8
Transportation and Employment
Workforce
Overview
In 1998, an estimated 730,000 people worked full-time
in the transportation sector, accounting for 6.4 per cent of the
share of total employment. It must be emphasized that due to the
lack of current data for most areas covered in this chapter, the
1998 figure is a broad estimate developed by Transport Canada.
In 1997, the sector's share of total employment was also 6.4 per cent;
in 1996 it was 6.5 per cent; and in 1995 it was 6.7 per
cent. Five years earlier, in 1990, the share was an estimated
6.2 per cent.
Jobs directly associated with transportation can be broken
down into the following employment categories:
- transport services
- transportation infrastructure
- government services tied to transportation, and
- "other" associated services.
Within the sector as a whole, transport services account for
the greatest proportion of jobs. In 1998, an estimated 524,000
employees (71.6 per cent) worked directly in the delivery of transport
services such as air, marine, rail, truck and bus carriers' operations.
Associated services, such as marine pilotage, travel agencies
and tour operators, accounted for 92,000 jobs
(12.6 per cent), while jobs related to development and maintenance
of infrastructure made up 87,000 positions (11.9 per cent).
Transport-related jobs in the federal, provincial and local governments
accounted for the remaining positions (3.9 per cent).
Figure 8-1 shows estimated full-time employment levels, by
each of the four categories of interest, from 1990 to 1998.
Table 8-1 shows the number of people employed full-time in
various modes in transportation-related positions in four categories:
transport services, transport infrastructure, government services
and associated services.
The trucking industry alone is an important employer in the
transportation sector, accounting for an estimated 41.1 per cent
of full-time jobs in 1998. Air is the second-largest employer,
with an estimated 15.1 per cent of all jobs. It must be emphasized
that the figures in Table 8-1 are related only to direct full-time
employment. Jobs that partially serve the needs of these modes,
such as employment at hotels, motels and restaurants, among others,
have not been included.
This report also excludes a regional employment summary, due
to numerous data gaps. Wherever possible, however, regional breakdowns
are provided in individual chapter sections. Transport Canada
intends that additional information concerning regional employment
will become available over the next year, allowing for a more
comprehensive regional breakdown in the 1999 annual report.
Transport Services
Rail
Rail transport services discussed here include personnel such
as engineers and conductors, who provide rail transportation services
directly, and workers who carry out equipment maintenance. The
discussion also includes estimates of carrier managerial and administrative
staff allocated to transportation services. The most recent year
for which this level of information is available is 1997.
An estimated 32,956 personnel provided transportation, equipment
maintenance and related administrative rail services in 1997,
accounting for 71.0 per cent of all employment in the rail industry.
Of this total, 17,660 personnel (54 per cent) were directly involved
in transportation, while 10,464 workers (32 per cent) were involved
in equipment maintenance.
Since 1990, employment in rail transport services has fallen
by 33 per cent. Those involved with equipment maintenance
were the most affected, with a 43 per cent decrease in employment
between 1990 and 1997.
Carriers may contract out some work related to equipment maintenance,
although the number of employees associated with contract work
is not known at this time. Continued research over the next year
may allow for a better estimate of this component.
Table 8-2 shows employment distribution in rail transport services.
The share of employment associated with rail transportation
services, when compared with total rail employment, including
incidental services, has been steadily decreasing since 1990.
A similar pattern is evident in total carrier employment, which
suggests that employment related to incidental servicesNote 2 has increased
slightly over the last decade.
Table 8-3 shows the total estimated full-time employment figures
by rail transportation services.
Trucking
For-Hire Trucking Firms
For-hire trucking firmsNote 3 employed an estimated 31 per
cent of all personnel engaged in trucking activity in Canada in
1997. In addition to their company employees, for-hire trucking
firms also contracted 26,588 owner-operators over the course of
the year.Note
4
The average number of company drivers decreased slightly in
1997, but continued to account for 55.9 per cent of total company
employees. Since 1991, the ratio of company drivers to total employees
has remained relatively stable at between 55 and 60 per cent.
The average number of company drivers increased by almost 23
per cent from 1991 to 1997, despite a 1.1 per cent decrease in
drivers in 1997 over 1996 levels. The numbers of other company
employees increased by 30.8 per cent over the same period.
For-hire trucking firms are continuing to rely increasingly
on the services of owner-operators. Between 1991 and 1997, the
number of owner-operators used by for-hire trucking firms increased
by 42 per cent.
