site of the Supreme Court of Canada.
- "Departments and Agencies" is a very useful starting point
for linking to the homepages of these parts of the Government
of Canada.
For users interested in additional details about federal
elections, the Elections
Canada site is recommended. This agency runs federal elections
in Canada.
8. How can I get information on distances
in Canada?
There is no comprehensive mileage chart covering Canada
available on the Web. A summary chart has appeared on some
of the recent Atlas of Canada maps (which are noted under Question
#1). Click to view the distance
chart. Distances data use the shortest route via main
roads and include ferry mileages. All data are given
in kilometres (convert to miles by dividing by 1.609).
There are no places listed for Nunavut as there are no
road links into this territory.
9. Where can I get data on Canada's natural
resources?
The most comprehensive Web site for these data is that of
Natural
Resources Canada. Two of the links given on this homepage
are of particular interest:
- "NRCan
Subsites". Users can use it as a guide to access the various
sites of the department. This page also provides a concise
organizational profile of the department . The "Directory
of People and Services" link at the left of this page can
be used for specific people or services.
- "Products and Services".The entries "Databases", "Maps"
and "Publications" would be of more use to general users.
"Research Centres" is a starting point to users wanting
highly technical information.
10. Some Significant Canadian Geographical
Facts.
The data given below are restricted to superlatives of the
Canadian landmass. Data on other superlatives are available
in a variety of books. Question
7, above, discusses sources for information on climatic
superlatives.
The topics covered for this question are:
Extremities of the Canadian Landmass
- Most northerly point: Cape Aldrich, Nunavut; 83 degrees
7 minutes North, 69 degrees 40 minutes West
- Most southerly point: Middle Island, Ontario; 41 degrees
41 minutes North, 82 degrees 40 minutes West
- Most easterly point: Cape Spear, Newfoundland: 47 degrees
31 minutes North, 52 degrees 37 minutes West.
- Most westerly point: A long portion of the Yukon-Alaska
boundary which runs along the 141st meridian. The point
at the southern end of this line would be the furthest west.
This is at: 60 degrees 8 minutes North, 141 degrees 0 minutes
West.
Centre of Canada
The centre of Canada can be measured in many ways. The most
readily understood would be by taking the mid-point of the
extremities of the Canadian landmass section, above. The resulting
location (62 degrees 24 minutes North, 96 degrees 28 minutes
West) is located just south of Yathkyed Lake in Nunavut, west of Hudson Bay.
Highest Points by Province and Territory
Highest Points by Province
and Territory
British Columbia |
Fairweather
Mountain (on Alaska-British Columbia border) |
4 663 |
Alberta |
Mount
Columbia (on Alberta-British Columbia border) |
3 747 |
Saskatchewan |
Cypress
Hills |
1 392 |
Manitoba |
Baldy
Mountain |
832 |
Ontario |
Ishpatina
Ridge |
693 |
Quebec |
Mont
D'Iberville (on Quebec-Newfoundland and Labrador
boundary; known as Mount Caubvick in Newfoundland
and Labrador) |
1 652 |
New
Brunswick |
Mount
Carleton |
817 |
Nova Scotia |
White
Hill |
532 |
Prince Edward
Island |
Unnamed
hill at 46 degrees 20 minutes North, 63 degrees
25 minutes West |
142 |
Newfoundland
and Labrador |
Mount
Caubvick (on Newfoundland and Labrador -Quebec
boundary; known as Mont D'Iberville in Quebec) |
1 652 |
Yukon Territory |
Mount
Logan (highest point in Canada) |
5 959 |
Northwest Territories |
Unnamed
peak at 61 degrees 52 minutes North, 127 degrees
42 minutes West |
2 773 |
Nunavut |
Barbeau
Peak (on Ellesmere Island) |
2 616 |
|
Source: GeoAccess Division, Natural Resources
Canada.
