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Glossary Search Results
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- Earner
- An earner is a person 15 years of age and over who is a recipient of employment income, i.e. he/she received income from one or more of the three sources of employment income (wages and salaries, net non-farm or net farm income) during the reference year. (Source: 1996 Census Dictionary, Cat. No. 92-351-XPE, Statistics Canada)
- Earth
- The planet on which human beings live, the third planet from the Sun in the Solar System. Our distance from the Sun is approximately 149 598 000 kilometres. The Earth is a spheroid (a slightly flattened sphere) with a mean radius of 6 371 kilometres.
- Earth crust
- The outermost layer or shell of the Earth. (Source: The Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physical Geography, edited by Andrew Goudie et al. Blackwell Reference Ltd. Oxford, 1985.)
- Earthflow
- Soil sliding down slope.
- Easting
- (1) The "x" value in a rectangular coordinate system.
(2) The distance east of a point location from the west meridian (easting line) of a UTM grid zone.
- Economies of Scale
- The gains earned in production as a result of specialization in employment.
- Ecoprovince
- A part of an ecozone characterized by major assemblages of structural or surface forms, faunal realms and vegetation, hydrological, soil and climatic zones. (Source: Wiken, E. B. Environment Canada, Lands Directorate, 1986)
- Ecoregion
- Part of an ecoprovince characterized by ecological reactions particular to climate, soil, flora, fauna, water,etc. (Source: Wiken, E. B. Environment Canada, Lands Directorate, 1986)
- Ecosystem
- 1) A functional system which includes the organisms of a natural community together with their environment; ecosystems can be viewed as encompassing large and small areas.
2) An integrated and stable association of living and non-living resources functioning within a defined physical location. The term may be applied to a unit as large as the entire ecosphere. More often, it is applied to some smaller division. (Source: Government of Canada Climate Change Site, Glossary of Climate Change Terms)
- Ecotourism
- Type of tourism offering experiences that enable visitors to discover natural areas while preserving their integrity, and understanding through interpretation and education, the natural and cultural sense of place. It fosters respect towards the environment, reflects sustainable business practices, creates socio-economic benefits for communities/regions, and recognizes and respects local and indigenous cultures, traditions, and values. (Source: Tourism Industry Association of Canada)
- Ecozone
- An area of the earth's surface that represents a large ecological zone and has characteristic landforms and climate.
- Edge matching
- A procedure to ensure that separate map sheets covering adjacent regions fit exactly along their edges, so that all features crossing sheet lines can be physically joined. In a digital map base, it means that links are established so that the entire set of map sheets link up in a seamless manner.
- Editing
- The process of preparing a map for publication by checking and correcting errors, omissions and overall appearance, while ensuring adherence to specifications.
- Electoral map
- A special purpose or thematic map showing the boundaries and names of electoral districts or ridings. Also, a map (at a national or regional scale) showing the results of an election, usually indicating by area colour, the political party that won each district.
- Electric power generating stations
- Facilities which generate electric power for use by the operator or for sale to other customers. In the texts for maps showing these facilities, this term has the following used as synonyms: “generating station”, “station”, and “plant”.
- Electromagnetic
- Pertaining to the combined electric and magnetic fields associated with radiation or with movements of charged particles.
- Electrostatic process
- A method of copying images on paper based on the fact that some materials change from electrical insulators to electrical conductors when exposed to light. In xerography (a type of electrostatic process) an original image is projected on to a positively charged sheet of paper. A negatively charged powder is dusted over the paper and adheres only to the positively charged areas thus forming a copy of the original image. The image is then fixed to the paper with heat.
- Element
- In cartography, a basic or fundamental item which cannot be separated or broken-down into a more simple state. A component which is part of a greater whole.
- Elevation
- The vertical distance of a point or object above or below a reference surface or datum (usually mean sea level). Also referred to as altitude or height.
- Ellipsoid terrestrial
- (See Spheroid)
- El Niño
- A climatic phenomenon occurring irregularly, but generally every three to five years. El Niño — or “little boy,” referring to the Christ child — often becomes evident during the Christmas season in the surface oceans of the eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. The phenomenon involves seasonal changes in the direction of the tropical winds over the Pacific, and abnormally warm surface ocean temperatures in the eastern Pacific. The changes in the tropics, which are most intense in the Pacific region, can disrupt weather patterns throughout the tropics and can extend to higher latitudes, especially in Central and North America. (Source: Government of Canada Climate Change Site, Glossary of Climate Change Terms)
- Employment income
- Refers to money received by persons 15 years of age and over from wages and salaries; net farm self-employment income; and net non-farm self-employment income from unincorporated business or professional practice. The value reflects the gross amounts, before deductions for such items as income tax, pensions and unemployment insurance, collected for the calendar year of 1995. 'Earnings' identified as income from employment, represents the greatest portion of income for most individuals. (Source: 1996 Census Dictionary, Cat. No. 92-351-XPE, Statistics Canada)
- Emulsion
- A suspension of a light-sensitive material (salt of silver) in a colloidal medium (usually gelatin) used to coat photographic film, printing plates or paper. In popular usage, any coating, whether or not it is photo-sensitive.
