Complication |
Symptoms |
How diagnosed |
Treatment |
Ventricular tachycardia—a rapid heartbeat in the
heart's lower chambers |
- Racing heart (palpitations)
- Shortness of
breath
- Chest
pain
- Weakness
- Dizziness
- Fainting
|
|
- If no symptoms: intravenous
antiarrhythmic medicines; possibly electric shock to
the chest (cardioversion)
- With symptoms: electric shock
(cardioversion)
|
Ventricular fibrillation—a rapid, disorganized
heartbeat in the heart's lower chambers |
- Loss of consciousness
- Absence
of blood pressure
- Sudden death if not reversed
|
|
- Electric shock to the chest
(defibrillation)
|
Atrial fibrillation—a rapid, irregular
heartbeat in the heart's upper chambers |
- Racing heart
(palpitations)
- Shortness of breath
- Chest
pain
- Weakness
- Fainting
|
|
- If chest pain, breathlessness, or low
blood pressure: electric shock to the chest (cardioversion) and/or
medicines
- If no symptoms:
intravenous medicines to slow heart rate
|
Recurrent chest pain because of reduced blood flow and oxygen
supply to the heart |
- Recurrence of
angina and heart attack symptoms (chest pain,
shortness of breath, nausea, or vomiting)
|
|
|
Extension or worsening of heart attack—further
damage to the heart |
- Recurrence of angina and heart attack
symptoms (chest pain, shortness of breath, nausea, or vomiting)
|
|
- Anticoagulants,
nitrates, beta-blockers
- Consider use of clot-dissolving
(thrombolytic) medicines.
- If blockages are found: consider
angioplasty/stenting or coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
|
Heart failure |
- Weakness
- Fatigue
- Shortness of
breath
- Low blood pressure
- Weak
pulse
- Evidence of fluid buildup in the neck, lungs, abdomen, and
ankles
|
- Echocardiography
- Chest
X-ray
- Low blood oxygen level
- Blood tests
|
- ACE inhibitors, digoxin, angiotensin II
receptor blockers (ARBs)
- Diuretics to
remove excess fluid from body
- If blockages are found: consider
angioplasty/stenting or coronary artery bypass graft surgery.
|
Cardiogenic shock |
- Shortness of breath
- Very low
blood pressure
- Bluish skin
(cyanosis)
- Confusion
- Poor kidney function
|
|
- Medications to increase blood
pressure
- Oxygen
- Intra-aortic balloon
pump
- Mechanical ventilation
- Consider heart
transplant.
- Consider coronary angiography/stenting, and if
indicated, bypass surgery.
|
Mitral valve regurgitation |
- Shortness of breath
- Low blood
pressure
- Rapid heart rate
|
- Heart murmur heard using
stethoscope
- Echocardiography
|
- Intravenous medication to decrease the
workload on heart
- Placement of intra-aortic balloon pump
- Emergency valve surgery
|
Ruptured free wall of the heart—a hole in the wall
of the heart that develops from the heart attack |
- Sudden drop in blood
pressure
- Loss of consciousness
|
|
- Insert a needle through chest wall and
remove blood around heart (pericardiocentesis).
- Stop all
blood-thinning medicines.
- Emergency surgery to repair the ruptured
heart
|
Ventricular septal rupture—a hole in the middle wall
of the heart |
- Sudden heart failure
- Low
blood pressure
- Chest pain
- Shortness of breath
|
- Loud heart murmur heard using
stethoscope
- Echocardiography
- Sample of right ventricle
blood that reveals more oxygen than usual
- Swan-Ganz catheter
|
- Intravenous medicine to decrease the
workload on heart
- Placement of intra-aortic balloon pump to pump
blood forward
- Emergency surgery to repair hole in ventricular
septum and coronary bypass surgery, if needed.
|
Pericarditis |
- Sharp chest pain made worse by
breathing, coughing, or changing position
|
- Rubbing sound heard with
stethoscope
- ECG
- Echocardiography
|
- Oral anti-inflammatory medicines like ASA
(Aspirin) or ibuprofen (Advil or Motrin)
- Oral steroid medicines can
be used if symptoms persist.
|
Thromboembolus—a blood clot that forms inside the
heart and travels to the brain or other body parts, cutting off blood flow |
- Symptoms of stroke
- Loss of
circulation to an extremity or organ
|
|
- Anticoagulant medicine in
hospital
- Warfarin (such as Coumadin) as an outpatient
|
Heart block |
- Light-headedness
- Shortness of
breath with exertion
- Fainting
- Seizures
|
|
- Medication to increase heart
rate
- Temporary or permanent pacemaker
|