The Atlas of Canada base map, Relief Map of Canada
[MCR 101] shows the location of all of these points and also
shows about sixty additional prominent spot heights in Canada
and adjacent parts of the United States. For details about
obtaining this map, see the answer to Question
1, above.
A more extensive list of principal heights by mountain ranges
is given in the "Mountains
section" of the Atlas of Canada site.
The lowest point in most provinces and in all three territories
is sea level. There is no land area of Canada that is below
sea level. However, the roadway in the Deas Island tunnel
under the Fraser River near Vancouver descends to 20 metres
below sea level.
For elevations of places, the
Climate Data page (mentioned in Question 4) is a good
resource. Then select "Climate Normals and Averages". All
of the places give their elevation (in metres). Note that
the elevations are often for the airport of the particular
place.
Largest Lakes Wholly or Partially in
Canada
Largest Lakes Wholly
or Partially in Canada
Superior |
Ontario
(and United States) |
82 101 (total);
28 748 in Canada |
Huron |
Ontario
(and United States) |
59 569 (total);
36 000 in Canada |
Great Bear |
Northwest
Territories |
30 764 |
Great Slave
|
Northwest
Territories |
27 048 |
Erie |
Ontario
(and United States) |
25 666 (total);
12 768 in Canada |
Winnipeg |
Manitoba |
23 760 |
Ontario |
Ontario
(and United States) |
19 554 (total);
10 334 in Canada |
|
Source: GeoAccess Division, Natural Resources
Canada.
The above table provides the three possible answers to: What
is the largest lake in Canada ?
- If one includes lakes partially or wholly in Canada, the
answer is Lake Superior (which is the second largest lake
in the world - only the Caspian Sea is larger).
- The largest lake wholly in Canada is Great Bear Lake.
- The largest surface area of a lake in Canada is that of
Lake Huron.
There is no accepted answer to the question: How many lakes
are there in Canada? The best answer is that
31 752 lakes have an area of at least three square kilometres.
These data were compiled by Environment Canada in 1973.
For data on many other lakes in Canada, refer to the appropriate
table from the "Lakes
section" of the Atlas site.
Largest Islands
The table below is derived from more detailed tables in the
Islands
section of the Atlas site.
Largest Islands of Canada
1 |
Baffin
(5th largest in the world) |
Nunavut |
507 451 |
2 |
Victoria |
Nunavut and
Northwest Territories |
217 291 |
3 |
Ellesmere |
Nunavut |
196 236 |
4 |
Island
of Newfoundland |
Newfoundland
and Labrador |
108 860 |
5 |
Banks |
Northwest
Territories |
70 028 |
6 |
Devon |
Nunavut |
55 247 |
7 |
Axel
Heiberg |
Nunavut |
43 178 |
8 |
Melville |
Northwest
Territories and Nunavut |
42 149 |
9 |
Southampton |
Nunavut |
41 214 |
10 |
Prince
of Wales |
Nunavut |
33 339 |
11 |
Vancouver |
British Columbia
|
31 285 |
|
Source: GeoAccess Division, Natural Resources
Canada.
Longest and Largest Rivers
There are three measures of size commonly used for ranking
rivers: length, drainage basin area and (probably most important)
discharge. The following tables show the 10 to 15 largest
entries in each of these categories. All of the data below
are derived from the "Rivers
section" of the Atlas site. Note that there are two
Churchill Rivers of considerable size: one is in Manitoba
and Saskatchewan, the other is in Newfoundland and Labrador.
Longest Rivers in Canada (over 1000 kilometres in
total length)
The river lengths cited below are measurements from the
furthest source to the ultimate outflow. In some cases,
this means a river changes names several times along its
route (thus, for length purposes, the Mackenzie River includes
the Slave, Peace and Findlay rivers). The table lists the
components proceding upriver. To avoid double-counting,
component parts are not listed separately even though both
the Peace River and South Saskatchewan rivers are at least
1000 kilometres long.