Table 8-4 gives employment figures showing employment by for-hire
trucking firms.
In 1997, the highest level of employment by for-hire carriers
was in Ontario, accounting for 41.4 per cent of total company
employees in this category. Over 24 per cent were employed on
the Prairies, and 19 per cent in Quebec. Carriers in Ontario also
accounted for 41 per cent of company drivers, and 43 per cent
of all "other" company employees, such as those working
in garages or terminals, or as maintenance workers.
Ontario-based carriers were also the largest users of owner-operators,
accounting for 39 per cent of the total owner-operators
employed by for-hire carriers in Canada. Medium and large carriers
based in the Prairie Provinces accounted for 27.1 per cent of
owner-operators used, while an additional 15 per cent were from
Quebec-based carriers.
Table 8-5 gives the regional distribution of employment by
for-hire trucking firms.
Small For-Hire Carriers
In 1996, an estimated 8,140 small for-hire carriersNote 5 reported 35,754
full- and part-time employees across Canada. In addition, these
companies used the services of 3,490 owner-operatorsNote 6 on a full- and
part-time basis. The largest number of company employees, 35 per
cent, worked for carriers based in Quebec. Contracts to owner-operators
were most predominant in Ontario, followed closely by companies
located in the Prairie Provinces.
Small for-hire firms employed 24,344 full- and part-time drivers
throughout Canada in 1996, accounting for 68 per cent of company
employees. The largest concentration of company drivers was in
Quebec (37 per cent) and Ontario (23 per cent).
Total employment by small for-hire firms increased by more
than 10 per cent in 1996, despite only a two per cent increase
in the estimated number of companies. The use of full-time owner-operator
services also increased significantly (more than 69 per cent),
from 1,594 in 1995 to 2,695 in 1996. Employment of part-time owner-operator
services decreased from 2,586 in 1995 to 795 in 1996.
The number of company drivers (full- and part-time) increased
by 3.6 per cent in 1996. The use of full-time drivers jumped from
17,403 in 1995 to 19,197 in 1996, while the number of part-time
drivers decreased by 16 per cent.
Table 8-6 shows the number of full-time and part-time workers
employed by small for-hire trucking firms.
Private Carriers
There were an estimated 422 private carriersNote 7 in Canada in
1997, employing 17,592 people. Total employment by private carriers
has decreased by 15 per cent since 1995 even though
the number of carriers has remained relatively stable.
The number of highway drivers, in particular, has decreased
significantly, from well over 6,000 in 1995 to 4,379 in 1997
(a 29 per cent decrease). Most of this decline was recorded in
Ontario, where the numbers of highway drivers dropped by 30 per cent.
Table 8-7 shows the distribution of employment categories among
private carriers.
Owner-Operators
In 1996, some 40,090 owner-operators reported 61,377 full-time
and 18,863 part-time employees across Canada. Most were employed
in Ontario (28.5 per cent), with the Prairies coming
a close second (26.5 per cent). Of these employees,
53,785 were drivers, accounting for 88 per cent of total full-time
employees. There were also 9,511 part-time drivers, accounting
for 50 per cent of the total part-time employees.
Owner-operators across Canada reported a seven per cent increase
in the number of full-time employees in 1996. Most of this increase
occurred in British Columbia, where the number of employees increased
by over 40 per cent.
Table 8-8 sets out the number of full-time owner-operators
in 1995 and 1996.
Total Trucking Employment
Available information for large and small for-hire carriers,
private operators, owner-operators and delivery drivers suggests
that the number of individuals employed full and part time in
the trucking sector in 1997 was well over 300,000.
Table 8-9 shows the distribution of employment among different
categories in the trucking industry.
A number of considerations should be taken into account when
reviewing these estimates. First, the data for delivery drivers
does not include other personnel employed by the company, which
introduces underestimation into the overall numbers shown above.
Second, census data for 1996 reported 227,310 truck drivers in
Canada. Considering that drivers account for between 55 and 60 per cent
of company personnel, the above figures for total trucking employment
would appear to be an underestimation.
Bus
Scheduled Intercity Services
In 1996, 14 large, scheduled intercity busNote 8 operators reported
that they employed a total of 3,139 people. Forty-five per
cent of these employees were drivers, and 5 per cent
were mechanics. Administrative staff and terminal and sales personnel
made up the remainder. Although 26 small, scheduled intercity
operatorsNote
9 also filed reports in 1996, employment data are not
available for these carriers.
