1.1 THE BOREAL FOREST PROGRAM

1.2 CASE STUDIES

1.3 MUSKWA-KECHIKA CASE STUDY

1.3.1 Methods

1.3.1.1 Literature Review

1.3.1.2 Interviews

1.3.1.3 Multi-stakeholder Workshop

2.1 CASE STUDY REGION

2.1.1 Major Players

2.1.1.1 Government Sector

2.1.1.2 Aboriginal Groups

2.1.1.3 Petroleum Sector

2.1.1.4 Forestry Sector

2.1.1.5 Tourism and Recreation Sector

2.1.1.6 Mining Sector

2.1.1.7 Agricultural Sector

2.1.2 Regulation of Development Activities

2.1.3 Conservation Initiatives

2.2 NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA

2.2.1 Land Resource Management Planning

2.2.2 First Nations

2.2.3 Regulation of Development Activities

2.2.3.1 Timber Harvest

2.2.3.2 Petroleum Exploration and Development

2.2.3.3 Mineral Exploration and Development

2.2.4 Access Management

2.2.5 Conservation Initiatives

2.2.5.1 Sustainable Resource Management Plans

2.2.5.2 Science and Community Environmental Knowledge Fund

2.2.5.3 Habitat Conservation Trust Fund

2.2.5.4 Cumulative Impact Management

2.2.5.5 Old Growth Order

2.2.5.6 Working Forest Initiative

2.2.6 Management Framework

2.3 MUSKWA-KECHIKA MANAGEMENT AREA

2.3.1 The Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Setting

2.3.1.1 Physical and Biological Features

2.3.1.2 Cultural Heritage

2.3.1.3 Economic Resources and Values

2.3.2 The Muskwa-Kechika Management Area
Act 1998

2.3.3 The Muskwa-Kechika Management Plan

2.3.4 Muskwa-Kechika Advisory Board

2.3.5 Inter-Agency Management Committee

2.3.6 Muskwa-Kechika Trust Fund

2.3.7 First Nations

2.3.8 Local Strategic Plans

2.3.8.1 Recreation Management Plan

2.3.8.2 Wildlife Management Plan

2.3.8.3 Park Management Plan

2.3.8.4 Landscape Unit Objectives

2.3.8.5 Oil and Gas Pre-Tenure Planning

2.3.9 Other Initiatives

2.3.9.1 Conservation Area Design

2.3.9.2 Access Management

2.4 STAKEHOLDER ROLES AND MANDATES

3.1 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES

3.1.1 Conservation Objectives

3.1.2 Socio-Economic Objectives

3.2 CONSERVATION BARRIERS

3.2.1 Lack of Explicit Conservation Targets

3.2.2 Inconsistent Planning and Management Paradigms

3.2.3 Emphasis on Short-term Economic Returns

3.2.3.1 Confidentiality Provisions

3.2.4 Cross-Jurisdictional Inconsistencies

3.2.5 Inadequate Tools and Resources

3.2.5.1 Inadequate Science

3.2.5.2 Innovative Mitigation Measures

3.2.5.3 Financial and Human Resources

3.2.5.4 Access Management

3.2.5.5 Political Will

3.2.5.6 Field Variances and Enforcement

3.3 REGULATORY AND FISCAL TOOLS

3.3.1 Regulatory Tools

3.3.1.1 Command and Control

3.3.1.2 Results-based

3.3.2 Fiscal Tools

3.3.3 Muskwa-Kechika Case Study Best Practices

4.1 RECOMMENDATIONS