Longest Rivers in Canada
1 |
Mackenzie |
4241 |
Beaufort Sea
|
Mackenzie
- Slave - Peace - Findlay |
2 |
Yukon |
3185 (1143
kilometres in Canada) |
Bering Sea
|
Yukon |
3 |
St.
Lawrence |
3058 (small
part wholly in United States) |
Gulf of St.
Lawrence |
St. Lawrence
- Niagara - Detroit - St. Clair - St. Marys - St.
Louis |
4 |
Nelson |
2575 |
Hudson Bay
|
Nelson - Saskatchewan
- South Saskatchewan - Bow |
5 |
Columbia |
2000 (801 kilometres
in Canada) |
Pacific Ocean
|
Columbia |
6 |
Churchill |
1609 |
Hudson Bay
|
Churchill
[of Manitoba and Saskatchewan] |
7 |
Fraser |
1370 |
Pacific Ocean |
Fraser |
8 |
North
Saskatchewan |
1287 |
Saskatchewan
River |
North Saskatchewan |
9 |
Ottawa |
1271 |
St. Lawrence
River |
Ottawa |
10 |
Athabasca |
1231 |
Slave River |
Athabasca |
11 |
Liard |
1115 |
Mackenzie
River |
Liard |
12 |
Assiniboine |
1070 |
Red River
(part of the Nelson River drainage basin) |
Assiniboine |
|
Source: GeoAccess Division, Natural Resources
Canada.
Largest Drainage Basins
The ranking below is based only on the Canadian part of
the drainage basin. Several large rivers have a considerable
part of their drainage basin downstream of Canada in either
Alaska or in the rest of the United States.
To avoid double-counting, this list uses two procedures
- drainage basins are restricted to those draining into
the oceans (therefore, the list would not include drainage
into the Ottawa, as this is already included in the river
it drains into, the St. Lawrence)
- drainage basins exclude the areas from diversions from
other drainage basins
Largest Drainage Basins Wholly or Partially in Canada
1 |
Mackenzie |
1 805 200
|
Beaufort Sea
|
|
2 |
Nelson |
892 600 |
Hudson Bay |
Partly in
USA. Total for basin is 1 072 300 square kilometres. |
3 |
St.
Lawrence |
839 200 |
Gulf of St.
Lawrence |
Partly in
USA. Total for basin is 1 344 200 square kilometres. |
4 |
Yukon |
323 800 |
Bering Sea |
Partly in
USA. Total for basin is 839 200 square kilometres. |
5 |
Churchill |
281 300 |
Hudson Bay |
The Churchill
of Manitoba and Saskatchewan |
6 |
Fraser |
232 300 |
Pacific Ocean |
Partly in
USA. Total for basin is 233 100 square kilometres. |
7 |
Thelon |
142 400 |
Hudson Bay |
|
8 |
Albany |
135 200 |
James Bay |
|
9 |
Koksoak |
133 400 |
Ungava Bay |
|
10 |
Moose |
108 500 |
James Bay |
|
11 |
Hayes |
108 000 |
Hudson Bay |
|
12 |
Back |
106 500 |
Arctic Ocean |
|
13 |
Columbia |
102 800 |
Pacific Ocean |
Partly in
USA. Total for basin is 671 300 square kilometres. |
14 |
Severn |
102 800 |
Hudson Bay |
|
15 |
La
Grande |
97 600 |
James Bay
|
|
|
Source: GeoAccess Division, Natural Resources
Canada.
Maximum Discharge
The data are the mean annual discharge at the furthest downstream
guaging station within Canada. The data are net of diversions
(that is, they include diversions into the river
basin and deduct flow diverted out of the particular
river basin). Discharge data are in cubic metres per second.
Maximum Discharge of Rivers in Canada
1 |
St.
Lawrence |
9850 |
Gulf of St.