Comparisons over time are difficult in the intercity bus industry,
due to changes in coverage by the intercity bus survey. Regional
breakouts for employment by the intercity industry are not available.
Table 8-10 shows employment numbers and categories for scheduled
intercity bus operators.
School Bus Industry
An estimated 676 large school bus companies operated in Canada
in 1996. These companies reported that they employed 15,816 people
for the year. Of these, over 86 per cent were drivers,
with mechanics accounting for five per cent and other
staff accounting for nine per cent. A breakout between full- and
part-time employees was not possible.
Comparisons over time of employment in this industry are difficult,
due to changes in survey coverage.
Table 8-11 shows employment by school bus operators.
Ontario accounted for almost 69 per cent of all employees
reported by school bus companies across Canada in 1996. Companies
in that province also accounted for 69 per cent of all school
bus drivers.
Table 8-12 shows the regional distribution of employment by
school bus operators.
Charter and Other Passenger Bus Industry
An estimated 98 charter and other passenger bus companies reported
a total workforce of 3,390 employees in Canada in 1996. Over
52 per cent of these were situated in Ontario. A breakout between
full and part-time employees is not possible.
Comparisons over time of employment in this industry are difficult,
due to changes in survey coverage.
Table 8-13 shows employment by charter and other passenger
bus companies.
Of the 52 per cent of employees located in Ontario in 1996,
72 per cent were drivers, five per cent were
mechanics and 33 per cent were administrative and management personnel.
Table 8-14 shows employment by charter and other passenger
bus companies, by region.
Local Services
Urban Transit
In 1996, 77 urban transit companies reported a combined workforce
totalling 38,425 people. Sixty-one per cent of this total workforce
were directly involved in the transportation operations of the
companies (for example, as drivers). Only four per cent were part-time
employees.
Table 8-15 shows employment by urban transit companies.
Figure 8-2 shows levels of regional urban transit employment
in Canada.
In 1996, 72 per cent of all employees in this industry were
located in Central Canada, with Ontario accounting for 43 per
cent and Quebec 29 per cent.
Table 8-16 shows the regional breakdown of regional employment
by urban transit companies in 1996.
Taxi and Limousine Services
According to census data, there were 35,490 taxi and limousine
drivers in Canada in 1996, up from 29,950 in 1986, for an 18 per
cent increase. Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia accounted
for 75 per cent of the 1996 total.
Figure 8-3 shows the number of limousine and taxi drivers,
by region, from 1986 to 1996.
Ontario accounted for 40 per cent of all taxi and
limousine drivers in Canada in 1996, an increase of 27 per cent
over 1986 levels. 24 per cent were employed in Quebec, up ten per cent
from 1986, and 12 per cent were employed in British
Columbia, up 16 per cent from 1986.
Table 8-17 identifies the number of taxi and limousine drivers
employed in each province for 1986, 1991 and 1996.
Air
In 1997Note
10, 52,896 persons were employed with Level I to IVNote 11
air carriers, accounting for approximately 75 per cent of all
air transport personnel. Total Levels I to III air carrier employment
increased by 3.3 per cent, with pilots and copilots
(4.3 per cent growth) and other flight personnel (7.3 per
cent growth) accounting for most of the increase. Level IV air
carrier jobs decreased by 3.9 per cent in 1997.
Level I to IIINote
12 carriers accounted for the highest proportion of
total employees, with an estimated 69 per cent of total personnel
in 1997. Pilots and copilots made up 14 per cent of Level I to
III employees. Other flight personnel comprised 19 per cent,
management seven per cent, and other carrier personnel 60 per cent.
Although the total number of other flight personnel dropped
significantly between 1990 and 1995, the number increased substantially
in 1996 and 1997. The 1997 employment level of maintenance, aircraft,
traffic-services and other personnel was 14 per cent below the
1990 level.
Table 8-18 shows the number of people employed by Levels I
to IV air carriers between 1990 and 1997.
In 1997, Ontario had the highest percentage of personnel employed
by major air carriersNote 13 (31 per cent), followed
by British Columbia (27 per cent) and Quebec (21 per cent).
Figure 8-4 shows the number of major air carrier employees,
by region, for 1997.
