IRSRC - Residential School History

The Residential School System Historical Overview

The Indian residential school system predates Confederation; and in part grew out of Canada's missionary experience with various religious organizations.

The federal government began to play a role in the development and administration of this system as early as 1874, mainly to meet legal obligations under the Indian Act, as well as to assist with the integration of Aboriginal people into the broader Canadian society.

The schools were located in every province and territory, except Newfoundland, New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island. Of the 130 schools that existed over time, it is estimated that up to 100 of these schools could be involved in claims.

The Government of Canada operated nearly every school as a "joint venture" with various religious organizations. On April 1st, 1969, the Government assumed total responsibility for the school system, although churches remained involved for some years in many instances. Most residential schools ceased to operate by the mid-1970s; the last federally-run residential school in Canada closed in 1996.

While it is not uncommon to hear some former students speak about the positive experience in these institutions, their stories are overshadowed by disclosures of abuse, criminal convictions of perpetrators and the findings of various studies such as the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples, which tell of the tragic legacy that the residential school system has left with many former students.

In addition to allegations of physical and sexual abuse, which are found in 90% of the legal claims, allegations relating to such things as cultural loss, breach of treaty, loss of education opportunity, forcible confinement and poor conditions at the schools are also alleged.

It is estimated there are 80,000 people alive today who attended residential schools.

Dealing with the legacy left by the residential school system is an important aspect of Canada's relationship with Aboriginal people.