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Glossary Search Results
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- Oceanic crust
- Earth's crust which underlies the oceanic basins. (Source: The Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physical Geography, edited by Andrew Goudie et al. Blackwell Reference Ltd. Oxford, 1985.)
- Oceanic ridge
- Also called mid-oceanic ridge, large linear arches on the sea floor which mark the lines of volcanic activity along which basaltic rocks are added to the sea floor as it separates. (Source: The Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physical Geography, edited by Andrew Goudie et al. Blackwell Reference Ltd. Oxford, 1985.)
- Official milk recording programs
- There are several non-profit milk recording organizations across Canada that provide dairy management solutions to farmers. To join, farmers must register and pay fees for different services, which include milk recording (e.g., production volume and milk quality), herd management and services related to herd health.
- Off-set printing
- A printing process in which a printing plate fastened to a rotating cylinder and carrying an inked positive image, transfers this image to the surface of a rubber-covered rotating cylinder and then this cylinder transfers it to the paper. (See Lithography).
- Old-Age Dependency Ratio
- (Age dependency ratios tell us how many young people (under 15 years of age) or older people (over 64 years of age) depend on people of working age (15-64 years).
Old-Age Dependency Ratio = (P65+ / P15-64) * 100
where:
P65+ = population aged 65 years or more
P15-64 = population aged 15 to 64 years
- Old Age Security Pension and Guaranteed Income Supplement
- Refers to Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements paid to persons 65 years of age and over, and spouses’ allowances paid to 60- to 64-year-old spouses of old age security recipients or widow(er)s by only the federal government during the calendar year 1995. (Source: 1996 Census Dictionary, Cat. No. 92-351-XPE, Statistics Canada)
- Old-growth forest
- A stand of mature or overmature trees relatively uninfluenced by human activity. The stand can contain multiple layers of tree canopies, and various ages and species of vegetation.
- Old Ice
- Ice that has survived through at least one summer’s melt and increased again in thickness. It is harder and contains less salt than first-year ice, and has a pale blue colour.
- Opacity
- (1) The ability of a material to resist the transmission of light or particular wavelengths of light (visible or invisible) which affect certain photo-sensitive materials
(2) The property of paper which limits the "show-through" of a printed image from the back side or the next sheet.
- Opaqueing
- The process of applying an opaque liquid with a brush or marking pen to reproduction materials in order to hide scratches or unwanted information.
- Operating system
- The computer software providing the high-level administrative program which runs on a computer at all times. This program controls the overall operation of the computer, its basic tasks and communication with the user.
- Ordinal data
- Quantitative data that provides the map user with information about differences in rank or hierarchy but not about their kind or amount. For example, a map showing populated places classified as either city, town or village would depict ordinal data.
- Orientation
- (1) The position of features on a map in relation to the neatline of the map.
(2) A map is said to be in orientation or oriented when it is rotated so that north and south on the map correspond to north and south on the ground. It is a cartographic standard that north is located towards the top of a map sheet.
- Origin
- (1) The point in a coordinate system from which all other points are calculated.
(2) The point from which the grid lines are laid out, usually given the coordinates "0,0" in a plane coordinate system and "0,0,0" in a 3-dimensional system.
(3) An arbitrarily designated point at the focus of a graph or survey.
- Orographic effect
- Enhanced precipitation on the windward side of mountain ranges caused by the vertical lifting (and cooling) of moist air.
- Orthographic map projection
- A planar map projection which is tangent to the globe at a single point, but may be oriented at any aspect. The projection views the Earth from an infinite point in space. In the polar case, parallels are represented by a system of concentric circles sharing a common point of origin from which radiate the meridians, spaced at true angles. This projection shows true direction, but only between its centre and other locations on the same map.
- Orthomorphic
- (See Conformal)
- Orthophotograph
- An oblique aerial photograph that has been rectified (corrected) to remove the displacement of points caused by camera tilt and terrain relief.
- Orthophoto map
- A map produced from a mosaic of orthophotographs, to which has been added a grid, cartographic symbology and sometimes colour. (See Grid).
- Other Income from Government Sources
- Refers to all transfer payments, excluding those covered as a separate income source (federal Child Tax benefits, Old Age Security pensions and Guaranteed Income Supplements, Canada or Quebec Pension Plan benefits and Unemployment Insurance benefits) received from federal, provincial or municipal programs during calendar year 1995. This source includes social assistance payments received by persons in need, such as mothers with dependent children, persons temporarily or permanently unable to work, elderly individuals, the blind and the disabled. Included are provincial income supplement payments to the elderly and provincial payments to the elderly to help offset accommodation costs. Also included are other transfer payments such as payments received from training programs sponsored by the federal and provincial governments, TAGS payments for employees in the fishing industry, regular payments from provincial automobile insurance plans, veterans’ pensions, war veterans’ allowance, pensions to widows and dependants of veterans, and workers’ compensation. Additionally, any amounts received in 1995 for refundable provincial tax credits and the federal goods and services tax credits are included. (Source: 1996 Census Dictionary, Cat. No. 92-351-XPE, Statistics Canada)
- Overlay
- In traditional cartography, a drawing or graphic compilation of geographically related data symbolized on transparent or translucent material, usually in register with a base map. One or more overlays of information in register combine to form a map mauscript. In automated cartography, overlays will normally be digital map files which can be registered and combined to form a complete map. (See Registration).
- Overlaying
- The process of comparing the geographical data of different maps or map layers by putting maps on top of each other (either physically, or electronically in a GIS) in order to analyze the resulting correlations.
- Overprint
- The printing of additional or revised information onto a finished map (the map originally having been printed at an earlier time). If the overprint is revised information, it is usually printed in a distinctive colour, such as purple.
- Owner’s Major Payments
- Refers to the total average monthly payments made by owner households to secure shelter. Owner’s major payments include payments for electricity, oil, gas, coal, wood or other fuels, water and other municipal services, monthly mortgage payments, property taxes (municipal fees) and condominium fees. (Source: Statistics Canada)
- Ozone Layer
- The stratospheric ozone layer is a protective shield between 15 and 50 kilometers (9.3 and 31 miles) above the earth’s surface that absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation that could harm living organisms on earth. The release of human made chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons and industrial chemicals is disrupting the ozone layer and depleting the protective ozone. (Source: United Nations Development Programme, Global Environment Facility, Country Dialogue Workshops Programme, Glossary of Terms)
- Ozone (O3)
- Found in two layers of the atmosphere, the stratosphere and the troposphere. In the stratosphere ozone is a tri-atomic form of oxygen found naturally which provides a protective layer shielding the earth from ultraviolet radiation’s harmful health effects on humans and the environment. In the troposphere ozone is a chemical oxidant and major component of photochemical smog. (Source: United Nations Development Programme, Global Environment Facility, Country Dialogue Workshops Programme, Glossary of Terms)
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