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Longer nights and a return to below-freezing minimum temperatures is evident across most of Canada except for coastal British Columbia, southern Ontario and Quebec and most of the Atlantic Provinces. Normal minimum temperatures in October of -10°C or colder are prevalent across most of Nunavut, the Mackenzie Delta and the northern Yukon.
Much of southern Canada experiences maximum temperatures in October above 10°C. However, across most of Nunavut, the Northwest Territories and the Yukon, maximum temperatures are below 0 ºC. Only the southern portions of the Yukon and the Northwest Territories have maximum temperatures in October that exceed 0ºC.
Data Source and Methodology
The 1971 to 2000 temperature climate normals were calculated by Environment Canada in a manner consistent with the methodology of the World Meteorological Organization. For temperature, a monthly maximum (minimum) average was computed from the daily maximum (minimum) temperature observations. The normal is a simple arithmetic average of the monthly minimum or maximum temperatures for the specified period. These spatial models have been developed using the thin plate smoothing spline algorithms of ANUSPLIN, which is a mathematically sophisticated approach to generating climate maps at varying spatial and temporal scales. The Canadian Forest Service has been working in partnership with several staff in Environment Canada’s Meteorological Service of Canada, the Australian National University (the creator of ANUSPLIN) and others to develop a variety of climate models that cover both Canada and North America.
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