Between 1990 and 1996, Levels I to IV carriers accounted for
83 to 85 per cent of total air-carrier employment. Carriers classified
as Levels V to VI were responsible for the remaining 15 to 18 per cent.
In 1997, however, the ratio of Levels I to IV employment dropped
to 75.6 per cent, reflecting an apparent increase in the numbers
of persons employed by Levels V to VI carriers.
Table 8-19 illustrates the total number of full-time workers
employed by air carriers between 1990 and 1998.
Marine
Carriers based in Canada reported 14,328 employees in 1996,
with vessel crew accounting for over two-thirds of all these employees.
Thirty per cent of vessel crew were classified as officers.
Between 1990 and 1995, government-owned carriers were the most
significant employers, accounting for 57 to 59 per cent of total
personnel. Due to confidentiality considerations, the 1996 figures
for private-carrier employees had to be amalgamated with those
for government carriers. Transport Canada expects, however, that
much the same relationship would have been observed in that year.
For-hire carriers accounted for 38, 39 and 42.5 per cent of all
employees in 1990, 1995 and 1996, respectively.
The number of workers employed by Canadian-based carriers remained
relatively stable between 1990 and 1995. A 37 per cent decrease
in 1996, however, can be accounted for mainly because in that
year Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) personnel ceased to be included
in the employment statistics for government carriers.
Table 8-20 shows the number of people employed in various categories
by Canadian-based marine carriers.
Preliminary dataNote 14 for total marine employment
for 1998 indicates that total employment in the marine industry,
including incidental servicesNote 15, has decreased by an estimated
37 per cent since 1990. The share of personnel at Canadian-based
carriers, including Canadian Coast Guard personnel, is estimated
to have remained relatively stableNote 16.
Table 8-21 clarifies the adjustment to marine-employment data
starting in 1996, the year in which Canadian Coast Guard employees
were first excluded from employment data attributed to Canadian-based
carriers.
Ferry operations account for a large proportion of employment
in the marine transport services sector. In 1996, ferry operations
generated about two thirds of all transportation jobs provided
by Canadian-based carriers.
A number of ferry operators in Canada are Crown corporations
and are therefore included in the "Government" employment
figures in Table 8-21. Information from the Canadian Ferry Operators
Association suggests that, in 1996, 85 per cent of all employees
in ferry operations were employed by government servicesNote 17.
Employment by ferry operators decreased by 17 per cent in 1997,
primarily due to the opening of the Confederation Bridge between
Prince Edward Island and the mainland and the subsequent reduction
of ferry services.
British Columbia accounted for almost two thirds of all employment
by ferry operators in 1997. The Atlantic region, even with the
reduction of services between Prince Edward Island and the mainland,
continued to be a major employer, generating over 20 per cent
of jobs related to ferry operations.
Total employment in this industry decreased by approximately
11 per cent between 1990 and 1997. British Columbia is the only
region where employment was higher in 1997 than in 1990.
Table 8-22 shows the regional distribution of employment by
Canadian ferry operators in 1990, 1995, 1996 and 1997.
Data Gaps in Transport Services
The above sections do not by any means cover all the personnel
employed in the transport services sector. The following examples
are meant to provide the reader with an indication of some, but
not all, of the jobs that have not been included.
For trucking, there is no coverage of small private carriersNote 18
and some for-hire services. Survey, rather than census, approaches
may lead to the exclusion of significant carriers (in terms of
employment). Local bus operations such as those that serve the
disabledNote
19 are not included. Air taxi services and company
jobs, other than drivers, associated with local delivery services
have also not been taken into account. While the number of taxi
and limousine drivers were available from the Census, management,
administration, dispatch and maintenance jobs associated with
taxi and limousine services were not available. In air, jobs related
to general aviation are not captured.
In many sectors, it was not possible to break out full, versus
part-time employment. A significant lack of timely data for 1997
and 1998 also made coverage of this area difficult.
It is hoped that in the coming year, information to address
many of these gaps will be found, and that a more comprehensive
picture of transport services employment will be possible for
future reports.
Transport Infrastructure
This section includes personnel employed at airports, harbours,
ports and other transport-related facilities. It also includes
personnel totally dedicated to transport infrastructure construction
and maintenance (e.g. rail right of way, roads and highways).
Rail
Road maintenance personnel employed by all rail carriers decreased
by 33 per cent between 1990 and 1997. This compares very closely
with the industry's 37.5 per cent decline in total employment
over the same period.