Lawrence |
2 |
Mackenzie |
9700 |
Beaufort Sea |
3 |
Fraser |
3540 |
Pacific Ocean |
4 |
La
Grande |
3359 |
James Bay |
5 |
Nelson |
3130 |
Hudson Bay |
6 |
Columbia |
2790 |
Pacific Ocean |
7 |
Yukon |
2300 |
Bering Sea |
8 |
Koksoak |
2010 |
Ungava Bay |
9 |
Churchill
[of Newfoundland and Labrador] |
1914 |
Labrador Sea |
10 |
Moose |
1370 |
James Bay |
|
Source: GeoAccess Division, Natural Resources
Canada.
11. Information about Nunavut
Nunavut became the newest territory of Canada on April 1,
1999 when the Northwest Territories was divided into two parts.
The part to the east of the dividing line became Nunavut,
whereas the part to the west became a new territory which
retained the name, Northwest Territories.
Nunavut has a population of approximately 29 000 of whom
more than 80% speak Inuktitut as their first language. All
of the population lives in one of 26 communities. The largest
community is the capital, Iqaluit.
Nunavut makes up one-fifth of Canada, and is the largest
component part of the country. Nunavut's area (land plus freshwater)
is 2 093 190 square kilometres.
When it became a territory, Nunavut had already held an election
to its legislature. Nineteen members were elected, one for
each constitutency. The members elected retained the tradition
of the Northwest Territories in not having party affiliation.
They selected Paul Okalik as the government leader; he is
known as the Premier. After the 2004 election, they re-elected
Mr. Okalik as Premier.
On the official Government
of Nunavut Web site, users can find out details about
the origin of Nunavut, its government and its people. This
site also provides links to other sites in Nunavut.
The Atlas of Canada site has a substantial set of maps and
other information pertaining to Nunavut. Two sections specifically
referring to the territory are:
- "People & Society" for the "Nunavut" topic
- "Reference Maps" then to sections on Provinces and Territories
for a map of Nunavut
Another source is the Canadian Communities site in Statistics
Canada.
Another site of interest is the map visualization site prepared
by the Centre
for Topographic Information, Natural Resources Canada.
This site has several interesting maps of Nunavut.
12. Symbols of Canada
Other symbols for Canada are shown on this Web page of the Canadian
Heritage Web site.
Symbols of Canada
Canada |
|
|
|
Emblem: Maple
Leaf; Symbol of the Sovereignty of Canada: Beaver;
Horse: Canadian Horse |
Newfoundland
and Labrador |
Pitcher
Plant |
Black Spruce |
|
Gemstone:
Labradorite; Dog: Newfoundland Dog |
Prince Edward
Island |
Lady's
Slipper |
Red Oak |
Blue Jay |
|
Nova Scotia |
Mayflower |
Red Spruce |
Osprey |
Dog: Nova
Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever |
New Brunswick |
Purple
Violet |
Balsam Fir |
Black-capped
Chickadee |
|
Quebec |
Blue
Iris versicolor |
Yellow Birch |
Snowy Owl |
|
Ontario |
White
Trillium |
Eastern White Pine |
Loon |
Gemstone:
Amethyst |
Manitoba |
Prairie
Crocus |
White Spruce |
Great Gray
Owl |
|
Saskatchewan |
Western
Red Lily |
Paper Birch |
Sharp-tailed
Grouse |
Plant: Wheat
|
Alberta |
Wild
Rose |
Lodgepole
Pine |
Great Horned
Owl |
Stone: Petrified
Wood; Mammal: Rocky Mountain Big Horn Sheep; Fish:
Bull Trout |
British Columbia |
Pacific
Dogwood |
Western Red
Cedar |
Steller's
Jay |
Gemstone:
Jade |
Yukon |
Fireweed |
Subalpine fir |
Common Raven |
Gemstone:
Lazulite |
Northwest
Territories |
Mountain
Avens |
Tamarack |
Gyrfalcon |
Gemstone:
Native Gold |
Nunavut |
Purple
Saxifrage |
|
Rock Ptarmigan |
Dog: Canadian
Inuit Dog |
|
|