- Energy efficiency
- A broad term referring to the use of less energy to perform a task. Energy intensity specifically refers to the amount of energy use per unit of activity. (Source: Government of Canada Climate Change Site, Glossary of Climate Change Terms)
- Energy intensity
- The amount of energy use per unit of activity. (Source: Natural Resources Canada, Office of Energy Efficiency, Energy Use Glossary)
- English Speaker
- Person who is able to conduct a conversation in English. (Source: 1996 Census Dictionary, Statistics Canada)
- English system of measurement
- (See British system of measurement)
- Engraving
- (See Scribing)
- Enlargement
- The process or result of changing the size and scale of a map in order to produce a larger map. This process may be effected by photography, xerography, digital, or recompilation and generalization. methods.
- Environment
- All external or surrounding conditions (physical or cultural) which act upon or influence the existence and development of a living thing or society.
- Ephemeral snow
- A thin snow cover of short duration that occurs in some years but not in others.
- Epicentre
- The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus of the earthquake. Location where the earthquake has been the most intense.
- Equal-area
- A map projection is equal-area or equivalent if it portrays all areas at the same proportional scale as the corresponding areas on the Earth. However, this property is achieved at the expense of distorting the shapes of these areas.
- Equator
- (1) The central line of latitude, or parallel of reference "0°" which divides the Earth in half.
(2) In a spherical coordinate system, the great circle of a sphere which is perpendicular to the polar axis.
- Equiangular
- (See Conformal)
- Equidistant
- A map projection is equidistant if it maintains constant scale and true distance only from the centre of the projection or along great circles (meridians) passing through this point. In other words, a planar equidistant projection centred on Toronto would show the correct distance to any other location on the map, from Toronto only. This property is achieved at the expense of distorting area and direction.
- Equivalent
- (See Equal-area)
- Error, map
- The difference between a measured, calculated, or observed value of a quantity and the ideal or true value of that quantity. Errors are defined by types or causes. On maps, errors can be of three types: representation, identification, or position.
- Escarpment
- a long steep slope at the edge of a plateau
- Esker
- sinuous ridges composed of glacial material deposited by meltwater currents in englacial tunnels. Their orientation is generally parallel to the direction of glacial flow, and they sometimes exceed 100 kilometres in length.
- Ethanol
- A liquid that is produced chemically from ethylene or biologically from the fermentation of various sugars from carbohydrates found in agricultural crops and cellulosic residues from crops or wood. Depending on how it is produced, ethanol can be used as a substitute for gasoline, and can result in significantly fewer greenhouse gas emissions than gasoline. Ethanol is also known as ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. (Source: Government of Canada Climate Change Site, Glossary of Climate Change Terms)
- Ethnic Origin
- Refers to the ethnic or cultural group(s) to which the respondent’s ancestors belong. An ancestor is someone from whom a person is descended and is usually more distant than a grandparent. Ancestry should not be confused with citizenship or nationality. (Source: 1996 Census Dictionary, Statistics Canada)
- Ethnohistorical societies
- Groups of people known by name and described, however, briefly, in the contemporary European literature and maps.
- Eutrophication
- the natural process by which lakes and ponds become enriched with dissolved nutrients, resulting in increased growth of algae and other microscopic plants.
- Eutrophic lake
- This is a shallow, murky body of water that whose concentrations of plant nutrients cause excessive algal production.
- Evaporation
- 1) The process by which a liquid changes to a vapour.
2) In the climate change context, the physical process by which water is transferred from the Earth’s surface to the atmosphere through the evaporation of water or ice into water vapour. (Source: Government of Canada Climate Change Site, Glossary of Climate Change Terms)
- Evapotranspiration
- The loss of water from a land area through evaporation from the soil and through plant transpiration.
- Exaggeration
- The enlargement of a feature in order to emphasize it. This is often done in cartography to allow an important feature to be shown clearly on a small scale map.
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