In percentage terms, downsizing has affected all classes of
carriers. Class I carriers experienced a 33 per cent decline,
while Class II and III carriers saw road maintenance crews drop
by 35 per cent. The overall percentage of employees
dedicated to building and maintenance of railroads has remained
very stable at between 29 to 30 per cent since 1990.
Table 8-23 shows employment in rail infrastructure services.
Highways
Determining the number of people employed in the construction
and maintenance of highways in Canada is very difficult because
there are no clear sources for this information. In addition,
this is an industry affected by economic cycles and other factors.
The employment figures shown in this report are based on Census
data for the industry classification "Highways and Heavy
Construction".
There were 68,820 people employed under this classification
in 1996. Over time, employment levels have been unstable, with
levels increasing by over 11 per cent between 1991 and
1996, but decreasing by 14 per cent between 1986 and 1991.
Between 1986 and 1996, Ontario, Quebec and British Columbia
had the highest levels of employment in this sector. In 1996,
these three provinces accounted for 62 per cent of all personnel.
Furthermore, employment levels in Ontario and British Columbia
increased by 24 and 19 per cent, respectively, over 1991
levels.
Some of the personnel employed in construction and maintenance
of highways are federal, provincial and municipal employees. It
is impossible, however, to determine how much double counting
occurs. In addition, the percentage of people solely employed
in heavy construction is impossible to determine. The following
figures may therefore be slightly overstated with respect to "highways."
Table 8-24 shows regional distribution of employment in highways
and heavy construction.
Air
In 1998,Note
20 the airports included in the national airport system
and transferred, employed 2,523 full-time persons. There were
also 111 full-time airport employees engaged at other airport
authorities and an additional 47 who were in the process of being
transferred from their previous employer (Transport Canada) to
being employed by an airport authority. It must be noted that
employment at airports which have not been transferred, or employment
at airports which have been transferred but are not Local Airport
Authorities (LAA) or Canadian Airport Authorities (CAA) are not
included in the above figures.
Transferred CAAs and LAAs which are part of the national airports
system accounted for 94 per cent of all personnel.
CAAs not in the national airports system employed 111 persons
(four per cent).
Figure 8-5 shows employment levels at Canadian airport authorities.
Ontario and Quebec, with a number of large airport authorities,
had the highest number of airport-authority employees. Significant
numbers of personnel were also employed at airports in British
Columbia and Alberta.
Table 8-25 shows employment by the Canadian Airport Authorities
in 1998.
Marine
Ports
Eighteen portsNote
21 are slated to become Canadian Port Authorities (CPAs)
under provisions in the new Canada Marine Act. Six are located
in British Columbia, four in Ontario, five in Quebec and three
in the Atlantic region.
Figure 8-6 shows employment levels at the proposed Canadian
Port Authorities, by region.
In 1998, 38 per cent of all employees at the proposed CPAs
were located in British Columbia, 34 per cent in Quebec, 19 per
cent in Ontario and the remaining nine per cent in the Atlantic
region. An estimated 71 per cent of all staff were full-time,
20 per cent were part-time and the remainder were on
contract. Approximately 17.5 per cent of port employees were classified
as management and 25 per cent as administrative staff. Other employees
made up the remaining 57.5 per cent.
Table 8-26 shows employment by proposed Canadian Port Authorities
in 1998.
To establish some historical perspective, Table 8-27 shows
historical employment data for ports that were associated with
the Canada Ports Corporation.Note 22
St. Lawrence Seaway Authority
The St. Lawrence Seaway Authority has been going through a
downsizing period in the 1990s, and the total number of employees
has fallen by over 11 per cent between 1996 and 1998. Both administration
and operations employees have recorded similar decreases.
Table 8-28 shows employment, by category, in the St. Lawrence
Seaway Authority from 1995 to 1998.
Other Marine Infrastructure Jobs
According to 1996 census data, there were 1,915 lock and cable
ferry operators in Canada in 1996, compared with 1,980 in 1991.
In some instances, personnel employed in these trades may have
already been included with the port authority personnel. Various
other jobs related to marine infrastructure, such as dredging,
construction and maintenance of piers, berths, and terminals,
are not specifically addressed in this section.
Gaps include all personnel employed by non-port authorities
and private firms. As a result, the employment picture presented
for marine infrastructure is not as comprehensive as it should
be due to data availability issues.
