A good record keeping system should be simple to use, easy to understand, reliable, accurate, consistent and designed to provide information on a timely basis.
The legal requirement concerning financial records specify only that they be a permanent, accurate and complete record of your daily income and expenses. There are many types of record books and bookkeeping systems available. For example:
Double Entry Bookkeeping: this is the system taught in most high school and college bookkeeping and accounting classes. Each transaction is recorded twice, one account is credited with the given dollar amount and a second account is debited by an equal dollar amount. This is an excellent system but often formal training and practice will be needed to understand and master it.
Commercial Bookkeeping Systems: these are available through stationery outlets and are usually a package system with instructions and forms to use.
One-Write Systems: these are copyrighted systems that are set up using carbon-backed cheques. As you write the information on a cheque, it also transfers the data to a record system.
Computerized Systems: there are several excellent programs available. These programs offer the speed and capacity of computers as well as the ability to produce daily updated financial statements. One should be careful, however, that they are not buying expensive software programs or computer equipment that has more capacity than they need. Most small businesses grow into the need for a computerized system; usually as a means to control larger volumes of inventory or transactions.
Single Entry Bookkeeping: a single entry system means every dollar transaction is recorded only once, either as income or expense, an asset or a liability. All entries are recorded on a one page synoptic journal or also called a revenue and expense journal. The system is simple, easily understood, and thus requires little training. This is the system we will be describing in the example that follows.
(We are assuming the start of a new small business)
Steps:
Each page will record the transactions for the month and the monthly totals from each column will be calculated. You will use at least one page for every month of the year. Depending on the number of transactions, you may need several pages for each month. In these cases, calculate the sub-total at the end of the page and carry forward the sub-total to the top of the next page.
Use the first three columns to record the Date, Particulars of the Transaction and the Cheque Number. Try to pay all bills with a numbered cheque and make sure you fill in the particulars on the cheque stub ( i.e. what was purchased, date, and invoice number). Also, put your cheque number and date on the paid invoice. Making this a habit will be helpful if you ever have to trace a transaction.
The next two columns are Revenue and Expenses. Each transaction will be entered in one of these columns. Revenue refers to money coming into the business from sales. Expenses represent payments the company is making and, as such, are an outflow of money.
The remaining columns are a breakdown and categorization of the revenue and expense columns. These will vary from business to business. Generally, you will need sufficient expense columns to represent the expenses you most often write cheques for. If a cheque is only needed once a year for a particular expense, it may not warrant setting up an individual column. Instead, you may want to include a miscellaneous column. In our simple example, we break down the revenue entries into sales and sales tax columns. Certain businesses may need a different sales breakdown. For example, a garage business may categorize sales as fuel, parts, labour, and confections. The expenses in our example are broken down into inventory, rent, telephone, office supplies, insurance and miscellaneous. Other common expense columns that you may wish to include are accounting, legal, advertising, business tax and license, repairs, vehicle, utilities and wages.
Example
This example revenue/expense journal shows May entries for the fictional ACME Supply Company (the company that supplies Wilie Coyote® with equipment). This example shows the second page for May and therefore starts with the column subtotals from the first page.
Example transactions are as follows:
When the columns are totaled at the end of the month, the total under Expense should equal the sum of all the expense breakdown columns. The Revenue total should equal the sum of all of the monthly revenue breakdown columns. This is used to test and balance your books, insuring amounts and entries were made correctly. The receipts, paid invoices and other statements should be stored in a manner that allows easy retrieval as needed. One method is to staple all monthly receipts together, put them in an envelope and file them in chronological order.
Since the above example illustrates transactions that may occur in a simple business, a twelve column chart is adequate. However, if you find that more columns are needed, up to 36 columns can be used. For example, you may need to record wages paid out and you may need columns for owner's wages, employee wages, EI, CPP and income tax. Also you may have capital purchases you wish to record under Land, Buildings, Office Equipment, Shop Equipment, etc.
The single entry system is very flexible. If you find that you need more columns than are available, you may elect to use separate journals for Expense, Revenue, Sales on Account, Payroll, and Accounts Payable.
Using the month end totals, you or your accountant should be able to prepare financial statements, such as a profit and loss statement quite easily.
In order to maintain control, business record keeping entries should be completed daily. To ensure their completion, regular time should be set aside for them. In a new business start-up, an entrepreneur often wears many 'hats' and sales and customers often take priority over record keeping. This being the case, it may be wise to train a spouse or part-time employee to handle the bookkeeping for your business. Ensure that this task is always done by the same person, for consistency sake.
Hiring an accountant during your business start-up may be advantageous as he or she can help answer questions you may have regarding bookkeeping. Some type of introductory training in accounting is also recommended if you are unfamiliar with accounting processes.
Month: May 1997 - Page 2 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Date | Transaction | Ch. No. | Revenue | Expense |
Balance Forward | 2 317.18 | 3 894 | ||
May 26 | Bob's Stationery | 56 | 121 | |
May 27 | Parachute Supply | 57 | 1 536.00 | |
May 28 | CelTel | 58 | 230 | |
May 28 | All Insurance | 59 | 580 | |
May 29 | Deposit | 2 796.94 | ||
Invoice 36, 37, 38 | ||||
Cash Sales | ||||
PST | ||||
May 29 | W. Coyote Refund No. 37 | 60 | (545) | |
May 29 | Joe Acme - Owner | 61 | 26.10 | |
(Petty Cash) | ||||
May 29 | Bank Charges | 15.80 | ||
Month end Total | 4 569.12 | 6 402.90 |
Revenue Breakdown | Expense Breakdown | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sales | Sales Tax | Inventory | Rent | Tel. | Office | Insurance | Misc. |
2 108.63 | 208.55 | 3 300 | 500 | 15 | 79 | ||
121 | |||||||
1 536 | |||||||
230 | |||||||
580 | |||||||
2 500 | |||||||
66 | |||||||
230.94 | |||||||
(500) | (45) | ||||||
Petty Cash | |||||||
26.10 | |||||||
Bank Chgs. | |||||||
15.80 | |||||||
4 174.63 | 394.49 | 4 836.00 | 500 | 230 | 136 | 580 | 120.90 |
Prepared by: Saskatchewan Regional Economic and Co-operative Development