Data Gaps in Transportation Infrastructure
In this section, numerous data gaps exist in the figures presented
for employment related to transportation infrastructure. Some
employment figures are not captured or impossible to break out
from more aggregate information.
For airports, only full-time employment at Canadian Airport
Authorities are included; employment at other airports which are
not covered in the federal government employment data in the next
section have not been reported. Part-time, contract or term employment
at any airport has not been identified.
In the case of ports, only employment at the proposed Canadian
Port Authorities have been identified. Construction, maintenance
and dredging jobs at private companies have not been reported.
It was also not possible, for example, to report on employment
at private terminal and grain handling operations.
It is expected that employment data shown for construction
and maintenance of highways may be high, as it is impossible to
break out the number of workers employed in "heavy construction".
However, 1991Note
23 census data for "excavating, grading, paving
and related occupations" (not including railway section and
track workers), indicated 97,330 workers.
Government Services Tied to Transportation
Federal Government Services
The federal government was to devote 8,434 employees in five
departments/agencies during 1998/99 to transportationNote 24. This was a
seven per cent decrease from 1997/98. These numbers do not include
a significant number of positions primarily concerned with transportation
in other federal departments and agencies.
Revenue Canada/Customs, Immigration and the federal police
have a large number of employees primarily dedicated to border,
airport and ports customs inspections, which are transportation-related
activities. Agriculture Canada, Heritage Canada (e.g. Parks Canada
locks), National Capital Commission (roads, bridges, other transport
services), Fisheries and Oceans (Harbours and Ports) all have
transport-related functions. Most departments and agencies have
some transport-related functions, but employment figures are not
captured at a level of detail that allows identification of the
exact numbers of employees tied to transportation activities.
Table 8-29 shows planned full-time equivalentsNote 25 in federal departments
and agencies that deal directly with transportation.
Provincial and Territorial Government Services
It has been estimated that the number of employees working
in transport-related activities in provincial and territorial
governments has slowly decreased by about 14 per cent since 1992.
It must be noted, however, that Table 8-30 does not include
numerous transport-related functions such as policing, safety
or regulatory services provided by provincial governments, or
that are directly and indirectly associated with transportation
activities, such as truck-inspection and highway-patrol services.
Table 8-30 shows employment by provincial and territorial governments
from 1992 to 1996.
Municipal Government Services
It was not possible to develop a comprehensive picture for
the number of municipal employees associated with transportation
for this year's report. For example, there are no figures available
to represent employment in such areas as street cleaning, snow
removal, parking control or policing. As pointed out earlier,
some municipal employees are included in the employment levels
shown for street maintenance and construction. It is hoped that
ongoing work in this area will allow for a more comprehensive
examination in future reports.
Associated Services
Estimates of employment in the transportation sector would
be incomplete without including the number of people employed
in the many other services directly associated with transportation.
The services related to "sales" cover a wide variety
of positions in such areas as travel agents, tour operators, third
party service providers (e.g. intermodal marketing companies)
and freight brokers. Services related to "operations"
are also numerous: they include navigation support (e.g. air,
marine and rail traffic control, marine pilotage, Coast Guard
navigation services), food catering (air, rail), marine bunkering
and towing, maintenance of equipment, and insurance. Associated
administrative support (e.g. accountants, financial experts, auditors,
marketing experts) also account for a significant number of jobs.
Finally, there are many modal associations offering administrative
and other staff functions in such areas as trucking, marine, rail,
and bus, as well as professional positions in areas such as marine
law, railway and engineering. Unions representing transport employees
also have administrative and other staff functions.
Marine
Pilotage Services
Canada has four pilotage authorities, which employed 537 people
in 1997.Note
26 Employment levels have decreased by about five per
cent since 1993. This should not be interpreted as a trend, however,
because employment in this industry is very sensitive to traffic
and corresponding demand for pilotage services.
Pilots account for between 70 and 75 per cent of total employment
at the authorities. Since 1993, contract pilots have consistently
accounted for 72 to 74 per cent of total pilots used by the authorities.
Table 8-31 shows the regional breakdown of employment by pilotage
authorities from 1993 to 1997.
The Laurentian Pilotage Authority is the largest employer of
all the pilotage authorities, accounting for approximately 40 per cent
of all staff employed by pilotage authorities in Canada. It is
also the largest employer of contract pilots. The Great Lakes
Authority is the smallest organization (in terms of personnel),
with about 15 per cent of all staff employed by the
four authorities.
Maritime Employers Association
The Maritime Employers Association (MEA) is an association
of employers, such as shipping lines and grain companies, that
negotiates collective agreements with longshore workers and interacts
with their union to provide labour at ports in Montreal, Trois-Rivières,
Bécancour, Toronto and Hamilton. The employment figures
shown in Table 8-34 represents the unionized workforce available
to the MEA.
The unionized workforce available to the MEA decreased sharply
in 1996, the year that Quebec City withdrew from the association.
The number of hours worked, however, increased by 25 per
cent over 1993 numbers. Labour costs (in current dollars) have
increased by 19 per cent between 1993 and 1997.
Table 8-32 shows employment by the Maritime Employers Association
from 1993 to 1997.
British Columbia Maritime Employers Association
The British Columbia Maritime Employers Association (BCMEA)
is an association of employers (shipping lines, grain companies,
etc.) that negotiates collective agreements with longshore workers
and interacts with the longshore workers union to provide labour
at ports along the West Coast. The employment figures shown in
Table 8-34 represent the unionized workforce available to the
BCMEA.
Table 8-33 shows employment by the British Columbia Maritime
Employers Association from 1993 to 1997.
Longshore Workers and Material Handlers
According to the 1996 Census, Canada has just under 140,000
longshore workers and material handlers. Longshore workers made
up 5.5 per cent of this workforce. By definition, the figures
for the MEA and BCMEA would also be included in these data. Therefore,
the census data has been used to calculate total employment for
"Associated Services". It is interesting to note that
the numbers quoted by the BCMEA for 1996 are considerably higher
than the number of longshore workers shown for British Columbia
in the census data. This indicates that some of the BCMEA workforce
(approximately 23 per cent) are probably considered
as material handlers
in the census definition.
It is also impossible to determine whether material handlers
are limited to the marine sector or whether they also include
other modes and private operations, such as warehouses and terminals.
Table 8-34 shows the regional distribution of longshore workers
and material handlers.
Air
Travel Agencies and Tour Operators
An estimated 30,500 personnel were employed by travel agencies
and tour operators in 1998. This was almost identical to employment
levels in 1997. It was, however, a significant increase (more
than 45 per cent) over 1990 levels.
Employers in Ontario and Quebec accounted for two thirds of
all employees in this industry in 1997, with 40 per cent located
in Ontario and 27 per cent in Quebec. British Columbia and Alberta
accounted for 15 and 10 per cent respectively.
Table 8-35 shows travel agencies and tour operators by estimated
employment.
Table 8-36 shows employment by province of travel agencies
and tour operators.
It must be noted that while air transport accounts for a large
percentage of the business of travel agencies and tour operators,
other modes, such as bus and rail, are also covered by these agencies.
Air Navigation Services
Census data from 1991 and 1996 indicate that there were 4,260
and 4,330 individuals employed as air traffic controllers in Canada,
respectively, in those years. There is no information relating
to the numbers of management and administrative staff associated
with the air traffic services. However, prior to December 1, 1996Note 27,
Canada's air navigation system was operated by Transport Canada.
Therefore, air traffic controllers and associated management and
administration staff are included in the federal government figures
shown in Table 8-29.
Other Air-Related Associated Services
Associations such as the Air Transport Association of Canada,
the Northern Air Transport Association, the Ultra Light Pilots
Association of Canada, Canadian Owners and Pilots Association
and the Canadian Seaplane Association of Canada, among others,
also employ people in the air transport sector. In addition, carrier
and air navigation staff are represented by a number of unions.
Each of these associations or unions have dedicated staff functions
that are not accounted for in this report.
Other associated services include, but are not limited to,
catering, cleaning, accounting, finance, marketing and insurance.
Employment data for these areas have not been addressed in this
report, although it is hoped that ongoing research will allow
these services to be covered in the next Annual Report.
"Other" Associated Services
As with each section in this chapter, numerous data gaps are
evident regarding services associated with transportation. The
following paragraphs and table address some of the gaps using
census and industry data, but not completely. It is hoped that
continuing research will allow for more complete coverage in future
reports.
The Insurance Bureau of Canada estimates that there were 104,000
people employed in the insurance industry in 1997, and that 42.39 per
cent of all premiums writtenNote 28 were related to transport.
Given a direct allocation of resources, there were an estimated
44,100 employees associated with the transport sector. Using the
same rationale, historical employment levels were
43,700 in 1993, 45,600 in 1994; 41,700 in 1995; and 40,900
in 1996.Note
29
According to the Canadian International Freight Forwarders
Association (CIFFA), the Canadian freight-forwarding industry
consists of 280 firms in 1998 that employ 6,100 people directly
involved in forwarding and another 9,000 in other activities.
Table 8-37 shows the distribution of employment in "other
associated services" for 1991 and 1996. As indicated in the
table footnotes, in many instances, some proportion of the employment
data has already been counted earlier in the chapter. To minimize
possible double counts, none of the figures shown in Table 8-37
have been included in the overall summary.
Workforce
NOTES:
2
Incidental services: jobs which are associated with the rail
industry, but are not defined in Statistics Canada, Cat. 72-002.
3
Includes Canadian domiciled for-hire carriers with annual revenues
of $1 million or more.
4
These owner-operators may also have been providing services to
small for-hire and private carriers. An owner-operator may repesent
more than one employee.
5
Canadian-based for-hire carriers with operating revenues greater
than or equal to $30,000 and less than or equal to $999,999.
6
Owner-operators may be employed by more than one category of
carriers over the course of the year.
7
Data limited to Canadian domiciled private carriers with operating
expenses of $1,000,000 or more. A private carrier is a company
whose principal occupation is not trucking, but maintains its
own fleet of vehicles (owned or leased) for transporting its
own freight. Response rate for this survey is very low, which
may effect data quality.
8
In 1996, large scheduled intercity bus operations included carriers
with annual revenues greater than $2,000,000. Prior to 1995,
the survey included carriers with annual revenues greater than
$5,000,000.
9
Include those carriers with annual revenues greater than $200,000
but less than $2,000,000.
10
1997 is the most current year of data available at this level
of detail.
11
Level I-III: Canadian air carriers that in each of the two calendar
years immediately preceding the report year transported 5,000
revenue passengers or more and/or 1,000 tonnes of revenue goods
or more.
Level IV: Canadian air carriers not classified in Levels I-III
that, in each of the two calendar years immediately preceding
the report year, realized annual gross revenues of more than
$500,000 for air services for which the air carrier held a licence.
12
There were 880 Level I-VI air carriers in 1996. Levels I-III:
104: Level IV: 120: Level V: 627: Level VI: 29
Source: Statistics Canada
13
Air Canada and Canadian Airlines
14
Transport Canada estimate
15
Incidental services: jobs which are associated with the marine
industry, but are not defined in Statistics Canada, Cat. 72-002.
16
While the share of total employment is assumed to have remained
stable, the actual numbers of employees, including CCG personnel,
has declined.
17
To minimize the possibility of double counts, it is assumed that
government and private employment figures provided by Statistics
Canada include all jobs reported by the members of the Canadian
Ferry Operators Association.
18
Private carriers with operating expenses of less than $1 million
19
Unless they are operated by the large urban transit companies.
20
As of February 1, 1999.
21
Prince Rupert, Vancouver, Fraser River, North Fraser, Nanaimo,
Port Alberni, Thunder Bay, Windsor, Hamilton, Toronto, Port Saguenay,
Trois-Rivières, Sept-Îles, Québec, Montréal,
Halifax, Saint John, St. John's.
22
Vancouver, Prince Rupert, Montréal, Québec City,
Saint John, Halifax, St. John's, Churchill, Belledune, Sept-Îles,
Trois-Rivières, Chicoutimi, Prescott and Port Colborne.
23
Census categories changed between 1991 and 1996; there was no
equivalent category reported by the 1996 Census.
24
Transport Canada, Canadian Coast Guard, Transportation Safety
Board, Canadian Transportation Agency, Civil Aviation Tribunal.
25
The number of full-time positions; this does not necessarily
directly equate to the number of people working in the positions.
26
Each authority uses the services of contract pilots. These pilots,
while included in the above data, are not directly employed by
the Authority.
27
Air traffic services in Canada were taken over by NAV Canada
on December 1, 1996.
28
Premiums written: the number of insurance contracts issued.
29
The Insurance Bureau cautions against year-to-year comparisons
due to changes in sources used each year to compile the data.
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